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[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT ________________________
No. 18-10033 Non-Argument Calendar ________________________
D.C. Docket No. 4:16-cr-00036-CDL-MSH-1
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
versus
HAROLD COLEY,
Defendant-Appellant.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Middle District of Georgia ________________________
(July 31, 2019)
Before MARTIN, NEWSOM, and BRANCH, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM: Case: 18-10033 Date Filed: 07/31/2019 Page: 2 of 17
Harold Coley appeals his convictions for conspiring to file false claims,
committing mail fraud, and embezzling mail. On appeal, Coley argues that the
evidence presented at trial was insufficient to support the jury’s verdict. After
thorough review, we affirm Coley’s convictions.
I. FACTS
A grand jury charged Coley by indictment with 48 counts: 1 count of
conspiracy to file false claims, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 286; 18 counts of mail
fraud, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1341; 18 counts of aggravated identity theft, in
violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1028A (a)(1), (c)(5); and 11 counts of embezzlement of
mail, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1709. The indictment charged that, in 2012 and
2013, Coley, a United States Postal Service (“USPS”) employee, participated in a
tax-fraud scheme along with co-conspirators Keisha Lanier, Tamika Floyd,
Talashia Hinton, and Mequetta Snell-Quick. The indictment charged that Coley
participated in the scheme by providing addresses, many of which were for vacant
lots or homes, on his postal route to Keisha Lanier “for the purpose of having
fraudulent federal income tax refund checks mailed to those addresses.” The
indictment further alleged that Coley, for payment, diverted the tax refund checks
from the mail and provided them to Lanier and others involved in the scheme.
Coley pled not guilty to all 48 charges, and his case proceeded to a jury trial.
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At trial, the government presented the testimony of Coley’s co-conspirator
Tamika Floyd, who testified that she was employed as a child support clerk at the
Lee County Public Health Department, where she had access to the demographic
information—names, dates of birth, social security numbers—of the minors listed
in the Department’s database. Lanier, a tax preparer whom Floyd met through
family, asked Floyd to provide Lanier with the personal information of minors so
that Lanier could then use the minors’ information to file tax returns with the IRS.
Lanier offered Floyd half of the proceeds for her involvement in the scheme, and in
2012 and 2013, Floyd provided Lanier with the personal information requested.
Floyd further testified that Lanier paid “a mailman” to deliver the refund checks to
Lanier and that Floyd had heard a phone conversation between Lanier and the
mailman, during which the mailman responded to the name “Harold.”
The government also called as a witness co-conspirator Talashia Hinton,
who testified that she was responsible for picking up information from Floyd and
delivering the information and checks to Lanier. Hinton also filed fraudulent tax
returns and accompanying W-2 forms under the names provided by Floyd,
requesting that the IRS mail out the corresponding refund checks to addresses
provided by Lanier. Hinton testified that Lanier had received those addresses
directly from the mailman, whom she called “Harold.” Lanier told Hinton that the
mailman’s first name was “Harold [or] Henry,” and that his last name was “Cool,
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Cooley, Cool.” Lanier also told Hinton that the mailman was “the main person
that needs to get paid because he’s getting her addresses.” Hinton met Lanier’s
mailman in person three times and identified Coley in the courtroom as the
mailman whom she met. Sandra Daniel, Lanier’s babysitter, also identified Coley
in the courtroom as someone who would visit Lanier’s home two to three time per
week to talk about addresses and drop off and pick up treasury checks.
The jury also heard from Mequitta Snell-Quick, another co-conspirator, who
testified that she lived in the same neighborhood as Lanier and participated in the
fraudulent tax scheme. Snell-Quick identified Coley in the courtroom as her
neighborhood’s mailman. She also testified that she had observed Lanier pick up
an envelope containing checks from Coley; she had picked up mail from Coley
containing checks for Lanier; and, on one occasion, Coley delivered checks to
Snell-Quick’s house that were addressed to other people at different locations.
Coley’s manager at the USPS location where he worked identified Coley in
court as a postal worker and testified that, every year during the tax-return season,
supervisors talked to the postal employees about returning and reporting checks
that were addressed to “bad addresses.” His manager also stated that he would
expect that postal workers would know what homes on their respective routes were
abandoned and vacant, and that postal workers were taught to return all mail
addressed to vacant or non-existent homes to their supervisors. Coley was
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assigned to Delivery Route 622 and had never reported any issues with treasury
checks on his route to his manager.
