[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT ________________________ FILED U.S. COURT OF APPEALS No. 05-13904 ELEVENTH CIRCUIT Non-Argument Calendar APRIL 12, 2006 ________________________ THOMAS K. KAHN CLERK D. C. Docket No. 04-20532-CR-CMA
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
versus
GEORGE MORALES,
Defendant-Appellant.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida _________________________
(April 12, 2006)
Before TJOFLAT, MARCUS and PRYOR, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
George Morales appeals his 141-month sentence, which was imposed after
he pled guilty to conspiracy to distribute 100 or more marijuana plants, in violation
of 21 U.S.C. § 846. On appeal, he argues that the district court erred at sentencing by (1) imposing a career-offender enhancement, pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1(a),
in violation of his Sixth Amendment right to a trial by jury, and (2) imposing an
unreasonable sentence, pursuant to the factors of 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a). After
careful review, we affirm.1
Because Morales raised his sentencing arguments in the district court, we
review the sentence de novo. United States v. Paz, 405 F.3d 946, 948 (11th Cir.
2005) (citation omitted). We review a defendant’s ultimate sentence for
“unreasonableness.” United States v. Booker, 543 U.S. 220, 260 (2005). “Review
for reasonableness is deferential.” United States v. Talley, 431 F.3d 784, 788 (11th
Cir. 2005).
The facts relevant to Morales’s sentencing claims are as follows. On July
23, 2004, Morales and two co-defendants were charged in a three-count
indictment. Morales was charged with conspiring to distribute 100 or more
marijuana plants, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 846 (Count 1), and distributing 100 or
more marijuana plants, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(b)(1) (Count 2). Pursuant
to a written plea agreement, Morales pled guilty to Count 1 and the government
agreed to dismiss Count 2. Morales then proceeded to sentencing.
1 We GRANT Morales’s motion for leave to file his reply brief late.
2 The presentence investigation report (PSI) recommended a base-offense
level of 16, pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1(c)(12), based on an offense involving
between 10 and 20 kilograms of marijuana, and a 6-level increase for assaulting an
officer in a manner creating a substantial risk of bodily injury, pursuant to U.S.S.G.
§ 3A.12(c)(1). The PSI listed two prior felony convictions for crimes of violence.
Based on his status as a career offender, Morales’s criminal-history category was
VI and his base offense level was adjusted to 34 because the 40-year statutory
maximum he faced was greater than 25 years but not life. See U.S.S.G.
§ 4B1.1(b). Finally, Morales was given a 2-point reduction for acceptance of
responsibility, pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 3E1.1(a), and a 1-point reduction for
substantial assistance, pending the government’s submission of a motion for the
reduction, pursuant to § 3E1.1(b). Accordingly, Morales’s total offense level was
31. The advisory Guidelines range for a defendant with a criminal history category
VI and an offense level of 31 was 188 to 235 months’ imprisonment.
Morales objected to the PSI’s determination that he was a career offender,
arguing that two of his prior convictions had taken place over 14 years earlier,
when he was only 18 years’ old. Morales also challenged the veracity of
paragraphs 41 and 42 of the PSI, which listed two of his prior convictions. As for
the career-offender sentencing range, Morales urged that the district court had
3 discretion to sentence him below the advisory Guidelines range, especially because
two of his prior convictions took place when he was 18 years’ old, his life had
undergone important changes in the interim 14 years, and he was now married and
a father and would pose little risk of recidivism. The government moved for a
substantial-assistance downward departure based on Morales’s assistance in the
investigation and prosecution of other individuals.
At the sentencing hearing, Morales asked the district court to exercise its
discretion, pursuant to United States v. Booker, 543 U.S. 220 (2005), and deviate
substantially from the recommended Guidelines range to a range between 20
months and 5 years. Morales also argued that the two prior convictions listed in
paragraphs 41 and 42 of the PSI were not admitted or proved by a jury, and thus, if
the Supreme Court overruled Almendarez-Torres v. United States, 523 U.S. 224
(1998), the convictions would not count toward his career-offender status. The
government moved for a 25% downward departure from a low-end 188-month
sentence to a 141-month sentence based on Morales’s substantial assistance in the
prosecution of others.
The district court heard the testimony of Morales’s family members and
friends who testified about his difficult upbringing and new, family-oriented life.
After hearing this testimony and the parties’ arguments, the court stated, “I accept
4 all the factual findings contained within the presentence report as clarified by the
objections and the Government’s agreement with certain objections.” The court
then imposed the following sentence:
Mr. Morales is receiving 6 additional points for during the course of the offense assaulting an officer, creating a substantial risk of serious bodily injury, a factor which I will note the codefendants did not share in.
Also, of course, Mr. Morales is a career offender, which the codefendants are not.
I will grant the Government’s motion for a downward departure, and having carefully considered the statements of all the parties and the information presented orally, as well as in writing, et cetera, it is the judgment of the Court that the defendant, George Morales, be committed to the custody of the Bureau of Prisons to be imprisoned for a term of 141 months as to Count I.
