NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION File Name: 19a0003n.06
No. 18-1380
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT FILED Jan 04, 2019 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk Plaintiff-Appellee, ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED v. STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE WESTERN DISTRICT OF ERIC LEON TUCKER, JR., MICHIGAN Defendant-Appellant.
BEFORE: CLAY, COOK, and LARSEN, Circuit Judges.
CLAY, Circuit Judge. Defendant Eric Tucker pleaded guilty to distributing heroin in
violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1) and to possessing a firearm in furtherance of drug trafficking in
violation of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)(A). Defendant appeals the district court’s judgment imposing
a sentence of eighty-five months. For the reasons set forth below, we AFFIRM the district court’s
judgment.
BACKGROUND
On September 22, 2017, a criminal complaint was filed against Defendant. A grand jury
returned an indictment against Defendant on five counts.
Counts One and Two were drug- and firearm-related charges associated with an incident
on July 12, 2017 at a residence in Kalamazoo, Michigan. When officers arrived at the scene,
Defendant was observed running into the residence, which was known as a residence where
narcotics were used and sold. Larry Rogers, the sole individual on the residence’s lease, let officers No. 18-1380, United States v. Tucker
into the home and Defendant was observed quickly exiting a room in the back of the residence.
Officers stopped Defendant and discovered an outstanding warrant for his arrest. Officers found
5.68 grams of cocaine base (crack cocaine) and a loaded .40 caliber Glock pistol in the room that
Defendant had been observed exiting. Rogers informed police that he allowed Defendant to deal
drugs out of his residence in exchange for a few rocks of crack cocaine per day.
Counts Three through Five were drug- and firearm-related charges associated with events
that occurred between September 18 and 20, 2017. On September 18, officers responded to a call
that shots had been fired and interviewed a minor victim who reported being shot at while in a
vehicle. The victim identified Defendant as the shooter. On September 20, 2017, Defendant sold
0.15 gram of heroin to an undercover officer and was arrested. Officers found 0.6 gram of crack
cocaine and 0.67 gram of methamphetamine on Defendant’s person. Officers subsequently found
a pistol in Defendant’s car.
On November 27, 2017, Defendant pleaded guilty to Count Four of illegally distributing
heroin in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1) and Count Five of possessing a firearm in furtherance
of his illegal distribution of heroin in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)(A); the other counts were
dismissed.
A Presentence Investigation Report (“PSR”) was prepared, which included the 5.68 grams
of crack cocaine officers found on July 12, 2017 in calculating Defendant’s guideline range on
Count 4, resulting in a range of 15 to 21 months. Defendant objected to the 5.68 grams of crack
cocaine being attributed to him, arguing that there was not sufficient evidence connecting him to
the drugs and that his guideline range for Count 4 should have been 8 to 14 months.
A sentencing hearing was held where the parties disputed whether the 5.68 grams of crack
cocaine was attributable to Defendant. Agent Theodore Westra of the Bureau of Alcohol,
-2- No. 18-1380, United States v. Tucker
Tobacco, Firearms & Explosives testified about the events of July 12, 2017, based on his review
of police records. Westra testified to the events described above (which were also related in the
PSR). Westra further testified that after Defendant was arrested and brought to jail, he was
recorded telling someone over the phone, “I just had package. I just trying to hurry back with the
package. So they found it. I think they ended up finding the little slide.” (Id., Page ID# 175–76.)1
Westra testified that Rogers had also informed police that Defendant was the only person who had
been in the room where the crack cocaine and pistol were found.
The district court held that the government had proved by a preponderance of the evidence
that Defendant possessed the 5.68 grams of crack cocaine. The court based its holding on
“common-sense inferences” arising from Westra’s testimony about Rogers informing police that
Defendant sold drugs at the house, Defendant being seen quickly entering the residence and then
leaving the bedroom where the drugs were found, and the jail call in which Defendant alluded to
a “package” and a “slide” that represented the crack cocaine and the pistol. (Id., Page ID# 185–
88.)
The district court sentenced Defendant to 15 months on Count 4 and 70 months on Count
5, for a total sentence of 85 months. Defendant timely appealed.
DISCUSSION
Standard of Review
“[W]hen facing a due-process challenge . . . to a district court’s reliance on statements for
the purposes of finding facts at sentencing, we review the district court’s reliance on such
1 Westra testified that “package” is used as slang for an amount of controlled substance and that “slide” is used as slang for a semiautomatic handgun.
