NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS APR 15 2019 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, No. 17-50383
Plaintiff-Appellee, D.C. No. 8:10-cr-00070-CJC-1 v.
HARSHAD SHAH, MEMORANDUM*
Defendant-Appellant.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Central District of California Cormac J. Carney, District Judge, Presiding
Argued and Submitted February 4, 2019 Pasadena, California
Before: WARDLAW and BEA, Circuit Judges, and DRAIN,** District Judge.
Defendant Dr. Harshad Shah was accused of bribing an IRS official who was
conducting a civil audit of his personal and business tax filings. A jury found Dr.
Shah guilty, and he was sentenced to 53 months of imprisonment. Because the
parties are familiar with the facts of the case, we recount them only as necessary to
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. ** The Honorable Gershwin A. Drain, United States District Judge for the Eastern District of Michigan, sitting by designation. explain our decision. Dr. Shah raises eleven distinct challenges to his conviction
and sentence. We address each in turn.
I.
Dr. Shah first argues that it was structural error for the Government to have
elicited racist testimony from Revenue Agent (“RA”) Raghaven that people of
Indian descent are predisposed to commit bribery. Dr. Shah concedes that because
he did not object to RA Raghaven’s allegedly racist statements at trial, plain error
review applies.
Contrary to Dr. Shah’s characterization, RA Raghaven’s testimony was not
the sort of racist predisposition testimony that the Supreme Court denounced in Buck
v. Davis, 137 S. Ct. 759, 776–77 (2017). Testimony regarding RA Raghaven’s
interpretation of Dr. Shah’s statements, using his numerous incongruous references
to India as context, is not in the same category as testimony that a criminal defendant
is predisposed to commit violence because of his race. There was no structural error.
II.
Dr. Shah next challenges a number of statements that the Government elicited
from witnesses at trial, or made during closing argument, characterizing them as
“materially false and/or misleading.” Because he did not object to any of the
statements at trial, we review for plain error. United States v. Olano, 507 U.S. 725,
732–36 (1993). None of the challenged statements rises to the level of being
2 materially false or misleading. And in any case, Dr. Shah has failed to show that he
was prejudiced by any of them.
III.
Dr. Shah challenges the Government’s description during closing argument
of the recorded conversations between RA Ham and Dr. Shah as being “dispositive”
of the bribery charge. Because Dr. Shah did not object at trial, we review for plain
error. United States v. Brown, 327 F.3d 867, 871 (9th Cir. 2003).
Dr. Shah raised an entrapment defense at trial, which placed the burden on the
Government “to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant committed the
crime not as a result of having been induced by the government but as a result of his
predisposition to do so.” United States v. Barry, 814 F.2d 1400, 1402 (9th Cir.
1987). To overcome the defense, the Government needed to prove either that Dr.
Shah was predisposed to commit the crime, or that he was not induced to do so.
United States v. McClelland, 72 F.3d 717, 722 (9th Cir. 1995). Dr. Shah argues that
the recordings were not dispositive of predisposition because they took place after
law enforcement became involved in the investigation. But we have held that
evidence obtained after law enforcement involvement can be used to prove that the
defendant was predisposed to commit a crime before such involvement. See
Jacobson v. United States, 503 U.S. 540, 550–53 (1992). In any case, there was no
3 prejudice because the jury could have found that the recordings were dispositive of
a lack of inducement by law enforcement.
IV.
Dr. Shah next argues that the district court erred by offering a legally deficient
answer to the jury’s question about what evidence it could consider in evaluating Dr.
Shah’s predisposition to commit bribery. The district court consulted with Dr.
Shah’s counsel before responding to that question during trial, and Dr. Shah’s
counsel agreed that the district court’s proposed response was “correct as a matter
of law.” Dr. Shah therefore waived his right to challenge the district court’s response
to the jury note. Cf. United States v. Cain, 130 F.3d 381, 383–84 (9th Cir. 1997)
(holding that a criminal defendant waived his right to appeal a jury instruction
because his attorney agreed at trial that the instruction was legally correct).