This appeal followed.
Morales first argues that the district court’s enhancement of his sentence
violated Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466 (2000), and its progeny because his
prior convictions were not alleged in the indictment, admitted by him, or
established beyond a reasonable doubt to a jury. T h e S u p rem e C o u rt h as h eld
that the government need not allege in the indictment nor prove beyond a
reasonable doubt the fact that a defendant had prior convictions in order for a
district court to enhance a defendant’s sentence based on those convictions. See
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[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT ________________________ FILED U.S. COURT OF APPEALS No. 05-13904 ELEVENTH CIRCUIT Non-Argument Calendar APRIL 12, 2006 ________________________ THOMAS K. KAHN CLERK D. C. Docket No. 04-20532-CR-CMA
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
versus
GEORGE MORALES,
Defendant-Appellant.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida _________________________
(April 12, 2006)
Before TJOFLAT, MARCUS and PRYOR, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
George Morales appeals his 141-month sentence, which was imposed after
he pled guilty to conspiracy to distribute 100 or more marijuana plants, in violation
of 21 U.S.C. § 846. On appeal, he argues that the district court erred at sentencing by (1) imposing a career-offender enhancement, pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1(a),
in violation of his Sixth Amendment right to a trial by jury, and (2) imposing an
unreasonable sentence, pursuant to the factors of 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a). After
careful review, we affirm.1
Because Morales raised his sentencing arguments in the district court, we
review the sentence de novo. United States v. Paz, 405 F.3d 946, 948 (11th Cir.
2005) (citation omitted). We review a defendant’s ultimate sentence for
“unreasonableness.” United States v. Booker, 543 U.S. 220, 260 (2005). “Review
for reasonableness is deferential.” United States v. Talley, 431 F.3d 784, 788 (11th
Cir. 2005).
The facts relevant to Morales’s sentencing claims are as follows. On July
23, 2004, Morales and two co-defendants were charged in a three-count
indictment. Morales was charged with conspiring to distribute 100 or more
marijuana plants, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 846 (Count 1), and distributing 100 or
more marijuana plants, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(b)(1) (Count 2). Pursuant
to a written plea agreement, Morales pled guilty to Count 1 and the government
agreed to dismiss Count 2. Morales then proceeded to sentencing.
1 We GRANT Morales’s motion for leave to file his reply brief late.
2 The presentence investigation report (PSI) recommended a base-offense
level of 16, pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1(c)(12), based on an offense involving
between 10 and 20 kilograms of marijuana, and a 6-level increase for assaulting an
officer in a manner creating a substantial risk of bodily injury, pursuant to U.S.S.G.
§ 3A.12(c)(1). The PSI listed two prior felony convictions for crimes of violence.
Based on his status as a career offender, Morales’s criminal-history category was
VI and his base offense level was adjusted to 34 because the 40-year statutory
maximum he faced was greater than 25 years but not life. See U.S.S.G.
§ 4B1.1(b). Finally, Morales was given a 2-point reduction for acceptance of
responsibility, pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 3E1.1(a), and a 1-point reduction for
substantial assistance, pending the government’s submission of a motion for the
reduction, pursuant to § 3E1.1(b). Accordingly, Morales’s total offense level was
31. The advisory Guidelines range for a defendant with a criminal history category
VI and an offense level of 31 was 188 to 235 months’ imprisonment.
Morales objected to the PSI’s determination that he was a career offender,
arguing that two of his prior convictions had taken place over 14 years earlier,
when he was only 18 years’ old. Morales also challenged the veracity of
paragraphs 41 and 42 of the PSI, which listed two of his prior convictions. As for
the career-offender sentencing range, Morales urged that the district court had
3 discretion to sentence him below the advisory Guidelines range, especially because
two of his prior convictions took place when he was 18 years’ old, his life had
undergone important changes in the interim 14 years, and he was now married and
a father and would pose little risk of recidivism. The government moved for a
substantial-assistance downward departure based on Morales’s assistance in the
investigation and prosecution of other individuals.
At the sentencing hearing, Morales asked the district court to exercise its
discretion, pursuant to United States v. Booker, 543 U.S. 220 (2005), and deviate
substantially from the recommended Guidelines range to a range between 20
months and 5 years. Morales also argued that the two prior convictions listed in
paragraphs 41 and 42 of the PSI were not admitted or proved by a jury, and thus, if
the Supreme Court overruled Almendarez-Torres v. United States, 523 U.S. 224
(1998), the convictions would not count toward his career-offender status. The
government moved for a 25% downward departure from a low-end 188-month
sentence to a 141-month sentence based on Morales’s substantial assistance in the
prosecution of others.
The district court heard the testimony of Morales’s family members and
friends who testified about his difficult upbringing and new, family-oriented life.
