NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION File Name: 18a0369n.06
No. 17-5377
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT FILED Jul 24, 2018 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, ) DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk ) Plaintiff-Appellee, ) ) ON APPEAL FROM THE v. ) UNITED STATES DISTRICT ) COURT FOR THE EASTERN FREDDIE B. KENNEDY, JR., ) DISTRICT OF KENTUCKY ) Defendant-Appellant. ) )
BEFORE: SILER, MOORE, and GRIFFIN, Circuit Judges.
GRIFFIN, Circuit Judge.
Defendant Freddie Kennedy’s tale is, in part, unfortunately a common one playing out
during the opioid crisis. He trafficked oxycodone in Kentucky, paying others to obtain
prescriptions for the narcotic from unprincipled doctors and to get the prescriptions filled at
pharmacies. The tale is also one not unfamiliar to him—he pleaded guilty to conspiring to
distribute the drug from 2011 to March 2013 in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1), 846.
For present purposes, his tale picks up a month later. From April 2013 through June 2015,
Kennedy ran a second opioid-trafficking ring. This ring was bigger than the first—it involved
different (and more) co-conspirators, and different (and more) pain clinics, and different (and
more) states. No. 17-5377, United States v. Kennedy
The second ring’s scale was not the only differentiating factor. Kennedy used his control
over his co-conspirators—many of whom were addicts—to gain access to their children. He then
repeatedly sexually abused at least four minor females and threatened to kill them if they told
anyone. And even when some did tell, their parents did not believe them, perhaps as a perverse
self-justification to ensure continued access to Kennedy’s readily available drug supply.
A jury convicted Kennedy of one count of conspiracy to distribute oxycodone in violation
of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1), 846; seven counts of crossing a state line with the intent to engage in
sex acts with a minor under twelve years old in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2241(c); and ten counts
of transportation and attempted transportation of a minor with the intent to engage in criminal
sexual activity of 18 U.S.C. § 2423(a) and (e). The district court imposed a total of four
consecutive life sentences. Kennedy raises a myriad of challenges to his convictions and sentence.
We affirm.
I.
Two of Kennedy’s claims of appeal relate to the Constitution’s Double Jeopardy Clause,
which provides that no “person [shall] be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy
of life or limb.” U.S. Const. amend. V. The Clause protects “against a second prosecution for the
same offense after conviction or acquittal, and against multiple punishments for the same offense.”
United States v. Turner, 324 F.3d 456, 461 (6th Cir. 2003) (citation omitted). Kennedy raises
claims under each of these protections.
A.
Defendant first contends the district court erred in denying his motion to dismiss his drug
conspiracy charge, which we review de novo. United States v. Wheeler, 535 F.3d 446, 449 (6th
Cir. 2008). He argues the charged conduct in the operative indictment was the same conduct to
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which he had previously pleaded guilty; in his view, from 2011 to 2015 he broadly led just one
conspiracy to distribute oxycodone, and thus punishing him again violates double jeopardy.
In conspiracy cases, “it is the agreement which forms the nucleus of the offense.” United
States v. Sinito, 723 F.2d 1250, 1256 (6th Cir. 1983). “A single agreement to commit several
crimes constitutes one conspiracy. By the same reasoning, multiple agreements to commit separate
crimes constitute multiple conspiracies.” United States v. Broce, 488 U.S. 563, 570–71 (1989).
We have developed a five-factor “totality of the circumstances” test to determine whether a
defendant engaged in one overarching conspiracy or separate conspiracies:
The test requires the trial court, in determining whether two conspiracies arise from a single agreement, to consider the elements of: 1) time; 2) persons acting as co- conspirators; 3) the statutory offenses charged in the indictments; 4) the overt acts charged by the government or any other description of the offenses charged which indicates the nature and scope of the activity which the government sought to punish in each case; and 5) places where the events alleged as part of the conspiracy took place.
Sinito, 723 F.2d at 1256. These factors assist in answering the ultimate question: “whether the
evidence shows one agreement or more than one agreement.” In re Grand Jury Proceedings, 797
F.2d 1377, 1380 (6th Cir. 1986).
Time. The alleged separate conspiracies did not coexist—the first ran, as Kennedy
admitted when he pleaded guilty to his first conviction, until March 2013 and the second began a
month later in April 2013—and thus the factor weighs in the government’s favor.
