Opinion of the Court
George W. LATIMER, Judge:
I
When arraigned before a general court-martial, the accused pleaded guilty to resisting apprehension, two specifications of unlawful apprehension of military police officials, wrongful appropriation of a motor vehicle, and two assaults with a dangerous weapon, violations of Articles 95, 97, 121, and 128, Uniform Code of Military Justice, 10 USC §§ 895, 897, 921, and 928, respectively. Prior to his arraignment [489]*489and with the advice and consent of his counsel, the accused addressed a communication to the convening authority-in which he volunteered to enter a plea of guilty to all of the alleged offenses if the convening authority would extend him leniency by affirming only so much of the sentence adjudged by the court-martial as provided for a dishonorable discharge, forfeiture of all pay and allowances, confinement at hard labor for three years, and reduction to the lowest enlisted grade. In the letter, the accused averred he had been informed of his rights to enter a plea of not guilty with its concomitant burden upon the Government to prove him guilty beyond a reasonable doubt, and further acknowledged that he was admitting his guilt to offenses which authorized a maximum sentence of confinement at hard labor for fifteen years with the other mentioned accessories. The offer was accepted and at the trial a stipulation of facts was agreed upon which was introduced in evidence for the benefit of the court. Prior to the time the court members retired to vote upon the sentence, defense counsel made the following motion:
“Defense Counsel: At this time the defense would like to make a motion that the court be instructed for sentencing purposes only, Charge II, Specification 1 and Charge IY, Specification 1, will be multiplicious for sentencing purposes, likewise Specification 2 of Charge II, and Specification 2 of Charge IV.”
The law officer denied the motion and instructed the court that the maximum sentence imposable for all of the offenses to which the accused had pleaded guilty was dishonorable discharge, total forfeitures, confinement at hard labor for a period not to exceed fifteen years, and reduction to the lowest enlisted grade. Thereafter, the court sentenced the accused to a dishonorable discharge, forfeiture of all pay and allowances, confinement at hard labor for five years, and reduction to the lowest pay grade. In accordance with the pretrial understanding, the convening authority reduced the period of incarceration to three years but otherwise affirmed the sentence.
A board of review in the office of The Judge Advocate General of the Army considered several assignments of error but found only one which it believed to be meritorious. It concluded that two specifications were multi-plicious for sentencing purposes and that the law officer erred when he announced the maximum term of confinement as fifteen years instead of the proper period of twelve years. In light of the error, the board reassessed the sentence but made no reduction, for it determined the sentence as approved by the convening authority was appropriate.
For convenience of the reader, we quote the relevant specifications:
“Charge I: Violation of the Uniform Code of Military Justice, Article 95.
“Specification: In that Specialist Four (E-4) Burnace W. Hardy, U. S. Army, Medical Detachment, U. S. Army Hospital, Fort Gordon, Georgia, did, at Augusta, Georgia, on or about 8 June 1959, resist being lawfully apprehended by Sergeant First Class George H. Waldroup, an armed force policeman.
“Charge II: Violation of the Uniform Code of Military Justice, Article 97.
Specification 1: In that Specialist Four (E-4) Burnace W. Hardy, U. S. Army, Medical Detachment, U. S. Army Hospital, Fort Gordon, Georgia, did, at Augusta, Georgia, on or about 8 June 1959, unlawfully apprehend Sergeant First Glass George H. Waldroup.
“Specification 2: In that Specialist Four (E-4) Burnace W. Hardy, U. S. Army, Medical Detachment, U. S-Army Hospital, Fort Gordon, Georgia, did, at Augusta, Georgia, on or about 8 June 1959, unlawfully apprehend Sergeant Neal R. Slagle.
“Charge IV: Violation of the Uniform Code of Military Justice, Article 128.