After hearing this testimony and the parties’ arguments, the court stated, “I accept
4 all the factual findings contained within the presentence report as clarified by the
objections and the Government’s agreement with certain objections.” The court
then imposed the following sentence:
Mr. Morales is receiving 6 additional points for during the course of the offense assaulting an officer, creating a substantial risk of serious bodily injury, a factor which I will note the codefendants did not share in.
Also, of course, Mr. Morales is a career offender, which the codefendants are not.
I will grant the Government’s motion for a downward departure, and having carefully considered the statements of all the parties and the information presented orally, as well as in writing, et cetera, it is the judgment of the Court that the defendant, George Morales, be committed to the custody of the Bureau of Prisons to be imprisoned for a term of 141 months as to Count I.
This appeal followed.
Morales first argues that the district court’s enhancement of his sentence
violated Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466 (2000), and its progeny because his
prior convictions were not alleged in the indictment, admitted by him, or
established beyond a reasonable doubt to a jury. T h e S u p rem e C o u rt h as h eld
that the government need not allege in the indictment nor prove beyond a
reasonable doubt the fact that a defendant had prior convictions in order for a
district court to enhance a defendant’s sentence based on those convictions. See
Almendarez-Torres, 523 U.S. at 247. In Booker, the Court reiterated its holding in
5 Almendarez-Torres. See Booker, 125 S. Ct. at 756 (“Any fact (other than a prior
conviction) which is necessary to support a sentence exceeding the maximum
authorized by the facts established by a plea of guilty or a jury verdict must be
admitted by the defendant or proved to a jury beyond a reasonable doubt.”)
(emphasis added)).
Morales recognizes that we consistently have rejected the argument that
district courts err by basing a sentence enhancement on a prior conviction that is
neither proved beyond a reasonable doubt to a jury nor admitted by the defendant.
See, e.g., United States v. Camacho-Ibarquen, 410 F.3d 1307, 1315-16 (11th Cir.),
cert. denied, 126 S. Ct 457 (2005); United States v. Orduno-Mireles, 405 F.3d 960,
962-63 (11th Cir.), cert. denied, 126 S. Ct. 223 (2005); United States v. Shelton,
400 F.3d 1325, 1329 (11th Cir. 2005); United States v. Marseille, 377 F.3d 1249,
1257 (11th Cir.), cert. denied, 125 S. Ct. 637 (2004). We reject his invitation to
revisit the issue. Pursuant to Almendarez-Torres and our uniform line of cases
applying it, the district court did not err in sentencing Morales based on his prior
felony convictions.2
2 Based on our review of the sentencing transcript, even if we reached Morales’s underlying assertion of Booker constitutional error, there was no Sixth Amendment violation here because the district court treated the Guidelines range as advisory and not mandatory. See Booker, 534 U.S. at 245 (declaring mandatory nature of sentencing guidelines unconstitutional); United States v. Chau, 426 F.3d 1318, 1323-24 (11th Cir. 2005) (holding that, where the defendant had pled guilty and the district court considered the guideline range to be advisory, the court appropriately found facts outside those included in the indictment) (citations omitted).
6 We likewise are unpersuaded by Morales’s argument that his sentence is
unreasonable under Booker. Morales suggests that the district court overlooked
evidence of his traumatic childhood and placed too much emphasis on his prior
convictions. The reasonableness standard is applied to the ultimate sentence, not
each individual decision made during the sentencing process. United States v.
Winingear, 422 F.3d 1241, 1245 (11th Cir. 2005) (citation omitted).
The § 3553(a) factors serve as guides for the district and appellate courts in
determining whether a sentence is reasonable. Id. at 1246. Some factors listed in
§ 3553(a) are: (1) the nature and circumstances of the offense and the history and
characteristics of the defendant; and (2) the need to avoid unwarranted sentence
disparities among defendants with similar records who have been found guilty of
similar conduct. 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(1), (6). District courts do not need to
establish the reasonableness of the imposed sentence by explicitly considering
every § 3553(a) factor. United States v. Scott, 426 F.3d 1324, 1329 (11th Cir.
2005).
At Morales’s sentencing hearing, he presented the testimony of his friends,
family members, and himself in order to demonstrate that he was a changed man
who had departed from a criminal past. He also conceded the two prior
convictions he now asserts were unconstitutionally considered by the district court.
7 Following the mitigating testimony and his attorney’s argument for a low sentence
and after discussing the applicability of § 3553, the district court stated that
Morales, unlike his co-defendants, was a career offender, and had created a
substantial risk of serious bodily injury during his arrest. The court sentenced him
at the low-end of the Guidelines range and, upon the government’s substantial-
assistance motion, departed downward to 141 months’ imprisonment. On this
record, Morales’s sentence -- below the low end of the Guidelines range, imposed
after Morales called a number of witnesses to the stand, and taking into account
Morales’s criminal history and distinguishing his career offender status from his
co-defendants’ lack of such status – was reasonable.
AFFIRMED.