Persons. At best, the commonality between the casts of co-conspirators is miniscule. The
first conspiracy involved just three people: defendant, his son, and one other individual. The
second conspiracy was much larger; it included many new alleged co-conspirators, none of whom
the government alleged were involved in the first conspiracy. Yet defendant says there is sufficient
overlap, pointing to (1) the government interviewing his son while investigating the second alleged
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conspiracy and (2) an informant’s participation in purchasing pills for Kennedy during both
conspiracies. But as the district court reasoned, these facts do not tip the scales in Kennedy’s
favor—an interview of a potential suspect, alone, makes not a conspiracy, and the informant’s
“minor role” as a drug purchaser did not elevate him to a “central character” normally required to
link conspiracies. See United States v. Meda, 812 F.3d 502, 509 (6th Cir. 2015).
Offenses charged in the indictment. As each indictment charged Kennedy with the same
statutory offense (conspiracy to distribute oxycodone in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1), 846),
this factor weighs in Kennedy’s favor.
Nature of the activity. We have characterized this factor as the “most significant,” Wheeler,
535 F.3d at 450 (citation omitted), and here it weighs heavily in the government’s favor. Take the
participation of one of the new co-conspirators, Donna Sexton. During the second charged
conspiracy, Sexton often acted as the intermediary between Kennedy and other co-conspirators—
or, in the district court’s words, a “manager.” But Sexton played no role in the first conspiracy.
And, although the second charged conspiracy involved directing others to purchase oxycodone, it
was far more expansive in scope—instead of sending individuals to just a few pain clinics in
Georgia, Kennedy directed his new co-conspirators to clinics throughout Georgia and Florida, and
then had them fill the prescriptions in pharmacies in a variety of different states (Kansas, Missouri,
Oklahoma). In other words, the agreement between the defendant and his new co-conspirators
starting in April 2013 amounted to a different drug operation than the smaller operation conducted
by Kennedy, his son, and another from March 2011 to March 2013.
-4- No. 17-5377, United States v. Kennedy
Location. This last factor also weighs in the government’s favor, for the second alleged
conspiracy involved locations not pertinent to the first—as set forth, the second expanded from
Georgia, to Florida, and then to several states in the heartland.
In sum, the Sinito factors militate against finding one overarching conspiracy and toward
multiple conspiracies. The only factor in Kennedy’s favor is that the charged statutory offenses
are the same. But “in context with the other factors, this is a minor point, since one can certainly
enter two conspiracies to commit the same type of crime.” Id. at 456. And the other factors show
the second drug ring operated using different people, at a different time, in different places than
the first drug ring did. Given the totality of the circumstances, we agree with the district court that
these were separate conspiracies.
B.
The second aspect of Kennedy’s double jeopardy argument is one of multiplicity—
“charging a single offense in more than one count in an indictment.” United States v. Swafford,
512 F.3d 833, 844 (6th Cir. 2008). He claims his sex trafficking convictions were multiplicitous,
and more specifically, that § 2241(c) is a lesser included-offense of § 2423(a) because, in his
words, both have “a requirement that a defendant . . . do an act with the intent of engaging in illicit
sexual activity with a minor.” Because Kennedy failed to raise such an argument in district court,
we review for plain error. United States v. Yancy, 725 F.3d 596, 600 (6th Cir. 2013).
A “court of appeals cannot correct an error . . . unless the error is clear under current law.”
United States v. Olano, 507 U.S. 725, 734 (1993). A lack of precedent “preclude[s a] finding of
plain error.” United States v. Al-Maliki, 787 F.3d 784, 794 (6th Cir. 2015). Here, there was (and
still is) no binding authority holding § 2241(c) is a lesser included-offense of § 2423(a). Indeed,
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although we have not addressed the issue,1 courts that have considered defendant’s position have
rejected it. See, e.g., Sealed Appellee v. Sealed Appellant, 825 F.3d 247, 255–56 (5th Cir. 2016);
McKinney v. United States, 2011 WL 2472569, at *7 (E.D. Mo. June 21, 2011). Given our plain-
error lens, we therefore conclude defendant’s multiplicity argument is without merit.
II.
Kennedy’s next challenge is to the district court’s denial of his motion to sever his drug-
conspiracy charge from his sex-crimes charges.
Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 8 permits a single indictment to join multiple offenses
“if the offenses charged . . . are of the same or similar character, or are based on the same act or
transaction, or are connected with or constitute parts of a common scheme or plan.” Fed. R. Crim.
