23-6139-cr United States v. Edwards (Brown)
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
SUMMARY ORDER
RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT’S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION “SUMMARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.
At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held at the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of New York, on the 19th day of July, two thousand twenty-four.
PRESENT: DEBRA ANN LIVINGSTON, Chief Judge, RAYMOND J. LOHIER, JR., STEVEN J. MENASHI, Circuit Judges. _____________________________________
United States of America,
Appellee,
v. 23-6139-cr
Cory Edwards, AKA WIGGLES, AKA SEALED DEFENDANT #1, Charles Myles, AKA BOSSMAN, AKA SEALED DEFENDANT #2, Antonio Owens, AKA O’HEAD, AKA SEALED DEFENDANT #3, Rasue Barnett, AKA WILD THANG, AKA SEALED DEFENDANT #5, Waliek Betts, AKA LEEK, AKA SEALED DEFENDANT #6, Akim Betsey, AKA KOON, AKA KIMY, AKA SEALED DEFENDANT #7, Charles Brown, AKA TADDA, AKA TATA, AKA SEALED DEFENDANT #8, Terrence Edwards, AKA JAQUAN, AKA SILK, AKA SEALED DEFENDANT #9, Dudley Harris, AKA DUD, AKA SEALED DEFENDANT #10, Rodney Hill, AKA HOT ROD, AKA SEALED DEFENDANT #11, Christopher Holbdy, AKA NUTS, AKA SEALED DEFENDANT #12, Anthony Jackson, AKA CAPONE, AKA TONE, AKA SEALED DEFENDANT #13, Lance Johnson, AKA L-A, AKA CLUE, AKA SEALED DEFENDANT #14, Ridwan Othman, AKA WIGWAM, AKA BLITZ, AKA SEALED DEFENDANT #15, London Rice, AKA GRAMS, AKA SEALED DEFENDANT #16, Cheiron Thomas, AKA SLAB, AKA SEALED DEFENDANT #17, Edward Thomas, AKA POPPY, AKA ESCO, AKA SEALED DEFENDANT #18, David Trapps, AKA DIRTY DAVE, AKA SEALED DEFENDANT #19, Jamontae
2 Wallace, AKA MONTY, AKA SEALED DEFENDANT #20, Robert Shaw, AKA SEALED DEFENDANT #21, Eric Dunbar, AKA SEALED DEFENDANT #22, Tommie Briscoe, AKA SEALED DEFENDANT #23, Leroy Antwain Walker, AKA LEROY WALKER STOKES, AKA SEALED DEFENDANT #24, Leonard Holbdy, AKA SEALED DEFENDANT 25, Christian Williams, AKA SEALED DEFENDANT 26,
Defendants,
Karo Brown, AKA KIKE, AKA KITE, AKA SEALED DEFENDANT #4,
Defendant-Appellant. _____________________________________
FOR DEFENDANT-APPELLANT: Karo Brown, pro se, Otisville, NY.
FOR APPELLEE: Adrian LaRochelle, Thomas R. Sutcliffe, Assistant United States Attorneys, for Carla B. Freedman, United States Attorney for the Northern District of New York, Syracuse, NY.
Appeal from an order of the United States District Court for the Northern
District of New York (Frederick J. Scullin, Jr., Judge).
3 UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED,
ADJUDGED, AND DECREED that the order is AFFIRMED.
Defendant-Appellant Karo Brown appeals from an order entered by the
district court on January 31, 2023, principally denying his second motion for a
sentence reduction under Section 404 of the First Step Act of 2018 (the “First Step
Act” or “FSA”), Pub. L. No. 115-391, 132 Stat. 5194. In 2004, Brown was
convicted of racketeering activity by a jury, which attributed to him racketeering
activity including, inter alia, acts involving murder, attempted murder, or
conspiracy to commit murder; and conspiracy to distribute and possess with
intent to distribute crack cocaine. The district court sentenced Brown
principally to forty years’ imprisonment and we affirmed Brown’s conviction
and sentence on appeal. See United States v. Edwards, 214 F. App’x 57, 66 (2d Cir.
2007) (summary order). Brown’s first motion for a sentence reduction pursuant
to the FSA was filed in 2019. As to it, the district court determined that Brown
was eligible for relief under the FSA, but that because of his murder-related
racketeering activities, which rendered him subject to a statutory maximum of
life imprisonment, his sentencing range pursuant to the United States Sentencing
4 Guidelines (the “Guidelines”) remained the same despite subsequent changes in
the penalty scheme for crack-cocaine offenses. The court ultimately declined to
reduce his sentence, concluding that the updated Guidelines range would still
be thirty years to life and that the 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) factors still warranted a
forty-year sentence. On Brown’s appeal of that decision, we affirmed. United
States v. Brown, No. 20-2787, 2021 WL 5173293, at *1–2 (2d Cir. Nov. 8, 2021)
(summary order).