-3- No. 18-1380, United States v. Tucker
statements—that is, its conclusion that those statements had sufficient indicia of reliability—for
clear error.” United States v. Santana, 723 F. App’x 331, 338 (6th Cir. 2018).
Analysis
Defendant’s sole claim on appeal is that the district court erred in connecting Defendant
with the crack cocaine found on July 12, 2017 for purposes of sentencing. Defendant argues that
there was not sufficient evidence in the record to support a finding that Defendant possessed the
crack cocaine and that the district court erred in relying on statements made by Rogers. We
disagree.
The Guidelines state that a district court during sentencing “may consider relevant
information without regard to its admissibility under the rules of evidence applicable at trial,
provided that the information has sufficient indicia of reliability to support its probable accuracy.”
United States Sentencing Manual § 6A1.3(a). We have held that the Guidelines, as well as due
process, require evidence presented at sentencing to be supported by at least “some minimum
indicia of reliability.” United States v. Silverman, 976 F.2d 1502, 1506 (6th Cir. 1992) (en banc).
Accordingly, we have held that “hearsay is permissible at a sentencing hearing so long as it has
some minimum indicia of reliability.” United States v. Darwich, 337 F.3d 645, 656 (6th Cir. 2003).
This Court has referred to the sufficient-indicia requirement as “a relatively low hurdle.” United
States v. Moncivais, 492 F.3d 652, 659 (6th Cir. 2007) (quoting United States v. Greene, 71 F.3d
232, 235 (6th Cir. 1995)).
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NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION File Name: 19a0003n.06
No. 18-1380
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT FILED Jan 04, 2019 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk Plaintiff-Appellee, ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED v. STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE WESTERN DISTRICT OF ERIC LEON TUCKER, JR., MICHIGAN Defendant-Appellant.
BEFORE: CLAY, COOK, and LARSEN, Circuit Judges.
CLAY, Circuit Judge. Defendant Eric Tucker pleaded guilty to distributing heroin in
violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1) and to possessing a firearm in furtherance of drug trafficking in
violation of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)(A). Defendant appeals the district court’s judgment imposing
a sentence of eighty-five months. For the reasons set forth below, we AFFIRM the district court’s
judgment.
BACKGROUND
On September 22, 2017, a criminal complaint was filed against Defendant. A grand jury
returned an indictment against Defendant on five counts.
Counts One and Two were drug- and firearm-related charges associated with an incident
on July 12, 2017 at a residence in Kalamazoo, Michigan. When officers arrived at the scene,
Defendant was observed running into the residence, which was known as a residence where
narcotics were used and sold. Larry Rogers, the sole individual on the residence’s lease, let officers No. 18-1380, United States v. Tucker
into the home and Defendant was observed quickly exiting a room in the back of the residence.
Officers stopped Defendant and discovered an outstanding warrant for his arrest. Officers found
5.68 grams of cocaine base (crack cocaine) and a loaded .40 caliber Glock pistol in the room that
Defendant had been observed exiting. Rogers informed police that he allowed Defendant to deal
drugs out of his residence in exchange for a few rocks of crack cocaine per day.
Counts Three through Five were drug- and firearm-related charges associated with events
that occurred between September 18 and 20, 2017. On September 18, officers responded to a call
that shots had been fired and interviewed a minor victim who reported being shot at while in a
vehicle. The victim identified Defendant as the shooter. On September 20, 2017, Defendant sold
0.15 gram of heroin to an undercover officer and was arrested. Officers found 0.6 gram of crack
cocaine and 0.67 gram of methamphetamine on Defendant’s person. Officers subsequently found
a pistol in Defendant’s car.
On November 27, 2017, Defendant pleaded guilty to Count Four of illegally distributing
heroin in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1) and Count Five of possessing a firearm in furtherance
of his illegal distribution of heroin in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)(A); the other counts were
dismissed.
A Presentence Investigation Report (“PSR”) was prepared, which included the 5.68 grams
of crack cocaine officers found on July 12, 2017 in calculating Defendant’s guideline range on
Count 4, resulting in a range of 15 to 21 months. Defendant objected to the 5.68 grams of crack
cocaine being attributed to him, arguing that there was not sufficient evidence connecting him to
the drugs and that his guideline range for Count 4 should have been 8 to 14 months.