“Specification 1: In that Specialist Four (E-4) Burnace W. Hardy, [490]*490U. S. Army, Medical Detachment, U. S. Army Hospital, Fort Gordon, Georgia, did, at Augusta, Georgia, on or about 8 June 1959, commit an assault upon Sergeant First Class George H. Waldroup by forcing the said Sergeant First Class George H. Waldroup into a motor vehicle against his will, and by aiming at the back of the said Sergeant First Class George H. Waldroup’s head a dangerous weapon, to wit: a loaded, .32 caliber pistol.
“Specification 2: In that Specialist Four (E-4) Burnace W. Hardy U. S. Army, Medical Detachment, U. S. Army Hospital, Fort Gordon, Georgia, did, at Augusta, Georgia, on or about 8 June 1959, commit an assault upon Sergeant Neal R. Slagle by aiming at the said Sergeant Neal R. Slagle’s person a dangerous weapon, to wit: a loaded, .32 caliber pistol.”
On appeal to us, the accused advanced the contentions that the board of review and the law officer erred when they refused to find that the second specification under Charges II and IV were multiplicious and that the specification of Charge I was multiplicious with the specifications of Charges II and IV. He also made an additional .assignment which challenged the providence of the plea of guilty, assertedly because the specifications setting out unlawful apprehension did not state, .and the facts did not prove, an offense. We granted review to settle those issues, and to present the questions in an orderly sequence, we consider them in reverse order.
II
In asserting that the plea was improvident, the accused argues that Article 97, Uniform Code of Military Justice, supra, is intended to be limited in application to military officials who are authorized to apprehend or arrest. We find to the contrary because to follow the argument requires that we ignore the plain meaning of the clear and unambiguous language used by Congress. The Article provides as follows:
“Any person subject to this chapter who, except as provided by law, apprehends, arrests, or confines any person shall be punished as a court-martial may direct.”
The wording of the Article indicates a Congressional intent to sweep within the law all persons subject to the Code, and that interpretation is buttressed by paragraph 176 of the Manual for Courts-Martial, United States, 1951, which provides:
“Any unlawful restraint of another’s freedom of locomotion will result in a violation of this article. The offense may be committed by one who, being duly authorized to apprehend, arrest, or confine others, exercises such authority unlawfully, or by one not so authorized who effects the restraint of another unlawfully.” [Emphasis supplied.]
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Opinion of the Court
George W. LATIMER, Judge:
I
When arraigned before a general court-martial, the accused pleaded guilty to resisting apprehension, two specifications of unlawful apprehension of military police officials, wrongful appropriation of a motor vehicle, and two assaults with a dangerous weapon, violations of Articles 95, 97, 121, and 128, Uniform Code of Military Justice, 10 USC §§ 895, 897, 921, and 928, respectively. Prior to his arraignment [489]*489and with the advice and consent of his counsel, the accused addressed a communication to the convening authority-in which he volunteered to enter a plea of guilty to all of the alleged offenses if the convening authority would extend him leniency by affirming only so much of the sentence adjudged by the court-martial as provided for a dishonorable discharge, forfeiture of all pay and allowances, confinement at hard labor for three years, and reduction to the lowest enlisted grade. In the letter, the accused averred he had been informed of his rights to enter a plea of not guilty with its concomitant burden upon the Government to prove him guilty beyond a reasonable doubt, and further acknowledged that he was admitting his guilt to offenses which authorized a maximum sentence of confinement at hard labor for fifteen years with the other mentioned accessories. The offer was accepted and at the trial a stipulation of facts was agreed upon which was introduced in evidence for the benefit of the court. Prior to the time the court members retired to vote upon the sentence, defense counsel made the following motion:
“Defense Counsel: At this time the defense would like to make a motion that the court be instructed for sentencing purposes only, Charge II, Specification 1 and Charge IY, Specification 1, will be multiplicious for sentencing purposes, likewise Specification 2 of Charge II, and Specification 2 of Charge IV.”