The present appeal concerns Brown’s second motion for relief under the
FSA. In it, Brown asked the district court to reconsider its prior decision in light
of the Supreme Court’s decision in Concepcion v. United States, 597 U.S. 481 (2022).
The district court again denied a reduction, reasoning that Brown’s second
motion could not be brought due to Section 404(c) of the FSA, which bars
subsequent motions if an initial motion received a complete review on the merits.
Out of an abundance of caution, the court construed Brown’s motion as also
seeking compassionate release under 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(1)(A), but concluded
that the § 3553(a) factors continued to justify Brown’s sentence. We assume the
parties’ familiarity with the underlying facts, the procedural history of the case,
5 and the issues on appeal, which we set forth here only as necessary to explain
our decision to AFFIRM.
***
We review the denial of a motion for a discretionary sentence reduction—
whether under Sections 404(b) or 3582(c)(1)(A)—for abuse of discretion, and
review underlying matters of statutory interpretation de novo. See United States
v. Halvon, 26 F.4th 566, 569 (2d Cir. 2022) (per curiam) (§ 3582(c)(1)(A)); United
States v. Moore, 975 F.3d 84, 88‒89 (2d Cir. 2020) (§ 404(b) via § 3582(c)(1)(B)).
At the start, we agree with the district court that Brown’s second motion
for relief under Section 404(b) of the FSA is barred. The First Step Act bars a
defendant from moving for relief when his or her prior motion was denied on
the merits—an “explicit limitation[] on available relief[.]” Concepcion, 597 U.S.
at 496. The text of Section 404(c) mandates that “[n]o court shall entertain a
motion made under this section to reduce a sentence if . . . a previous motion
made under this section to reduce the sentence was, after the date of enactment
of this Act, denied after a complete review of the motion on the merits.” Section
404(c), Pub. L. No. 115-391, 132 Stat. 5194. Under this Circuit’s precedent, a
6 complete review consists of a court’s review of the “retroactive application of
Sections 2 and 3” of the Fair Sentencing Act. Moore, 975 F.3d at 91.
Brown received that review. In denying his first motion, the district court
reassessed his Guidelines range under the 2018 Guidelines, which reflect the
amended drug quantities made applicable by the FSA. On appeal of that
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23-6139-cr United States v. Edwards (Brown)
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
SUMMARY ORDER
RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT’S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION “SUMMARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.
At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held at the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of New York, on the 19th day of July, two thousand twenty-four.
PRESENT: DEBRA ANN LIVINGSTON, Chief Judge, RAYMOND J. LOHIER, JR., STEVEN J. MENASHI, Circuit Judges. _____________________________________
United States of America,
Appellee,
v. 23-6139-cr
Cory Edwards, AKA WIGGLES, AKA SEALED DEFENDANT #1, Charles Myles, AKA BOSSMAN, AKA SEALED DEFENDANT #2, Antonio Owens, AKA O’HEAD, AKA SEALED DEFENDANT #3, Rasue Barnett, AKA WILD THANG, AKA SEALED DEFENDANT #5, Waliek Betts, AKA LEEK, AKA SEALED DEFENDANT #6, Akim Betsey, AKA KOON, AKA KIMY, AKA SEALED DEFENDANT #7, Charles Brown, AKA TADDA, AKA TATA, AKA SEALED DEFENDANT #8, Terrence Edwards, AKA JAQUAN, AKA SILK, AKA SEALED DEFENDANT #9, Dudley Harris, AKA DUD, AKA SEALED DEFENDANT #10, Rodney Hill, AKA HOT ROD, AKA SEALED DEFENDANT #11, Christopher Holbdy, AKA NUTS, AKA SEALED DEFENDANT #12, Anthony Jackson, AKA CAPONE, AKA TONE, AKA SEALED DEFENDANT #13, Lance Johnson, AKA L-A, AKA CLUE, AKA SEALED DEFENDANT #14, Ridwan Othman, AKA WIGWAM, AKA BLITZ, AKA SEALED DEFENDANT #15, London Rice, AKA GRAMS, AKA SEALED DEFENDANT #16, Cheiron Thomas, AKA SLAB, AKA SEALED DEFENDANT #17, Edward Thomas, AKA POPPY, AKA ESCO, AKA SEALED DEFENDANT #18, David Trapps, AKA DIRTY DAVE, AKA SEALED DEFENDANT #19, Jamontae
2 Wallace, AKA MONTY, AKA SEALED DEFENDANT #20, Robert Shaw, AKA SEALED DEFENDANT #21, Eric Dunbar, AKA SEALED DEFENDANT #22, Tommie Briscoe, AKA SEALED DEFENDANT #23, Leroy Antwain Walker, AKA LEROY WALKER STOKES, AKA SEALED DEFENDANT #24, Leonard Holbdy, AKA SEALED DEFENDANT 25, Christian Williams, AKA SEALED DEFENDANT 26,
Defendants,
Karo Brown, AKA KIKE, AKA KITE, AKA SEALED DEFENDANT #4,
Defendant-Appellant. _____________________________________
FOR DEFENDANT-APPELLANT: Karo Brown, pro se, Otisville, NY.