The government also presented testimony of two government agents who
investigated the case. Special Agent Jarrett Arrington worked for the USPS’s
Postal Inspection Service and interviewed Coley concerning his role in the tax
fraud scheme. During the interview, Coley admitted that he found it suspicious
that many tax refund checks were sent to vacant homes on his route or to people on
his route whom he knew to be unemployed. However, Coley did not report his
suspicions to his supervisor. Coley said he had returned refund checks that were
addressed to vacant homes to the sender but admitted that he had delivered
approximately ten refund checks, addressed to different recipients, to Snell-Quick
and ten refund checks, addressed to different recipients, to Lanier. Agent
Arrington testified that Coley denied providing a list of vacant or fictitious
addresses to Lanier and told Agent Arrington that he had never received any
payment or thing of value from Lanier or Snell-Quick.
Special Agent David Tucker was the lead IRS agent working on Coley’s
case.1 Agent Tucker testified that, during the time-period comprising the tax-fraud
1 The government also presented the testimony of 11 victims, and 2 mothers of victims, whose identities were used to file the fraudulent tax returns. These victims all stated that they did not file any tax returns through Lanier or her colleagues and did not receive any refund checks for those tax returns. 5 Case: 18-10033 Date Filed: 07/31/2019 Page: 6 of 17
scheme, 1,676 fraudulent tax refund checks (totaling $2,548,606) were directed to
addresses on Coley’s route. Of those 1,676 fraudulent checks, Agent Tucker
determined that 692 tax refund checks (totaling $861,749) were actually delivered.
Of those 692 fraudulent checks, many were delivered in September of 2012 to
vacant or fictitious addresses. Agent Tucker testified that Coley reported to work
every single day in September of 2012 except Labor Day, but admitted that he
could not definitively confirm that Coley possessed the specific checks presented
by the government as evidence.
At the close of government’s case, Coley’s counsel moved for a judgment of
acquittal as to only Counts 17, 18, 35, and 36, arguing that the government failed
to call the victims of those counts. The district court denied Coley’s motion, and
Coley chose not to testify or otherwise put on a case.
After deliberation, the jury found Coley not guilty of Counts 20-32 and 34-
37 and guilty of Counts 1-14, 16-19, and 38-48. The district court also dismissed
Counts 15 and 33 because the government failed to include them in the indictment.
Ultimately, Coley was found guilty of at least one count each of conspiracy to file
false claims (Count 1), committing mail fraud (Counts 2-14, 16-19), and
embezzling mail (Counts 38-48). The district court sentenced Coley to 97 months’
imprisonment and 3 years’ supervised release and ordered that he pay $901,351 of
restitution.
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Coley timely appealed his convictions.
II. STANDARD OF REVIEW
Ordinarily, we review de novo whether there is sufficient evidence to
support a conviction. United States v. Jiminez, 564 F.3d 1280, 1284 (11th Cir.
2009). In that case, “the evidence will be sufficient to support a conviction if ‘a
reasonable trier of fact could find that the evidence established guilt beyond a
reasonable doubt.’” Id. at 1284–85 (quoting United States v. Calhoon, 97 F.3d
518, 523 (11th Cir. 1996)). “But where a defendant does not move for acquittal or
otherwise preserve an argument regarding the sufficiency of the evidence in the
court below, the defendant ‘must shoulder a somewhat heavier burden: we will
reverse the conviction only where doing so is necessary to prevent a manifest
miscarriage of justice.’” United States v. Fries, 725 F.3d 1286, 1291 (11th Cir.
2013) (quoting United States v. Greer, 440 F.3d 1267, 1271 (11th Cir.
2006)). This standard requires that we find that either the record is devoid of
evidence of an essential element of the crime or “that the evidence on a key
element of the offense is so tenuous that a conviction would be shocking.” United
States v. Milkintas, 470 F.3d 1339, 1343 (11th Cir. 2006) (quotation marks
omitted).