The law officer denied the motion and instructed the court that the maximum sentence imposable for all of the offenses to which the accused had pleaded guilty was dishonorable discharge, total forfeitures, confinement at hard labor for a period not to exceed fifteen years, and reduction to the lowest enlisted grade. Thereafter, the court sentenced the accused to a dishonorable discharge, forfeiture of all pay and allowances, confinement at hard labor for five years, and reduction to the lowest pay grade. In accordance with the pretrial understanding, the convening authority reduced the period of incarceration to three years but otherwise affirmed the sentence.
A board of review in the office of The Judge Advocate General of the Army considered several assignments of error but found only one which it believed to be meritorious. It concluded that two specifications were multi-plicious for sentencing purposes and that the law officer erred when he announced the maximum term of confinement as fifteen years instead of the proper period of twelve years. In light of the error, the board reassessed the sentence but made no reduction, for it determined the sentence as approved by the convening authority was appropriate.
For convenience of the reader, we quote the relevant specifications:
“Charge I: Violation of the Uniform Code of Military Justice, Article 95.
“Specification: In that Specialist Four (E-4) Burnace W. Hardy, U. S. Army, Medical Detachment, U. S. Army Hospital, Fort Gordon, Georgia, did, at Augusta, Georgia, on or about 8 June 1959, resist being lawfully apprehended by Sergeant First Class George H. Waldroup, an armed force policeman.
“Charge II: Violation of the Uniform Code of Military Justice, Article 97.
Specification 1: In that Specialist Four (E-4) Burnace W. Hardy, U. S. Army, Medical Detachment, U. S. Army Hospital, Fort Gordon, Georgia, did, at Augusta, Georgia, on or about 8 June 1959, unlawfully apprehend Sergeant First Glass George H. Waldroup.
“Specification 2: In that Specialist Four (E-4) Burnace W. Hardy, U. S. Army, Medical Detachment, U. S-Army Hospital, Fort Gordon, Georgia, did, at Augusta, Georgia, on or about 8 June 1959, unlawfully apprehend Sergeant Neal R. Slagle.
“Charge IV: Violation of the Uniform Code of Military Justice, Article 128.
“Specification 1: In that Specialist Four (E-4) Burnace W. Hardy, [490]*490U. S. Army, Medical Detachment, U. S. Army Hospital, Fort Gordon, Georgia, did, at Augusta, Georgia, on or about 8 June 1959, commit an assault upon Sergeant First Class George H. Waldroup by forcing the said Sergeant First Class George H. Waldroup into a motor vehicle against his will, and by aiming at the back of the said Sergeant First Class George H. Waldroup’s head a dangerous weapon, to wit: a loaded, .32 caliber pistol.
“Specification 2: In that Specialist Four (E-4) Burnace W. Hardy U. S. Army, Medical Detachment, U. S. Army Hospital, Fort Gordon, Georgia, did, at Augusta, Georgia, on or about 8 June 1959, commit an assault upon Sergeant Neal R. Slagle by aiming at the said Sergeant Neal R. Slagle’s person a dangerous weapon, to wit: a loaded, .32 caliber pistol.”
On appeal to us, the accused advanced the contentions that the board of review and the law officer erred when they refused to find that the second specification under Charges II and IV were multiplicious and that the specification of Charge I was multiplicious with the specifications of Charges II and IV. He also made an additional .assignment which challenged the providence of the plea of guilty, assertedly because the specifications setting out unlawful apprehension did not state, .and the facts did not prove, an offense. We granted review to settle those issues, and to present the questions in an orderly sequence, we consider them in reverse order.
II
In asserting that the plea was improvident, the accused argues that Article 97, Uniform Code of Military Justice, supra, is intended to be limited in application to military officials who are authorized to apprehend or arrest. We find to the contrary because to follow the argument requires that we ignore the plain meaning of the clear and unambiguous language used by Congress. The Article provides as follows:
“Any person subject to this chapter who, except as provided by law, apprehends, arrests, or confines any person shall be punished as a court-martial may direct.”