V.
Dr. Shah challenges the district court’s denial of his motion for acquittal,
arguing that there was insufficient evidence of predisposition to support his
conviction. We review challenges to the denial of a motion for acquittal de novo,
examining the ruling in the light most favorable to the prosecution, and asking
whether any rational jury could have found the essential elements beyond a
reasonable doubt. United States v. Johnson, 357 F.3d 980, 983 (9th Cir. 2004).
4 Dr. Shah’s argument lacks merit because the evidence, viewed in the light
most favorable to the prosecution, showed overwhelmingly that Dr. Shah was
predisposed to commit bribery.
VI.
Dr. Shah challenges the district court’s denial of his motion to dismiss for
outrageous government conduct based on the district court’s failure to hold an
evidentiary hearing, and its failure to consider all of the relevant facts. We review
the district court’s denial of a motion to dismiss de novo, but accept the district
court’s factual findings unless they are clearly erroneous. United States v. Ziskin,
360 F.3d 934, 942 (9th Cir. 2003). We normally review a district court’s failure to
hold an evidentiary hearing on a motion for dismiss for abuse of discretion, United
States v. Hagege, 437 F.3d 943, 951 (9th Cir. 2006), but because Dr. Shah never
requested such an evidentiary hearing, we will reverse the district court only upon a
showing of plain error. United States v. Plascencia-Orozco, 852 F.3d 910, 916 (9th
Cir. 2017).
With respect to the evidentiary hearing, Dr. Shah cannot satisfy the plain error
standard because he has not shown that the failure to hold an evidentiary hearing at
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NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS APR 15 2019 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, No. 17-50383
Plaintiff-Appellee, D.C. No. 8:10-cr-00070-CJC-1 v.
HARSHAD SHAH, MEMORANDUM*
Defendant-Appellant.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Central District of California Cormac J. Carney, District Judge, Presiding
Argued and Submitted February 4, 2019 Pasadena, California
Before: WARDLAW and BEA, Circuit Judges, and DRAIN,** District Judge.
Defendant Dr. Harshad Shah was accused of bribing an IRS official who was
conducting a civil audit of his personal and business tax filings. A jury found Dr.
Shah guilty, and he was sentenced to 53 months of imprisonment. Because the
parties are familiar with the facts of the case, we recount them only as necessary to
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. ** The Honorable Gershwin A. Drain, United States District Judge for the Eastern District of Michigan, sitting by designation. explain our decision. Dr. Shah raises eleven distinct challenges to his conviction
and sentence. We address each in turn.
I.
Dr. Shah first argues that it was structural error for the Government to have
elicited racist testimony from Revenue Agent (“RA”) Raghaven that people of
Indian descent are predisposed to commit bribery. Dr. Shah concedes that because
he did not object to RA Raghaven’s allegedly racist statements at trial, plain error
review applies.
Contrary to Dr. Shah’s characterization, RA Raghaven’s testimony was not
the sort of racist predisposition testimony that the Supreme Court denounced in Buck
v. Davis, 137 S. Ct. 759, 776–77 (2017). Testimony regarding RA Raghaven’s
interpretation of Dr. Shah’s statements, using his numerous incongruous references
to India as context, is not in the same category as testimony that a criminal defendant
is predisposed to commit violence because of his race. There was no structural error.
II.
Dr. Shah next challenges a number of statements that the Government elicited
from witnesses at trial, or made during closing argument, characterizing them as
“materially false and/or misleading.” Because he did not object to any of the
statements at trial, we review for plain error. United States v. Olano, 507 U.S. 725,
732–36 (1993). None of the challenged statements rises to the level of being
2 materially false or misleading. And in any case, Dr. Shah has failed to show that he
was prejudiced by any of them.
III.