Relevant to this appeal, Coley moved for judgment of acquittal on some
counts (Counts 17 and 18), but not others (Counts 1, 2-14, 16, 19, and 38-48). In
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any event, both standards require us to “view the evidence in the light most
favorable to the government and accept all reasonable inferences and credibility
determinations that support the jury’s verdict.” Id.; see also United States v.
Robertson, 493 F.3d 1322, 1329 (11th Cir. 2007) (applying de novo review to mail
fraud conviction). This test for sufficiency is the same for direct and
circumstantial evidence. United States v. Martin, 803 F.3d 581, 587 (11th Cir.
2015).
III. DISCUSSION
In support of his argument challenging the sufficiency of the evidence,
Coley argues that direct evidence was lacking and that the government did not
present “tangible” evidence of his involvement in the scheme. For example, Coley
argues that the government failed to prove that Coley communicated with his co-
conspirators about the scheme because the government provided “no record of one
phone call or text message” between Coley and others. Coley also insists that,
because the government “could not with any specific identify what refund checks
[he] received for Lanier to any addresses that [he] allegedly provided,” the
evidence was insufficient to convict him of embezzling mail.
We first address Coley’s argument that the government failed to prove
Coley’s crimes because they did not provide “tangible evidence” to support the
convictions. While it is unclear exactly what Coley means when he uses the phrase
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“tangible evidence,” we interpret his argument as an attack on the government’s
lack of physical, documentary evidence showing his communication with his co-
conspirators and his possession of the checks. See, e.g., United States v. New York
Tel. Co., 434 U.S. 159, 169–170 (1977) (distinguishing between “tangible”
property like “documents, books, papers and any other tangible objects” and
“intangible” property “such as dial impulses recorded by pen registers”).
However, Coley’s reliance on “tangible evidence” is misplaced because we do not
require the government to prove the crimes of conspiracy, mail fraud, and mail
embezzling by presenting tangible, physical, documentary evidence of each
element.
In fact, we do not require the government to present even direct evidence
proving Coley’s crimes. “Conspiracy may be proven by circumstantial evidence
and the extent of participation in the conspiracy or extent of knowledge of details
in the conspiracy does not matter ‘if the proof shows the defendant knew the
essential objective of the conspiracy.’” Gupta, 463 F.3d at 1194 (quoting United
States v. Suba, 132 F.3d 662, 672 (11th Cir. 1998)). The government may also
“present circumstantial evidence to prove knowledge of the scheme.” United
States v. Pierre, 825 F.3d 1183, 1193 (11th Cir. 2016). Likewise, “[m]ail fraud
can be proved by circumstantial evidence.” Robertson, 493 F.3d at 1330; see also
United States v. Metallo, 908 F.2d 795, 798 (11th Cir. 1990) (affirming mail fraud
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conviction based on circumstantial evidence of appellant having used the United
States mails to carry out his fraudulent scheme because “[t]o establish use of the
mails, direct evidence is not required”). With respect to mail embezzling, “the
government must prove specific intent to defraud,” United States v. Waymer, 55
F.3d 564, 568 (11th Cir. 1995), but “circumstantial evidence of criminal intent can
suffice.” United States v. Suba, 132 F.3d 662, 673 (11th Cir. 1998).
Circumstantial evidence is sufficient because “[g]uilty knowledge can rarely be
established by direct evidence, especially in respect to fraud crimes which, by their
very nature, often yield little in the way of direct proof.” Id. Thus, we can affirm
Coley’s convictions even if the government relied entirely on circumstantial
evidence.
Here, however, the record reflects that the government presented both direct
and circumstantial evidence to prove each of the essential elements of the crimes
for which Coley was convicted. Regardless of whether the evidence provided by
the government was direct or circumstantial, we will make all reasonable
inferences that tend to support the jury’s verdict. United States v. Williams, 390
F.3d 1319, 1323–24 (11th Cir. 2004).
We briefly summarize the evidence provided before considering whether the
evidence was sufficient to prove each essential element of the crimes for which
Coley was convicted. The government presented direct evidence of Coley’s
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involvement in the scheme through the testimony of Coley’s co-conspirators and
the testimony of Special Agent Arrington, who testified that Coley partially
admitted his role in the conspiracy during the USPS interview. Three different
witnesses identified Coley in the courtroom as the mailman who delivered
addresses and checks to his co-conspirator, Lanier, the lead perpetrator of the tax
fraud scheme. More specifically, one of Coley’s co-conspirators testified that
Lanier paid “a mailman” to deliver the refund checks to Lanier and that the
mailman responded to the name “Harold.”