The wording of the Article indicates a Congressional intent to sweep within the law all persons subject to the Code, and that interpretation is buttressed by paragraph 176 of the Manual for Courts-Martial, United States, 1951, which provides:
“Any unlawful restraint of another’s freedom of locomotion will result in a violation of this article. The offense may be committed by one who, being duly authorized to apprehend, arrest, or confine others, exercises such authority unlawfully, or by one not so authorized who effects the restraint of another unlawfully.” [Emphasis supplied.]
Had Congress intended to have the Article apply to a limited class of persons such as suggested by the accused, it would have been an easy task to have so worded the law. In the absence of language of a restrictive nature and with nothing in the legislative history of the offense to indicate a limited coverage, we find no reason to rewrite the statute to exclude a large percentage of servicemen and women.
The board of review considered this issue and determined it adversely to the accused. The views expressed by that tribunal are in accord with our concepts, and we therefore adopt this portion of its opinion as supplemental thereto:
“We find no merit in the contention that the facts set forth in the stipulation fail to establish the offense of unlawful detention denounced by Article 97 of the Code. We have recently had occasion to examine the legislative history of this article and have found nothing therein which would support the accused’s argument that Congress intended to make it applicable only to those who abused the authority vested in them by the Code, to apprehend members of the military services or to order military persons into arrest or confinement. We consider that the plain language [491]*491of the Article makes it applicable to all persons subject to the Code whether they act under the color of authority or not, and that the construction placed upon the article by paragraph 176 of the Manual is correct. CM 364634, Fritts, 12 CMR 232, pet. den., 12 CMR 204. We are of the opinion that the scope of the article is sufficiently broad to warrant conviction of the offense of unlawful detention of another if the evidence establishes a false impris-sonment as that term is used in the law of torts and in the statutes of civilian jurisdictions. 1 Wharton’s Criminal Law and Procedure, section 385.”
While the essential facts were established by the plea of guilty, the stipulation shows the accused did not have the authority to apprehend. But as indicated in our previous discussion, the lack of authority does not undercut the judicial confession of guilt. Accordingly, we resolve the first issue against the accused.
Ill
Having determined that the questioned specifications state, and the facts establish, the offense of unlawful restraint, we move on to dispose of the other issues. The specifications covering the other offenses furnish some assistance in solving the multiplicity problem, but there is a written stipulation of facts which supplies us with additional information. From those two sources we gather the following facts, noting, however, that times are not of record. Sergeant Neal R. Slagle and SFC George H. Waldroup of the Apprehension Section, Office of the Provost Marshal, proceeded to the home of the accused to apprehend him and return him to Fort Gordon, Georgia. After entering his home and making their identity and purpose known, they encountered difficulty, for the accused exhibited a loaded .32 caliber pistol. There is no evidence that at this time he used it in a manner likely to produce grievous bodily harm. However, because of anticipated difficulties, the sergeants left the house and proceeded to the vehicle which they had parked in front of accused’s residence. SFC Waldroup was seeking to send a plea for help over the radio network when the accused approached the vehicle and, at the point of the gun, forced both sergeants to leave the car and enter a neighbor’s home. After a short stay in the neighbor’s living room, the sergeants were able to part company with the accused and barricade themselves in a bedroom. The accused was not to be deterred by the barred door, for he went outside the premises to a window opening into the bedroom and, by threatening the sergeants with the weapon, forced them back into the living room. Thereafter, he completed his criminal venture by marching them to the vehicle, where he issued directions that Sergeant Slagle was to drive and SFC Waldroup was to occupy the front right seat. He placed himself in the rear seat of the vehicle, and, holding his captives at gun point, stated the destination. After a short journey, the car was veered into the path of an oncoming police vehicle, whereupon the accused was disarmed and taken into custody.
The accused contends that the facts related generally above show nothing but a single continuing assault upon the sergeants which the Government has broken into separate steps to increase the punishment. To support that assertion he argues that the sergeants were in constant danger of serious bodily injury from a dangerous-weapon during the entire episode and that the other alleged offenses are merely fragments of the principal crime and necessarily included therein.
