UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
______________________________ ) UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, ) ) ) v. ) ) Criminal Case No. 96-57-2 (EGS) RICARDO M. GROSS, ) ) Defendant. ) ______________________________)
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Pending before the Court is defendant Ricardo M. Gross’s pro
se petition for writ of audita querela, and the government’s
motion to construe the petition as a successive motion to vacate
sentence under 28 U.S.C. § 2255 and to transfer the motion to the
United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia
Circuit. Upon consideration of the motions, the response and
reply thereto, the applicable law, and for the reasons stated
below, both motions are DENIED.
I. BACKGROUND
On or about July 31, 1996, after a trial before this Court,
a jury found defendant guilty of armed bank robbery, use of a
firearm during a crime of violence, armed carjacking, and first-
degree theft from a senior citizen. On February 14, 1997, the
Court also found defendant guilty of possession of a firearm by a convicted felon.1 On June 27, 1997, the Court sentenced
defendant to 108 months of incarceration for armed bank robbery,
followed by a consecutive 10 year sentence for use of a firearm
during a crime of violence, as well as a concurrent sentence of
108 months for the felon-in-possession charge and 15-45 years2
for the armed carjacking and first-degree theft offenses.
Defendant filed a timely notice of appeal, and on February
26, 1999, the Circuit affirmed defendant’s convictions. See
United States v. Gilliam, 167 F.3d 628, 631, 640 (D.C. Cir. 1999)
(affirming Defendant Gross’s convictions and sentence).
1 Defendant elected a bench trial on the felon-in- possession count. 2 D.C. Code offenses committed before August 5, 2000 were sentenced pursuant to an indeterminate sentencing scheme. Compare D.C. Code § 24-403 (2000) with D.C. Code § 24-403.01 (2010) (requiring the Court to impose a determinate sentence and period of supervised release for crimes committed on or after August 5, 2000). Under the indeterminate sentencing scheme, courts were required to impose a sentence containing a minimum and maximum term, whereby the minimum term could not exceed one- third of the maximum sentence imposed. See generally Sellmon v. Reilly, 551 F. Supp. 2d 66, 70 n.3 (D.D.C. 2008) (citing D.C. Code § 24-403 (2001)); see also id. (explaining that after a defendant becomes eligible for parole, the paroling authority and corrections officials determine the actual release date within the range specified by the court). Accordingly, while expressing its desire to sentence defendant to a 15 year sentence, see Sentencing Tr. at 20:18-20 (“My intent is not that he serve 45 years in jail on that count. That is not my intent at all. My intent is that he serve the 15 years.”), the Court nevertheless sentenced defendant to a 15-45 year range for the armed carjacking and first-degree theft offenses consistent with the indeterminate sentencing scheme.
2 Defendant’s petition for writ of certiorari was denied on June 7,
1999. See Gross v. United States, 526 U.S. 1164 (1999).
On August 10, 2000, defendant filed a motion to vacate, set
aside, or correct his sentence pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2255,
which the Court denied on September 23, 2005. See Docket No.
198. On May 29, 2009, defendant filed the pending petition for
writ of audita querela, and on October 9, 2009, the government
filed a motion to transfer defendant’s motion under 28 U.S.C.
§ 2255. These motions are now ripe for determination by the
Court.
II. Analysis
A. Government’s Motion to Construe the Petition as a Successive § 2255 Motion
As a threshold matter, the government asks the Court to
construe defendant’s petition as a motion to vacate sentence
under 28 U.S.C. § 2255. Because defendant “has unequivocally
elected to seek relief by way of audita querela rather than 28
U.S.C. § 2255,” the Court declines to do so. See In re Kennedy,
No. 07-3048, 2007 U.S. App. LEXIS 18083, at *1-2 (D.C. Cir. July
27, 2007) (returning petition for writ of audita querela to the
district court, and explaining that the defendant’s “election
should be respected”). Indeed, defendant specifically asks this
Court to “decline to construe [his] petition as a § 2255
successive petition.” Def.’s Pet. at 9. The Court, therefore,
3 will respect defendant’s decision to proceed by way of audita
querela, and will consider his petition on the merits.
Accordingly, the government’s motion to transfer defendant’s
petition to the Circuit is DENIED. See, e.g., In re Kennedy,
2007 U.S. App. LEXIS 18083, at *1 (“Because petitioner has filed
a petition for writ of audita querela, not a 28 U.S.C. § 2255
application, he does not need authorization from [the Circuit
Court] to proceed with his petition.”).
B. Defendant’s Petition for Writ of Audita Querela
“The common law writ of audita querela permitted a defendant
to obtain relief against a judgment or execution because of some
defense or discharge arising subsequent to the rendition of the
judgment.” United States v. Ayala, 894 F.2d 425, 427 (D.C. Cir.