A sentencing hearing was held where the parties disputed whether the 5.68 grams of crack
cocaine was attributable to Defendant. Agent Theodore Westra of the Bureau of Alcohol,
-2- No. 18-1380, United States v. Tucker
Tobacco, Firearms & Explosives testified about the events of July 12, 2017, based on his review
of police records. Westra testified to the events described above (which were also related in the
PSR). Westra further testified that after Defendant was arrested and brought to jail, he was
recorded telling someone over the phone, “I just had package. I just trying to hurry back with the
package. So they found it. I think they ended up finding the little slide.” (Id., Page ID# 175–76.)1
Westra testified that Rogers had also informed police that Defendant was the only person who had
been in the room where the crack cocaine and pistol were found.
The district court held that the government had proved by a preponderance of the evidence
that Defendant possessed the 5.68 grams of crack cocaine. The court based its holding on
“common-sense inferences” arising from Westra’s testimony about Rogers informing police that
Defendant sold drugs at the house, Defendant being seen quickly entering the residence and then
leaving the bedroom where the drugs were found, and the jail call in which Defendant alluded to
a “package” and a “slide” that represented the crack cocaine and the pistol. (Id., Page ID# 185–
88.)
The district court sentenced Defendant to 15 months on Count 4 and 70 months on Count
5, for a total sentence of 85 months. Defendant timely appealed.
DISCUSSION
Standard of Review
“[W]hen facing a due-process challenge . . . to a district court’s reliance on statements for
the purposes of finding facts at sentencing, we review the district court’s reliance on such
1 Westra testified that “package” is used as slang for an amount of controlled substance and that “slide” is used as slang for a semiautomatic handgun.
-3- No. 18-1380, United States v. Tucker
statements—that is, its conclusion that those statements had sufficient indicia of reliability—for
clear error.” United States v. Santana, 723 F. App’x 331, 338 (6th Cir. 2018).
Analysis
Defendant’s sole claim on appeal is that the district court erred in connecting Defendant
with the crack cocaine found on July 12, 2017 for purposes of sentencing. Defendant argues that
there was not sufficient evidence in the record to support a finding that Defendant possessed the
crack cocaine and that the district court erred in relying on statements made by Rogers. We
disagree.
The Guidelines state that a district court during sentencing “may consider relevant
information without regard to its admissibility under the rules of evidence applicable at trial,
provided that the information has sufficient indicia of reliability to support its probable accuracy.”
United States Sentencing Manual § 6A1.3(a). We have held that the Guidelines, as well as due
process, require evidence presented at sentencing to be supported by at least “some minimum
indicia of reliability.” United States v. Silverman, 976 F.2d 1502, 1506 (6th Cir. 1992) (en banc).
Accordingly, we have held that “hearsay is permissible at a sentencing hearing so long as it has
some minimum indicia of reliability.” United States v. Darwich, 337 F.3d 645, 656 (6th Cir. 2003).
This Court has referred to the sufficient-indicia requirement as “a relatively low hurdle.” United
States v. Moncivais, 492 F.3d 652, 659 (6th Cir. 2007) (quoting United States v. Greene, 71 F.3d
232, 235 (6th Cir. 1995)).
Defendant argues that this hurdle has not been cleared with respect to Rogers’ statements
because Westra’s testimony was “uncorroborated” and “reflects at least three levels of hearsay”
since Rogers’ statements were given to police, who prepared a written report, which was reviewed
-4- No. 18-1380, United States v. Tucker
by Westra. (Appellant’s Br. 10–11.) Defendant also argues that “Rogers had a strong incentive
to inculpate [Defendant]” in order to exculpate himself. (Appellant’s Br. 12.)
Defendant is incorrect that Rogers’ statements were uncorroborated. The district court
properly noted two sources of corroboration for Rogers’ statements connecting Defendant with the
drugs: First, police upon arriving at the residence observed Defendant running into the residence,
and subsequently observed him quickly walking out of the bedroom in which the drugs were found.
These furtive, evasive actions are consistent with trying to hide contraband. Second, Defendant
was recorded on the day of the arrest making statements connecting himself to a “package” (drugs)
and a “slide” (pistol) and stating that “they found” these items. (Id., Page ID# 175–76.) These
statements can reasonably be read as Defendant admitting that the crack cocaine and pistol that the
police found in the bedroom belonged to him.
Together, this evidence sufficiently corroborates Rogers’ statements that Defendant dealt
drugs out of the residence and that the crack cocaine found in the bedroom belonged to him. The
hearsay testimony presented therefore clears the “relatively low hurdle” of bearing some minimum
indicia of reliability. Moncivais, 492 F.3d at 659 (quoting Greene, 71 F.3d at 235). Thus, the
district court did not clearly err in relying on this testimony to find that the crack cocaine belonged
to Defendant.
For the reasons stated above, this Court AFFIRMS the district court’s judgment.
-5-