P. 8(a). Rule 14 then permits a district court to “sever” properly joined offenses if it “appears to
prejudice a defendant.” Fed. R. Crim. P. 14(a). “Prejudice” in this context means “a serious risk
that a joint trial would compromise a specific trial right of one of the defendants, or prevent the
jury from making a reliable judgment about guilt or innocence.” Zafiro v. United States, 506 U.S.
534, 539 (1993). Such a risk notwithstanding, the Supreme Court has emphasized that “less drastic
measures, such as limiting instructions, often will suffice to cure any risk of prejudice.” Id. at 539.
To clear this high bar, therefore, a defendant must show “compelling, specific, and actual prejudice
from the court’s refusal to grant the motion to sever,” United States v. Ross, 703 F.3d 856, 885
(6th Cir. 2012) (citation and brackets omitted), and we apply the deferential abuse-of-discretion
standard. United States v. Cody, 498 F.3d 582, 586 (6th Cir. 2007).2
1 Contrary to defendant’s assertion, United States v. DeCarlo, 434 F.3d 447, 454–57 (6th Cir. 2006) does not control here because that case considered a different portion of § 2423— subsection (b). 2 As the government rightly notes, Kennedy’s challenge appears to home in only on the district court’s Rule 14 determination—focusing entirely on the evidence offered at trial (as -6- No. 17-5377, United States v. Kennedy
In concluding Kennedy failed to show the requisite prejudice, the district court noted the
record testimony linking Kennedy’s ability to “groom” his underage victims with their parents’
participation—and for some, due to their own addiction to opioids—in his drug ring. Two of the
minor victims told their parents about being abused, but their parents “didn’t believe” them and
continued to leave the children alone with Kennedy. The district court thus reasoned:
I do think it’s pretty clear, among other things, [one of the victims] said she told her mom. Her mom, as we know from this case, was a drug addict, was dependent on Mr. Kennedy. Her mom did nothing about this as a result.
So I think all of that pertains to the drug conspiracy and the interplay as to how these individuals interacted with Mr. Kennedy, how Mr. Kennedy -- and why he was watching the kids when the parents were gone, which provided him opportunity. It allowed him to form the relationship. Then the relationship led to the taking them to the casino [where he abused them].
At this point, it explains why the parents trusted the kids with Mr. Kennedy and how Mr. Kennedy had his opportunity to commit the alleged acts. So I do think it’s an interwoven story. In fact, I think it’s inextricably intertwined.
We agree. Contrary to Kennedy’s assertion that “there was no evidence” that his
perpetration of the sex crimes “were connected” to his drug conspiracy, the district court rightly
found a sufficient relationship between the two. The district court, moreover, gave an appropriate
limiting instruction, telling the jury that “[i]t is your duty to separately consider the evidence that
relates to each charge, and to return a separate verdict for each one.” (Emphasis added). Kennedy
is required to “offer more than conclusory statements to show that the joinder prejudiced his
defense.” United States v. Soto, 794 F.3d 635, 657 (6th Cir. 2015). Given the significant overlap
of facts associated with the separately charged crimes and the district court’s limiting instruction,
required under Rule 14) instead of the language of the indictment (as required under Rule 8). See generally United States v. Al-Din, 631 F. App’x 313, 328 (6th Cir. 2015) (discussing the problem of defendants “blur[ring] the lines between Rules 8(a) and 14(a) on appeal”). And even if we were to construe defendant as preserving a Rule 8 issue, given the discussion in text, joinder was not prejudicial. See United States v. Lane, 474 U.S. 438, 449 (1986). -7- No. 17-5377, United States v. Kennedy
we give no credence to Kennedy’s conclusory position that “the jury inferred bad character due to
the nature of the joined charges.”
Accordingly, the district court did not abuse its discretion in denying Kennedy’s motion to
sever.
III.
We turn next to Kennedy’s claim the district court erred in denying his motion for judgment
of acquittal on the grounds that the evidence presented was insufficient to sustain his drug and sex
crimes convictions.
We review a district court’s denial of a motion for judgment of acquittal de novo, assessing
“whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational
trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.”
Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979). In so doing, we draw “all reasonable inferences in
support of the jury’s verdict and will reverse a judgment for insufficient evidence only if the
judgment is not supported by substantial and competent evidence upon the record as a whole.”
United States v. Stewart, 729 F.3d 517, 526 (6th Cir. 2013) (internal quotation marks omitted).