1990) (internal quotation marks omitted). Although historically
audita querela has existed primarily as a remedy for judgment
debtors, some courts have recognized the writ as a remedy for
criminal defendants. See id. (citing cases). In this Circuit,
however, the writ of audita querela is cognizable only if a
defendant raises “a legal objection not cognizable under the
existing scheme of postconviction remedies.” Id. at 426.3 The
3 In civil practice, the writ of audita querela has been expressly overruled by Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 60(e). See Fed. R. Civ. P. 60(e) (“The following are abolished: bills of review, bills in the nature of bills of review, and writs of coram nobis, coram vobis, and audita querela.”). This rule,
4 writ of audita querela may not, therefore, be used “‘to
circumvent the limitations of filing § 2255 motions[.]’” Harris
v. United States, 522 F. Supp. 2d 199, 200 n.1 (quoting In re
Norris, No. 02-3076, 2002 U.S. App.
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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
______________________________ ) UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, ) ) ) v. ) ) Criminal Case No. 96-57-2 (EGS) RICARDO M. GROSS, ) ) Defendant. ) ______________________________)
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Pending before the Court is defendant Ricardo M. Gross’s pro
se petition for writ of audita querela, and the government’s
motion to construe the petition as a successive motion to vacate
sentence under 28 U.S.C. § 2255 and to transfer the motion to the
United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia
Circuit. Upon consideration of the motions, the response and
reply thereto, the applicable law, and for the reasons stated
below, both motions are DENIED.
I. BACKGROUND
On or about July 31, 1996, after a trial before this Court,
a jury found defendant guilty of armed bank robbery, use of a
firearm during a crime of violence, armed carjacking, and first-
degree theft from a senior citizen. On February 14, 1997, the
Court also found defendant guilty of possession of a firearm by a convicted felon.1 On June 27, 1997, the Court sentenced
defendant to 108 months of incarceration for armed bank robbery,
followed by a consecutive 10 year sentence for use of a firearm
during a crime of violence, as well as a concurrent sentence of
108 months for the felon-in-possession charge and 15-45 years2
for the armed carjacking and first-degree theft offenses.
Defendant filed a timely notice of appeal, and on February
26, 1999, the Circuit affirmed defendant’s convictions. See
United States v. Gilliam, 167 F.3d 628, 631, 640 (D.C. Cir. 1999)
(affirming Defendant Gross’s convictions and sentence).
1 Defendant elected a bench trial on the felon-in- possession count. 2 D.C. Code offenses committed before August 5, 2000 were sentenced pursuant to an indeterminate sentencing scheme. Compare D.C. Code § 24-403 (2000) with D.C. Code § 24-403.01 (2010) (requiring the Court to impose a determinate sentence and period of supervised release for crimes committed on or after August 5, 2000). Under the indeterminate sentencing scheme, courts were required to impose a sentence containing a minimum and maximum term, whereby the minimum term could not exceed one- third of the maximum sentence imposed. See generally Sellmon v. Reilly, 551 F. Supp. 2d 66, 70 n.3 (D.D.C. 2008) (citing D.C. Code § 24-403 (2001)); see also id. (explaining that after a defendant becomes eligible for parole, the paroling authority and corrections officials determine the actual release date within the range specified by the court). Accordingly, while expressing its desire to sentence defendant to a 15 year sentence, see Sentencing Tr. at 20:18-20 (“My intent is not that he serve 45 years in jail on that count. That is not my intent at all. My intent is that he serve the 15 years.”), the Court nevertheless sentenced defendant to a 15-45 year range for the armed carjacking and first-degree theft offenses consistent with the indeterminate sentencing scheme.
2 Defendant’s petition for writ of certiorari was denied on June 7,
1999. See Gross v. United States, 526 U.S. 1164 (1999).
On August 10, 2000, defendant filed a motion to vacate, set
aside, or correct his sentence pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2255,
which the Court denied on September 23, 2005. See Docket No.
198. On May 29, 2009, defendant filed the pending petition for
writ of audita querela, and on October 9, 2009, the government
filed a motion to transfer defendant’s motion under 28 U.S.C.
§ 2255. These motions are now ripe for determination by the
Court.
II. Analysis
A. Government’s Motion to Construe the Petition as a Successive § 2255 Motion
As a threshold matter, the government asks the Court to
construe defendant’s petition as a motion to vacate sentence
under 28 U.S.C. § 2255. Because defendant “has unequivocally
elected to seek relief by way of audita querela rather than 28
U.S.C. § 2255,” the Court declines to do so. See In re Kennedy,
No. 07-3048, 2007 U.S. App. LEXIS 18083, at *1-2 (D.C. Cir. July
27, 2007) (returning petition for writ of audita querela to the
district court, and explaining that the defendant’s “election
should be respected”). Indeed, defendant specifically asks this
Court to “decline to construe [his] petition as a § 2255
successive petition.” Def.’s Pet. at 9. The Court, therefore,
3 will respect defendant’s decision to proceed by way of audita
querela, and will consider his petition on the merits.