Dr. Shah challenges the Government’s description during closing argument
of the recorded conversations between RA Ham and Dr. Shah as being “dispositive”
of the bribery charge. Because Dr. Shah did not object at trial, we review for plain
error. United States v. Brown, 327 F.3d 867, 871 (9th Cir. 2003).
Dr. Shah raised an entrapment defense at trial, which placed the burden on the
Government “to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant committed the
crime not as a result of having been induced by the government but as a result of his
predisposition to do so.” United States v. Barry, 814 F.2d 1400, 1402 (9th Cir.
1987). To overcome the defense, the Government needed to prove either that Dr.
Shah was predisposed to commit the crime, or that he was not induced to do so.
United States v. McClelland, 72 F.3d 717, 722 (9th Cir. 1995). Dr. Shah argues that
the recordings were not dispositive of predisposition because they took place after
law enforcement became involved in the investigation. But we have held that
evidence obtained after law enforcement involvement can be used to prove that the
defendant was predisposed to commit a crime before such involvement. See
Jacobson v. United States, 503 U.S. 540, 550–53 (1992). In any case, there was no
3 prejudice because the jury could have found that the recordings were dispositive of
a lack of inducement by law enforcement.
IV.
Dr. Shah next argues that the district court erred by offering a legally deficient
answer to the jury’s question about what evidence it could consider in evaluating Dr.
Shah’s predisposition to commit bribery. The district court consulted with Dr.
Shah’s counsel before responding to that question during trial, and Dr. Shah’s
counsel agreed that the district court’s proposed response was “correct as a matter
of law.” Dr. Shah therefore waived his right to challenge the district court’s response
to the jury note. Cf. United States v. Cain, 130 F.3d 381, 383–84 (9th Cir. 1997)
(holding that a criminal defendant waived his right to appeal a jury instruction
because his attorney agreed at trial that the instruction was legally correct).
V.
Dr. Shah challenges the district court’s denial of his motion for acquittal,
arguing that there was insufficient evidence of predisposition to support his
conviction. We review challenges to the denial of a motion for acquittal de novo,
examining the ruling in the light most favorable to the prosecution, and asking
whether any rational jury could have found the essential elements beyond a
reasonable doubt. United States v. Johnson, 357 F.3d 980, 983 (9th Cir. 2004).
4 Dr. Shah’s argument lacks merit because the evidence, viewed in the light
most favorable to the prosecution, showed overwhelmingly that Dr. Shah was
predisposed to commit bribery.
VI.
Dr. Shah challenges the district court’s denial of his motion to dismiss for
outrageous government conduct based on the district court’s failure to hold an
evidentiary hearing, and its failure to consider all of the relevant facts. We review
the district court’s denial of a motion to dismiss de novo, but accept the district
court’s factual findings unless they are clearly erroneous. United States v. Ziskin,
360 F.3d 934, 942 (9th Cir. 2003). We normally review a district court’s failure to
hold an evidentiary hearing on a motion for dismiss for abuse of discretion, United
States v. Hagege, 437 F.3d 943, 951 (9th Cir. 2006), but because Dr. Shah never
requested such an evidentiary hearing, we will reverse the district court only upon a
showing of plain error. United States v. Plascencia-Orozco, 852 F.3d 910, 916 (9th
Cir. 2017).
With respect to the evidentiary hearing, Dr. Shah cannot satisfy the plain error
standard because he has not shown that the failure to hold an evidentiary hearing at
the motion to dismiss stage prejudiced him in any way. As to his argument that the
district court’s decision was wrong on the merits, we find that the Government’s
conduct in the instant case (telling a taxpayer that he owes a substantial amount of
5 back taxes, and then surreptitiously recording him to see if he offers a bribe to his
IRS auditor) is far less outrageous than other cases—including United States v.
Black, 733 F.3d 294, 300 (9th Cir. 2013), upon which Dr. Shah relies—where the
Ninth Circuit has denied motions to dismiss for outrageous government conduct.