The government also presented evidence that Coley spoke to Lanier about
providing her with addresses—many of which were for vacant lots or homes—on
his postal route so fraudulent federal income tax refund checks could be mailed to
those addresses. The government presented evidence that Coley provided lists of
addresses to Lanier and delivered fraudulent tax return checks to Lanier. Coley’s
manager at USPS testified that Coley would have known which homes on his route
were vacant and had a duty to return mail addressed to those homes, but that Coley
did not do so. The government also presented evidence that Coley received cash
for providing and delivering the checks and addresses to Lanier—and a co-
conspirator testified that Lanier told her the mailman was “the main person that
needs to get paid because he’s getting her addresses.” Finally, Special Agent
Tucker’s testimony confirmed that 692 fraudulent tax refund checks were
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delivered to vacant, abandoned, or nonexistent homes on Coley’s mail route on
days when Coley worked.
For the reasons that follow, we conclude that the evidence presented by the
government was sufficient to prove the crimes for which Coley was convicted.
a. Conspiracy to File False Claims
Coley was found guilty on Count 1, which charged him with conspiracy to
file false claims. Because Coley did not move for acquittal or otherwise preserve
his sufficiency argument below, we will reverse his conviction only if we find that
either the record is devoid of evidence of an essential element of the crime or “that
the evidence on a key element of the offense is so tenuous that a conviction would
be shocking.” Milkintas, 470 F.3d at 1343.
To convict a defendant for conspiracy to file false claims under 18 U.S.C.
§ 286, the government must prove, beyond a reasonable doubt, (1) the existence of
an agreement to achieve an unlawful objective, (2) the defendant’s knowing and
voluntary participation in the conspiracy, and (3) the commission of an overt act in
furtherance of the conspiracy. Gupta, 463 F.3d 1182 at 1194. Section 286
“applies only when the conspirators agree to defraud the government in a specific
manner,” namely by obtaining the payment of false, fictitious, or fraudulent claims.
United States v. Lanier, 920 F.2d 887, 892 (11th Cir. 1991). “Conspiracy may be
proven by circumstantial evidence and the extent of participation in the conspiracy
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or extent of knowledge of details in the conspiracy does not matter ‘if the proof
shows the defendant knew the essential objective of the conspiracy.’” Gupta, 463
F.3d at 1194 (quoting Suba, 132 F.3d at 672). The government may also “present
circumstantial evidence to prove knowledge of the scheme.” Pierre, 825 F.3d
at 1193.
The evidence supported the jury’s finding that Coley conspired to file false
claims by (1) agreeing to deliver vacant and fictitious addresses and fraudulently
obtained refund checks to Lanier, (2) knowingly and voluntarily participating in
the tax-fraud scheme, and (3) committing an overt act—in this case, the delivery of
addresses on his postal route and fraudulent refund checks—in furtherance of the
tax-fraud scheme. See 18 U.S.C. § 286.
b. Mail Fraud
Because Coley’s counsel moved for acquittal as to Counts 17 and 18
(although not as to Counts 2-14, 16, or 19), these counts are subject to a mixed
standard of review. We apply the tougher de novo standard of review to Coley’s
mail fraud convictions, Jiminez, 564 F.3d at 1284, and will affirm Coley’s
convictions if “a reasonable trier of fact could find that the evidence established
guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.” Robertson, 493 F.3d at 1329 (quoting United
States v. Tinoco, 304 F.3d 1088, 1122 (11th Cir. 2002)).
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To prove mail fraud under 18 U.S.C. § 1341, the government must prove,
beyond a reasonable doubt, (1) an intentional participation in a scheme to defraud a
person of money or property, and (2) the use of interstate mails in furtherance of
the scheme. United States v. Maxwell, 579 F.3d 1282, 1299 (11th Cir. 2009). “A
scheme to defraud requires proof of a material misrepresentation, or the omission
or concealment of a material fact calculated to deceive another out of money or
property.” Id. “A misrepresentation is material if it has a natural tendency to
influence, or is capable of influencing, the decision maker to whom it is
addressed.” Id. (quotation and marks alteration omitted).