Accordingly, the government’s motion to transfer defendant’s
petition to the Circuit is DENIED. See, e.g., In re Kennedy,
2007 U.S. App. LEXIS 18083, at *1 (“Because petitioner has filed
a petition for writ of audita querela, not a 28 U.S.C. § 2255
application, he does not need authorization from [the Circuit
Court] to proceed with his petition.”).
B. Defendant’s Petition for Writ of Audita Querela
“The common law writ of audita querela permitted a defendant
to obtain relief against a judgment or execution because of some
defense or discharge arising subsequent to the rendition of the
judgment.” United States v. Ayala, 894 F.2d 425, 427 (D.C. Cir.
1990) (internal quotation marks omitted). Although historically
audita querela has existed primarily as a remedy for judgment
debtors, some courts have recognized the writ as a remedy for
criminal defendants. See id. (citing cases). In this Circuit,
however, the writ of audita querela is cognizable only if a
defendant raises “a legal objection not cognizable under the
existing scheme of postconviction remedies.” Id. at 426.3 The
3 In civil practice, the writ of audita querela has been expressly overruled by Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 60(e). See Fed. R. Civ. P. 60(e) (“The following are abolished: bills of review, bills in the nature of bills of review, and writs of coram nobis, coram vobis, and audita querela.”). This rule,
4 writ of audita querela may not, therefore, be used “‘to
circumvent the limitations of filing § 2255 motions[.]’” Harris
v. United States, 522 F. Supp. 2d 199, 200 n.1 (quoting In re
Norris, No. 02-3076, 2002 U.S. App. LEXIS 23324, at *1 (D.C. Cir.
Nov. 8, 2002)); see also Ayala, 894 F.2d at 427 (holding that
audita querela had been superseded in federal criminal practice
by 28 U.S.C. § 2255 and the writ of coram nobis).
In his petition, defendant “seeks to have his ten (10) year
mandatory sentence reduced to five (5) years mandatory because
the mandatory guidelines used in the 1997 sentencing hearing has
now been declared unconstitutional” and “to have the forty-five
(45) years suspended from his D.C. Code sentence.” Def.’s Pet.
at 10. While defendant argues that these claims are not
cognizable under § 2255, see Def.’s Reply at 3-5, this Court
simply cannot agree.4 Accordingly, because defendant seeks to
however, has not been construed as abolishing audita querela in the criminal context. See Ayala, 894 F.2d at 428 n.4 (“dipos[ing] of any argument that Rule 60(b) abolishes audita querela in criminal proceedings”). 4 Having carefully reviewed Kessack v. United States, No. 05-1828, 2008 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 7739 (W.D. Wash. Jan. 18, 2008), the case upon which defendant primarily relies, the Court finds it unpersuasive in light of the facts of this case. Specifically, Kessack presented equal protection considerations not present here. See id. at *2 (granting the defendant’s petition for writ of audita querela and ordering re-sentencing in order to stop “a grave injustice that is occurring as a result of [the defendant’s] 30 year-sentence,” where the defendant received a sentence “at least 20 years greater than any of his [equally- culpable] co-defendants” as a result of the “then-mandatory Federal Sentencing Guidelines now declared unconstitutional”);
5 modify his sentence on grounds that could be raised under
existing federal postconviction remedies, see 28 U.S.C. § 2255(a)
(“A prisoner in custody . . . claiming . . . that the sentence
was imposed in violation of the Constitution or laws of the
United States, or that the court was without jurisdiction to
impose such sentence, or that the sentence was in excess of the
maximum authorized by law, or is otherwise subject to collateral
attack, may move the court which imposed the sentence to vacate,
set aside or correct the sentence.”), his petition for writ of
audita querela is DENIED.
III. CONCLUSION
For the reasons set forth above, the government’s motion to
construe defendant’s petition as a successive § 2255 motion and
for transfer to the Circuit is hereby DENIED. In addition,
defendant’s petition for writ of audita querela is DENIED. A
separate Order accompanies this Memorandum Opinion.
SO ORDERED.
Signed: Emmet G. Sullivan United States District Judge April 27, 2010
cf. Massey v. United States, 581 F.3d 172, 174 n.2 (3d Cir. 2009) (“Although Kessack suggests that the writ of audita querela may fill a gap in § 2255 where a case such as Booker does not apply retroactively on collateral review, the retroactivity of the rule relied upon by a prisoner is one of § 2255’s valid gatekeeping requirements.”).
6 Notice to:
Ricardo Mathew Gross Reg. No. 20470-016 CUMBERLAND FEDERAL CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTION Inmate Mail/Parcels P.O. BOX 1000 Cumberland, MD 21501