See also, e.g., United States v. Simpson, 813 F.2d 1462, 1466 (9th Cir. 1987) (finding
no outrageous government conduct where the FBI employed a prostitute to have sex
with a suspected drug dealer to entice him into selling heroin to an undercover
agent).
VII.
Dr. Shah next argues that the district court judge was biased against him
because Dr. Shah lied to the judge at a status hearing in July, 2015. But Dr. Shah
has waived any such argument. After the status hearing—despite having full
knowledge of the circumstances that he now claims caused the judge to be biased
against him—Dr. Shah affirmatively declined an opportunity to have the case
transferred to a new judge.
VIII.
Dr. Shah argues that the district court erred in failing to hold an evidentiary
hearing at the motion to suppress stage. This argument is also waived. Before the
suppression hearing, the district court specifically asked Dr. Shah’s counsel if he
wanted to call any witnesses in support of his motion (i.e., to conduct an evidentiary
6 hearing), and Dr. Shah’s counsel confirmed that he did not. Dr. Shah cannot now
argue that it was error for the district court not to have forced him to call witnesses
in support of his motion to suppress. See United States v. Lindsey, 634 F.3d 541,
555 (9th Cir. 2011) (where a defendant intentionally relinquishes a known right, he
waives his ability to appeal an alleged deprivation of that right); see also United
States v. Perez, 116 F.3d 840, 845 (9th Cir. 1997) (en banc) (errors induced or caused
by the defendant are unreviewable on appeal).
IX.
Dr. Shah next argues that the district court erred by ignoring his sentencing
entrapment argument. A challenge to the district court’s denial of a downward
departure based on Dr. Shah’s assertion of sentencing entrapment is an argument
that the district court misapplied the Sentencing Guidelines, which we review for an
abuse of discretion. See United States v. Black, 733 F.3d 294, 301 (9th Cir. 2013).
We find that the district court did not ignore Dr. Shah’s sentencing entrapment
argument, nor did it abuse its discretion at sentencing. The district court denied a
downward departure based on sentencing entrapment after it concluded that there
was sufficient evidence to find Dr. Shah was not induced to commit bribery.
X.
Dr. Shah next argues that the district court erred in denying his motion to
strike the Pre-Sentencing Report (“PSR”), and in subsequently relying on the PSR
7 at sentencing. We review the district court’s “factual findings for clear error,” and
its “application of the Sentencing Guidelines to the facts of a given case [for] abuse
of discretion.” United States v. Brown, 879 F.3d 1043, 1047 (9th Cir. 2018).
Dr. Shah accuses the district court of not “meaningfully address[ing] the
specific and numerous infirmities discussed in Dr. Shah’s Motion to Strike” at
sentencing. As the district court noted, however, Dr. Shah does not point to anything
specific in the PSR that is misleading or one-sided. To the extent Dr. Shah complains
that certain information was not included in the PSR, this was caused by Dr. Shah’s
failure to participate in the PSR drafting process with the Probation Office.
Dr. Shah also complains that the district court judge ignored mitigating factors
at sentencing. Dr. Shah similarly fails to point to any specific mitigating factors that
the district court failed to consider. On the contrary, the evidence suggests that the
district court reasonably calculated the Sentencing Guidelines range, rejected certain
enhancements recommended by the Government; properly noted mitigating factors,
such as Dr. Shah’s community engagement and his lack of a criminal record; and
imposed a sentence of 53 months—which was on the low-end of the Guidelines
range and less than half of the Government’s recommended sentence.
XI.
Dr. Shah finally argues that the “cumulative effect” of the district court’s
alleged errors warrants relief from his conviction and sentence. For the reasons
8 discussed above, all of Dr. Shah’s arguments lack merit. Dr. Shah’s cumulative error
theory therefore does not warrant reversal. See United States v. Fernandez, 388 F.3d
1199, 1256–57 (9th Cir. 2004) (explaining that the cumulative-error doctrine is
“inapplicable” absent proof of the underlying claimed errors).
AFFIRMED.