United States v. Hall

Opinion

Appellate Case: 25-6134 Document: 37-1 Date Filed: 03/04/2026 Page: 1 FILED United States Court of Appeals UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS Tenth Circuit

FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT March 4, 2026 _________________________________ Christopher M. Wolpert Clerk of Court UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff - Appellee,

v. No. 25-6134 (D.C. No. 5:25-CR-00014-SLP-2) NIA HALL, a/k/a Karmella, (W.D. Okla.)

Defendant - Appellant. _________________________________

ORDER AND JUDGMENT * _________________________________

Before TYMKOVICH, PHILLIPS, and CARSON, Circuit Judges. _________________________________

Nia Hall pleaded guilty to conspiracy to commit sex trafficking. She was

sentenced to 188 months in prison. Ms. Hall seeks to appeal her sentence, but the

government has moved to enforce the appeal waiver contained in her plea agreement.

See United States v. Hahn, 359 F.3d 1315, 1328 (10th Cir. 2004) (en banc)

(per curiam).

Ms. Hall’s attorney responded, saying it would be frivolous to oppose the

government’s motion and requesting leave to withdraw. See Anders v. California,

* This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1. Appellate Case: 25-6134 Document: 37-1 Date Filed: 03/04/2026 Page: 2

386 U.S. 738, 744 (1967). We invited Ms. Hall to respond, but she has not done so. 1

Our duty in these circumstances is to examine the record and decide whether

opposing the government’s motion would be frivolous. See id. We conclude that it

would, and that Ms. Hall’s appeal waiver is enforceable. We will enforce an appeal

waiver if (1) the appeal falls within the waiver’s scope, (2) the defendant knowingly

and voluntarily waived the right to appeal, and (3) enforcing the waiver will not

result in a miscarriage of justice. See Hahn, 359 F.3d at 1325.

Scope of the Waiver

“When construing an appellate waiver, we apply well-established contract

principles and examine the plain language of the plea agreement.” United States v.

Taylor, 413 F.3d 1146, 1151 (10th Cir. 2005) (internal quotation marks

omitted). Ms. Hall waived the right to appeal her conviction and sentence, except if

the district court imposed a sentence above her advisory guidelines range, which was

188 to 235 months in prison. At sentencing, Ms. Hall’s attorney argued for a

60-month sentence, and the government suggested a 120- to 180-month sentence.

The district court imposed a 188-month sentence. While longer than those suggested

1 On January 20, 2026, we granted Ms. Hall an extension of time to file her response. While she did not respond to counsel’s Anders brief, she did submit a letter to this court expressing that she wishes to file an appeal based on ineffective assistance of her trial counsel. Ineffective assistance arguments are not raised on direct appeal and are instead appropriate in collateral attacks. See Hahn, 359 F.3d at 1327 n.13 (“Generally, we only consider ineffective assistance of counsel claims on collateral review.”). 2 Appellate Case: 25-6134 Document: 37-1 Date Filed: 03/04/2026 Page: 3

by the parties, Ms. Hall’s sentence still fell within the advisory guideline range.

Accordingly, her waiver covers this appeal.

Knowing and Voluntary Waiver

When assessing whether an appeal waiver “is knowing and voluntary, we

especially look to two factors”: (1) “whether the language of the plea agreement

states that the defendant entered the agreement knowingly and voluntarily,” and

(2) whether the district court conducted “an adequate Federal Rule of Criminal

Procedure 11 colloquy.” Hahn, 359 F.3d at 1325. “[E]ither the express language of

the plea agreement, if sufficiently clear, detailed, and comprehensive, or the probing

inquiry of a proper Rule 11 colloquy could be enough to conclude the waiver was

knowing and voluntary. But the synergistic effect of both will often be

conclusive.” United States v. Tanner, 721 F.3d 1231, 1234 (10th Cir. 2013). “[T]he

defendant . . . bears the burden of demonstrating his waiver was not knowing and

voluntary.” Id. at 1233 (brackets and internal quotation marks omitted).

Ms. Hall’s signed plea agreement explicitly states that she waived her right to

appeal. The district court also conducted an adequate Rule 11 plea colloquy.

Rule 11 requires a district court to “address the defendant personally in open court”

and “inform the defendant of, and determine that the defendant understands, . . . the

terms of any plea-agreement provision waiving the right to appeal or collaterally

attack the sentence.” Fed. R. Crim. P. 11(b)(1)(N). The district court did just that at

Ms. Hall’s plea hearing. Ms. Hall affirmed that she understood that she was waiving

3 Appellate Case: 25-6134 Document: 37-1 Date Filed: 03/04/2026 Page: 4

her appellate rights upon entry of her plea. The plea agreement and plea colloquy

make clear that Ms. Hall knowingly and voluntarily agreed to the appeal waiver.

Miscarriage of Justice

Enforcing an appeal waiver will result in a miscarriage of justice if (1) the

district court relied on an impermissible sentencing factor; (2) ineffective assistance

of counsel in negotiating the waiver makes it invalid; (3) the sentence exceeds the

statutory maximum; or (4) the waiver is otherwise unlawful in a way that seriously

affects the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of the proceedings. See Hahn,

359 F.3d at 1327. We see nothing in the record suggesting that enforcing the waiver

here will result in a miscarriage of justice.

We grant counsel’s motion to withdraw. We grant the government’s motion to

enforce the appeal waiver, and we dismiss this appeal.

Entered for the Court

Per Curiam