United States v. Gary W. Eske

925 F.2d 205, 1991 U.S. App. LEXIS 2393, 1991 WL 17048

• Court: Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit
• Decided: February 15, 1991
• Docket: 90-1282
• Status: Published

Opinions

ESCHBACH, Senior Circuit Judge.

In this direct criminal appeal, we must decide whether uncharged criminal conduct to which the defendant has stipulated pursuant to a plea agreement may be used in determining the appropriate sentencing guideline range under the Federal Sentencing Guidelines, as amended November 1, 1989 (“Sentencing Guidelines”). Our jurisdiction is based upon 28 U.S.C. § 1291. We conclude the use of the uncharged activity in calculating the appropriate guideline range is proper in this case and affirm the defendant’s sentence.

FACTUAL BACKGROUND

On November 16, 1989, Gary Eske pled guilty in the District Court to possession of a firearm by a convicted felon¹ and making false statements in application for a firearm, both in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922. Eske was sentenced to 16 months incarceration and two years supervised release.² Eske has appealed his sentence to this Court.

In the plea agreement, the United States promised not to charge Eske with using a false Social Security number in violation of 42 U.S.C. § 408(g). In return, Eske stipulated to ten such violations dating back to April 18, 1988. Eske agreed that these violations could be used “for determining the appropriate sentencing guideline range.” Plea Agreement f 6B(8)(d).

At sentencing, the District Court calculated the offense category by treating the stipulated offenses as if Eske had been convicted of those violations as well as the firearms charge. The Court then included the earlier burglary conviction in Eske’s criminal history calculation because he had been sentenced for the burglary less than ten years before the earliest stipulated use (April 18, 1988) of a false Social Security number.

Eske contends that because he has not been charged and convicted of use of a false Social Security number, the ten stipulated offenses cannot be used to determine the offense level. Instead, they can only be used to determine an appropriate point within an already established guideline range. See generally Sentencing Guidelines § 1B1.4 (allowing a sentencing court to consider any information concerning the defendant’s conduct in selecting an appropriate point within the applicable guideline range). In addition, he contends that his criminal history category must be calculated from the date of the firearms charge in the indictment — October 13, 1988. Using this date, the sentence for the burglary conviction was imposed more than ten years before the commission of the instant offense and beyond his criminal history calculation.

DISCUSSION

Eske has not appealed his conviction. We are asked only to decide the propriety of Eske’s sentence. “The district court’s sentence ... will be affirmed if it results from a proper application of the sentencing guidelines to the facts not found to be clearly erroneous.” United States v. Herrera, 878 F.2d 997, 1000 (7th Cir.1989); see also 18 U.S.C. § 3742; United States v. Teta, 918 F.2d 1329, 1332 (7th Cir.1990). We conclude the language of the Sentencing Guidelines as explained by their commentary defeats this appeal, and so we affirm Eske’s sentence.

Section lB1.2(c) of the Sentencing Guidelines answers Eske’s contention that the ten uncharged offenses may not be used in determining the appropriate offense level: “A conviction by a plea of guilty ... containing a stipulation that specifically establishes the commission of additional offense(s) shall be treated as if the defendant had been convicted of additional count(s) charging those offenses.” The commentary to § 1B1.2 explains: “For example, if the defendant is convicted of one count of robbery, but, as part of a plea agreement, admits to having committed two additional robberies, the guidelines are to be applied as if the defendant had been convicted of three counts of robbery.” commentary note 4. Compare United States v. Collar, 904 F.2d 441, 442-43 (8th Cir.1990) (applying lB1.2(c) and the commentary and concluding that stipulated offenses are to be treated as convictions in determining the offense level); see generally United States v. White, 888 F.2d 490 (7th Cir.1989) (indicating the substantial deference owed to the commentary’s explanations of the Sentencing Guidelines).

Eske stipulated to the ten violations and agreed that they would be considered in determining an appropriate guideline range. Stipulated offenses are to be treated as offenses of conviction. Therefore, these violations were properly included in his offense level calculation.

Eske has also challenged the use of the ten crimes in determining his criminal history category. Prior sentences are included within the criminal history calculation so long as those sentences were “imposed within ten years of the defendant’s commencement of the instant offense.” Sentencing Guidelines § 4A1.2(e)(2). The District Court included Eske’s 1978 burglary sentence in the criminal history calculation. The burglary sentence was imposed within ten years of the first stipulated offense but more than ten years before the firearms offense charged in the indictment. Eske claims the crime charged in the indictment is the “instant offense” to be used in applying the ten year cutoff.

Once again, the commentary to the Sentencing Guidelines rejects Eske’s position. The instant offense “includes any relevant conduct.” § 4A1.2 commentary note 8. “Relevant conduct” as defined in § 1B1.3(a)(1) includes “all acts ... committed ... by the defendant ... during the commission of the offense of conviction.” The “offense of conviction,” as explained above and as mandated by § lB1.2(c), in-eludes the stipulated offenses in the plea agreement.

Eske’s criminal history is to be calculated from the date of the earliest stipulated offense — April 18, 1988. Eske was sentenced for the 1978 burglary less than ten years before he committed the instant offense. The District Court properly considered the burglary sentence in the criminal history calculation.³

The decision of the District Court is Affirmed.

1 . Eske had been convicted and sentenced for burglary in Wisconsin state court on June 19, 1978.

2 . At oral argument, both counsel for the United States and for Eske advised us that this dispute might be moot. Eske was scheduled to be released from prison the following day, and we will assume he has been released as scheduled. Counsel for Eske conceded that she believes this case has become stale due to Eske's release, but she has pressed the appeal before this Court on the urging of her client. We conclude Eske’s release does not moot this appeal. The District Court sentenced Eske to two years of supervised release to follow his imprisonment. Sentencing Guidelines § 5D1.1 mandates a term of supervised release to follow a sentence of greater than one year. But for terms of one year or less, a period of supervised release is left to the discretion of the sentencing judge. If this appeal were resolved in Eske’s favor, his sentence would have been less than one year. The possibility that Eske could avoid his current supervised release upon resentencing prevents this case from being moot.

3 . Eske has raised a final contention that he should have received a two level decrease in offense category for acceptance of responsibility pursuant to § 3E1.1. Eske's burden on this issue is particularly heavy as he is challenging a finding of fact of the District Court. See United States v. Reynolds, 900 F.2d 1000, 1004 (7th Cir.1990); see also 18 U.S.C. § 3742(e); Sentencing Guidelines § 3E1.1 commentary note 5. All we need say about Eske’s argument is that the District Court imposed a two level increase for obstruction of justice pursuant to § 3C1.1. This upgrade is supported by the record and is not being challenged in this appeal. It cannot be clearly erroneous for a sentencing judge to deny a downward departure for acceptance of responsibility when the judge has already found that the defendant has willfully obstructed justice. See § 3E1.1 commentary note 4.