The government presented the following direct and circumstantial evidence
to prove the mail fraud counts charged in the indictment. Coley’s co-conspirators
testified about his involvement in the scheme and identified him as the mailman
who delivered lists of addresses and fraudulent tax return checks to Lanier.
Although Coley denied providing a list of vacant or fictitious addresses to Lanier,
“we make all reasonable inferences and credibility determinations in favor of the
government.” Robertson, 493 F.3d at 1331. In addition to co-conspirator
testimony, Special Agent Arrington testified that Coley himself partially admitted
his role in the conspiracy during his USPS interview when he admitted that he had
delivered approximately ten refund checks, addressed to different recipients, to
Snell-Quick and ten refund checks, addressed to different recipients, to Lanier.
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The testimony of Coley’s USPS manager established that Coley knew the
abandoned and vacant houses on his route and, although Coley had a duty to return
mail addressed to vacant homes, he never did so. The evidence established that
many of the 692 fraudulent tax refund checks were delivered in September of
2012, and Coley reported to work every single day in September 2012, except
Labor Day.
Viewing this evidence in the light most favorable to the government and
resolving all reasonable inferences and credibility determinations in favor of the
jury’s verdict, Robertson, 493 F.3d at 1329, it was reasonable for the jury to
conclude that Coley was guilty of mail fraud by (1) intentionally participating in
Lanier’s tax-fraud scheme and (2) using the postal service to obtain address
information and intercept and deliver the fraudulent tax refund checks in
furtherance of that scheme. See 18 U.S.C. § 1341.
c. Mail Embezzlement
The jury convicted Coley of embezzling mail, as charged in Counts 38-48.
Coley did not move for acquittal or otherwise preserve an argument regarding the
sufficiency of the evidence on these counts, so we will reverse the jury’s guilty
verdict “only where doing so is necessary to prevent a manifest miscarriage of
justice.’” Fries, 725 F.3d at 1291 (quotation marks omitted).
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Lastly, to establish the crime of mail embezzlement under 18 U.S.C. § 1709,
the government must show beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant (1) was a
Postal Service employee, (2) was entrusted with, or came into the possession of,
“any article or thing . . . intended to be conveyed by the mail,” and (3) knowingly
embezzled or stole that article or thing. 18 U.S.C. § 1709. As to the third element,
this Court has held that, in order “to convict a person of mail fraud, the government
must prove specific intent to defraud.” Waymer, 55 F.3d at 568. In so proving, the
government “need not produce direct proof of scienter in a mail fraud case,
however; circumstantial evidence of criminal intent can suffice.” Suba, 132 F.3d
at 673.
Here, the government provided sufficient evidence to support the jury’s
finding that Coley embezzled mail by (1) being a Postal Service employee, (2) who
was entrusted with tax-refund checks that were intended to be conveyed by mail,
and (3) knowingly embezzled those checks. See 18 U.S.C. § 1709. Because Coley
does not dispute the first two elements, we consider only the third. Although
Coley argues that he never possessed the fraudulent tax refund checks, witnesses
identified Coley as the mailman responsible for providing addresses to Lanier, and
the government provided evidence that 692 fraudulent tax refund checks were
delivered to vacant or abandoned homes located on Coley’s mail route and were
mailed at times when Coley was working. Witnesses also testified that, although
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Coley had a duty to return any mail that was addressed to vacant or abandoned
homes, he never did so. Viewing this evidence in the light most favorable to the
government and resolving all reasonable inferences and credibility determinations
in favor of the jury’s verdict, it was reasonable for the jury to conclude that Coley
knowingly removed the tax refund checks from the mail and took them into his
possession.
Overall, we cannot conclude that the record was devoid of an essential
element of any of the crimes for which he was convicted or that the evidence
presented was so tenuous that Coley’s convictions are “shocking.” Milkintas, 470
F.3d at 1343. Because the evidence supported the jury’s findings that Coley
conspired to file false claims, committed mail fraud, and embezzled mail, the
jury’s guilty verdict did not constitute a manifest miscarriage of justice.
Accordingly, Coley’s convictions are
AFFIRMED.