United States v. Guillermo Vazquez-Pi

CourtCourt of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit
DecidedFebruary 18, 2011
Docket10-2429
StatusUnpublished

This text of United States v. Guillermo Vazquez-Pi (United States v. Guillermo Vazquez-Pi) is published on Counsel Stack Legal Research, covering Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit primary law. Counsel Stack provides free access to over 12 million legal documents including statutes, case law, regulations, and constitutions.

Bluebook
United States v. Guillermo Vazquez-Pi, (7th Cir. 2011).

Opinion

NONPRECEDENTIAL DISPOSITION To be cited only in accordance with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1

United States Court of Appeals For the Seventh Circuit Chicago, Illinois 60604

Argued January 26, 2011 Decided February 18, 2011

Before

WILLIAM J. BAUER, Circuit Judge

JOEL M. FLAUM, Circuit Judge

DIANE S. SYKES, Circuit Judge

No. 10‐2429

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Appeal from the United States District Plaintiff‐Appellee, Court for the Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division v. No. 09 CR 793‐1 GUILLERMO VAZQUEZ‐PITA, Defendant‐Appellant. Rebecca R. Pallmeyer, Judge

O R D E R

Guillermo Vazquez‐Pita, a Mexican citizen, pleaded guilty to unlawful presence after removal, 8 U.S.C. § 1326(a), and argued for a below‐guidelines sentence on several grounds, including the absence of a “fast track” program in the Northern District of Illinois. The district court accepted one of his arguments in mitigation, though not the fast‐track contention, and sentenced Vazquez‐Pita below the guidelines range to 68 months. On appeal he principally claims that the court failed to evaluate his fast‐track argument. The government confesses error on this claim, but we conclude that the court fully addressed Vazquez‐Pita’s sentencing arguments and committed no error.

Vazquez‐Pita was 6 when his parents lawfully entered the United States with their children in 1973. He has lived here ever since. Between 1986, when he was 18, and 2009, he No. 10‐2429 Page 2

incurred 7 convictions for drug offenses, 6 of them felonies. Two other prosecutions ended with acquittals, and 12 more arrests were not adjudicated. He was removed to Mexico for the first time in December 2005, but a few months later he was arrested in Chicago for a drug crime. He was removed again in May 2008, and by March 2009 he was back in Chicago where again he was arrested for a drug crime. This time he was charged in federal court with violating § 1326(a). The district court calculated a guidelines imprisonment range of 77 to 96 months based on his criminal history category of VI and total offense level of 21. The offense level included a 16‐point upward adjustment because Vazquez‐Pita had been convicted of a drug trafficking crime before he was removed. See U.S.S.G. § 2L1.2(b)(1)(A). He did not object to these calculations.

At his sentencing in June 2010, Vazquez‐Pita argued for a 36‐month prison sentence, which he described as comparable to his likely sentence in a judicial district with a fast‐track program. He did nothing to establish, however, that he would have satisfied the eligibility criteria for fast‐track sentencing in any of the 16 judicial districts with a program. His lawyer devoted less than 2 pages of a 22‐page sentencing memorandum to the topic of fast‐ track disparity, and mentioned the subject only briefly at the sentencing hearing. That hearing was 6½ months after the oral argument in United States v. Reyes‐Hernandez, 624 F.3d 405 (7th Cir. 2010), which overturned decisions foreclosing sentencing judges from basing a below‐range sentence solely on the absence of a fast‐track program in the prosecuting district, id. at 417; see United States v. Galicia‐Cardenas, 443 F.3d 553, 555 (7th Cir. 2006); United States v. Martinez‐Martinez, 442 F.3d 539, 543 (7th Cir. 2006).

Vazquez‐Pita also identified other grounds in mitigation. He pressed for leniency because, as he viewed the circumstances, his § 1326(a) violation was indirectly the fault of immigration authorities. He had applied for citizenship in 1996 after marrying a United States citizen (the couple now have four children), but, according to Vazquez‐Pita, his application was denied because he missed a personal interview that no one had told him about. If not for that foul‐up, he insisted, he would have become a citizen and would not have been removed from the United States. The prosecutor countered with evidence that Vazquez‐Pita’s criminal history would have ruined his prospects for citizenship even had he attended the interview.

In addition, Vazquez‐Pita advocated for a reduced sentence because he provided information to the sheriff’s office while detained in the Cook County jail. He also asserted that his criminal history score was exaggerated because, he said, his felony convictions are mostly for “simple drug possession” and do not evidence a “history of drug dealing.” (In fact, Vazquez‐Pita has felony convictions for distributing cocaine and possessing marijuana with intent to distribute, and one of his “simple possession” cases involved the seizure of $3,100 in currency and small quantities of heroin and cocaine.) Leniency also was No. 10‐2429 Page 3

warranted, Vazquez‐Pita continued, because the 16‐level upward adjustment in § 2L1.2(b)(1)(A) lacks empirical support. And finally, he argued, he should receive the benefit of proposed (and later adopted) Application Note 8 to § 2L1.2, which recognizes that sometimes a lower sentence “may be appropriate on the basis of cultural assimilation.”

The district court, in addressing the appropriate sentence, offered a lengthy explanation for choosing 68 months:

I think, given the age of some of the offense conduct, I am prepared to conclude that Mr. Vazquez‐Pita’s criminal history is, at least to some degree, overstated.

But I would observe in drawing that conclusion that the illegal reentries aren’t technically counted in exactly the same way themselves.

I would note as well that there were more than a dozen arrests on other occasions. Now, of course, if you are not convicted, those don’t count against you as criminal history points. But it’s hard for me to believe that every one of those times was a case of mistaken identity or being picked up for something you didn’t do.

The fact is that, apart from the time that you have been outside the United States, you have been involved in a lot of criminal activity while you are here. And it’s that reason that I suspect would preclude you from being sworn in as a citizen at any point.

What I am looking at now is, what is the appropriate sentence?

[Defense counsel] is correct that there is at least a valid argument to be made that the 16‐point enhancement that’s added here was imposed by the Sentencing Commission without the kind of studies that we would ordinarily expect or want. I am not inclined to conclude that because Mr. Vazquez‐Pita might be eligible for some lesser sentence in a fast‐track district that this Court should impose one, however.

So I think he does require a substantial sentence, albeit one that’s lower than what the advisory guideline would otherwise call for.

. . . . No. 10‐2429 Page 4

I am going to impose a sentence of 68 months in custody. This is to reflect not only the seriousness of the offense and the repeated nature of Mr. Vazquez’s conduct but also to acknowledge that at least some of the criminal history is a function of his having been an addict as opposed to his engaging in any violent offenses.

Mr. Vazquez‐Pita, I think serving a significant‐length sentence in custody is harsh enough, but as you know, the next step in your life is to be removed from the United State. And for somebody who has been in the United States since he was five years old, I think that sentence is extremely harsh indeed.

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United States v. Guillermo Vazquez-Pi, Counsel Stack Legal Research, https://law.counselstack.com/opinion/united-states-v-guillermo-vazquez-pi-ca7-2011.