Before discussing the specifics, we suggest that when the misbehavior of the accused is considered without being measured by a refined yardstick, the severability of the offenses becomes readily apparent. Certain-]y the facts show he resisted apprehension, misappropriated an automobile, imprisoned two sergeants, and assaulted them by using a weapon in a dangerous manner, and he committed each crime independent of the others. Moreover, he was not uninformed about the number and. types of offenses he had perpetrated, [492]*492for in Ms written offer to plead guilty he volunteered the information that the maximum term of imprisonment which could be imposed was fifteen years. That period co.uld only be the maximum if the offenses were considered as being separate. Accordingly, the accused cannot seriously contend he was lulled into pleading guilty because of an erroneous belief on multiplicity.
Accused, in support of this assignment of error, contends there was only one transaction, but the general rule on determining when offenses are separate for punishment purposes is brought into question only in a case where there is a single act. If there are separate performances, there is no problem for the rule which is stated in paragraph 76a (8), Manual for Courts-Martial, United States, 1951, shows when the principle is applied. "It provides:
“The maximum authorized punishment may be imposed for each of two or more separate offenses arising out of the same act or transaction. The test to be applied in determining whether the offenses of which the accused has been convicted are separate is this: The offenses are separate if each offense requires proof of an element not required to prove the other.”
We have announced variations of this rule, some of which will be mentioned later, but they are of no assistance to the accused in this instance. We, therefore, look to the above rule to evaluate the assertion that the second specification of Charges II and IV are mulfci-plicious when interpreted in conjunction with the facts. One specification with which we are concerned alleges that the accused unlawfully apprehended Sergeant Neal R. Slagle while another states an assault on the same .sergeant with a dangerous weapon. Even though each crime has different -elements, it is asserted the offenses are not separate because it can be said that the illegal apprehension was, as a matter of fact and law, merged with and became an ingredient of the aggravated assault. However, when the facts are considered reasonably, that conclusion need not be reached. Undoubtedly an unlawful apprehension commenced when the sergeants were marched at the point of a gun to the home of the neighbor, and it could be considered as having ended when they escaped and barricaded themselves in a bedroom. But, assuming one continuous illegal apprehension from the first use of the pistol until the last, in the course of committing that crime there were, at the very least, two separate and distinct aggravated assaults — the first when the accused pointed the weapon at the sergeants and ordered them from the ear, and the second when he trained the pistol on them through the window. But, laying aside the nieeties necessary to show the beginning and ending cycles of each alleged crime, the assaults with a dangerous weapon and the illegal apprehension are not multiplicious because by every recognized test they are separate. Each requires proof of an element not required to prove the other, United States v Yarborough, 1 USCMA 678, 5 CMR 106; they are not merged under the one act theory, United States v Brown, 8 USCMA 18, 23 CMR 242; the apprehension is not a lesser included offense of the assault, United States v McVey, 4 USCMA 167, 15 CMR 167; they are proscribed by separate Articles of the Code and the norm to be protected is entirely different, United States v Beene, 4 USCMA 177, 15 CMR 177.
The same general analysis can be made in connection with the other offenses, albeit they can be more easily differentiated. Resisting apprehension was an act in opposition to the efforts of the sergeants, and it required proof that the sergeants were lawfully apprehending the accused and he resisted their efforts. When, however, the sergeants had temporarily ceased their efforts to take him into custody and the accused became the aggressor in a series of crimes, there was a distinct break in the nature and character of offenses and new elements in no way necessary to prove the unlawful resistance became an essential part [493]*493of the offenses. Misappropriation of an automobile requires proof of elements foreign to those required for resisting apprehension, and the elemental composition of the crimes of resisting apprehension and aggravated assault puts them poles apart. The other tests, when applied, show the separability of the last mentioned crimes but detailed application of the facts to the rules is not deemed necessary.
Finding no multiplicity, we affirm the decision of the board of review.
Chief Judge Quinn concurs.