“Substantial evidence” is “such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept to support a
conclusion. It is evidence affording a substantial basis of fact from which the fact in issue can be
reasonably inferred.” United States v. Taylor, 800 F.3d 701, 711 (6th Cir. 2015) (citation omitted).
“In sum, a defendant claiming insufficiency of the evidence bears a very heavy burden.” United
States v. Callahan, 801 F.3d 606, 616 (6th Cir. 2015) (citation omitted).
To sustain Kennedy’s drug conspiracy conviction, “the government must have proved
(1) an agreement to violate drug laws, in this case § 841(a)(1); (2) knowledge and intent to join
the conspiracy; and (3) participation in the conspiracy.” United States v. Martinez, 430 F.3d 317,
-8- No. 17-5377, United States v. Kennedy
330 (6th Cir. 2005). It need not prove a formal agreement or offer direct evidence of a conspiracy;
a jury may infer from circumstantial evidence a conspiracy’s existence and an individual’s
knowledge of and participation therein. Id. Harking back to his double jeopardy position,
Kennedy claims only an absence of proof that he “agreed to participate in a second conspiracy,
different from the one he had already [pleaded] to.” However, this claim butts headfirst into the
evidence presented at trial. For example, the jury heard from Kennedy’s numerous co-conspirators
that he recruited them to engage in a scheme to obtain oxycodone through illicit means, which
Kennedy would then distribute back to his co-conspiring addicts or to other purchasers. From this
and other evidence, any rational juror could conclude Kennedy intended to join the conspiracy
charged in the indictment.
Kennedy’s challenge to his sex crimes convictions—that the government did not prove
“intent to engage in sexual activity”—is equally as underwhelming. See generally United States
v. Chambers, 441 F.3d 438, 450 (6th Cir. 2006). He attacks the credibility of the government’s
witnesses and notes one of the minor victims denied sexual abuse. Yet that is not enough to sustain
his burden. The jury heard Kennedy “groomed” his victims by spending time with them and
frequently purchasing gifts and giving cash, “gawk[ed]” at them, insisted on having the girls stay
alone with him when they traveled, and threatened to kill them if they exposed his abuse. Most
critically, two of the victims testified extensively about Kennedy’s sexual abuse of themselves and
others while traveling alone with him. Any rational juror could infer intent to engage in sexual
activity from this (and other) evidence.
IV.
Finally, Kennedy contends his sentence is substantively unreasonable because “a
downward departure was appropriate” given his health issues and his familial caretaker
-9- No. 17-5377, United States v. Kennedy
responsibilities.3 However, “[t]his court generally does not review a district court’s decision not
to depart downward unless the record shows that the district court was unaware of, or did not
understand, its discretion to make such a departure.” United States v. Johnson, 553 F.3d 990, 999
(6th Cir. 2009) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). “[W]e presume that the district
court understood its discretion, absent clear evidence to the contrary.” United States v.
Santillana, 540 F.3d 428, 431 (6th Cir. 2008). Absent such clear evidence, we review the district
court’s decision “only if (1) the sentence was imposed in violation of the law; (2) it was imposed
as a result of an incorrect application of the guidelines; (3) the sentence represented an upward
departure; or (4) the sentence was imposed for an offense for which there is no Sentencing
Guideline and is plainly unreasonable.” (citations and internal quotation marks omitted). Id. If
review is warranted, the plain error standard applies where the defendant failed to object to his
sentence before the district court. Id. Further, even if review is unwarranted, “we are still free to
review a defendant’s claim that his sentence is excessive based on the district court’s unreasonable
analysis of the section 3553(a) factors in their totality.” Id. (citation and internal quotation marks
omitted).
The district court’s decision not to depart is unreviewable. There is no clear evidence that
the district court did not understand its discretion to depart downward. Kennedy has not otherwise
shown that the district court plainly erred in imposing the sentence of life imprisonment or that
this sentence was unreasonable. See generally United States v. Baker, 559 F.3d 443, 448 (6th Cir.
2009); United States v. Vonner, 516 F.3d 382, 385–86 (6th Cir. 2008) (en banc).
3 To the extent defendant raises a separate § 3553 challenge, we see no reason to find the district court abused its discretion in sentencing defendant to life in prison. See generally United States v. Kamper, 748 F.3d 728, 739 (6th Cir. 2014). -10- No. 17-5377, United States v. Kennedy
V.
For these reasons, we affirm the district court’s judgment.
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