FOR APPELLEE: Adrian LaRochelle, Thomas R. Sutcliffe, Assistant United States Attorneys, for Carla B. Freedman, United States Attorney for the Northern District of New York, Syracuse, NY.
Appeal from an order of the United States District Court for the Northern
District of New York (Frederick J. Scullin, Jr., Judge).
3 UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED,
ADJUDGED, AND DECREED that the order is AFFIRMED.
Defendant-Appellant Karo Brown appeals from an order entered by the
district court on January 31, 2023, principally denying his second motion for a
sentence reduction under Section 404 of the First Step Act of 2018 (the “First Step
Act” or “FSA”), Pub. L. No. 115-391, 132 Stat. 5194. In 2004, Brown was
convicted of racketeering activity by a jury, which attributed to him racketeering
activity including, inter alia, acts involving murder, attempted murder, or
conspiracy to commit murder; and conspiracy to distribute and possess with
intent to distribute crack cocaine. The district court sentenced Brown
principally to forty years’ imprisonment and we affirmed Brown’s conviction
and sentence on appeal. See United States v. Edwards, 214 F. App’x 57, 66 (2d Cir.
2007) (summary order). Brown’s first motion for a sentence reduction pursuant
to the FSA was filed in 2019. As to it, the district court determined that Brown
was eligible for relief under the FSA, but that because of his murder-related
racketeering activities, which rendered him subject to a statutory maximum of
life imprisonment, his sentencing range pursuant to the United States Sentencing
4 Guidelines (the “Guidelines”) remained the same despite subsequent changes in
the penalty scheme for crack-cocaine offenses. The court ultimately declined to
reduce his sentence, concluding that the updated Guidelines range would still
be thirty years to life and that the 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) factors still warranted a
forty-year sentence. On Brown’s appeal of that decision, we affirmed. United
States v. Brown, No. 20-2787, 2021 WL 5173293, at *1–2 (2d Cir. Nov. 8, 2021)
(summary order).
The present appeal concerns Brown’s second motion for relief under the
FSA. In it, Brown asked the district court to reconsider its prior decision in light
of the Supreme Court’s decision in Concepcion v. United States, 597 U.S. 481 (2022).
The district court again denied a reduction, reasoning that Brown’s second
motion could not be brought due to Section 404(c) of the FSA, which bars
subsequent motions if an initial motion received a complete review on the merits.
Out of an abundance of caution, the court construed Brown’s motion as also
seeking compassionate release under 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(1)(A), but concluded
that the § 3553(a) factors continued to justify Brown’s sentence. We assume the
parties’ familiarity with the underlying facts, the procedural history of the case,
5 and the issues on appeal, which we set forth here only as necessary to explain
our decision to AFFIRM.
***
We review the denial of a motion for a discretionary sentence reduction—
whether under Sections 404(b) or 3582(c)(1)(A)—for abuse of discretion, and
review underlying matters of statutory interpretation de novo. See United States
v. Halvon, 26 F.4th 566, 569 (2d Cir. 2022) (per curiam) (§ 3582(c)(1)(A)); United
States v. Moore, 975 F.3d 84, 88‒89 (2d Cir. 2020) (§ 404(b) via § 3582(c)(1)(B)).
At the start, we agree with the district court that Brown’s second motion
for relief under Section 404(b) of the FSA is barred. The First Step Act bars a
defendant from moving for relief when his or her prior motion was denied on
the merits—an “explicit limitation[] on available relief[.]” Concepcion, 597 U.S.
at 496. The text of Section 404(c) mandates that “[n]o court shall entertain a
motion made under this section to reduce a sentence if . . . a previous motion
made under this section to reduce the sentence was, after the date of enactment
of this Act, denied after a complete review of the motion on the merits.” Section
404(c), Pub. L. No. 115-391, 132 Stat. 5194. Under this Circuit’s precedent, a
6 complete review consists of a court’s review of the “retroactive application of
Sections 2 and 3” of the Fair Sentencing Act. Moore, 975 F.3d at 91.
Brown received that review. In denying his first motion, the district court
reassessed his Guidelines range under the 2018 Guidelines, which reflect the
amended drug quantities made applicable by the FSA. On appeal of that
decision, we expressly rejected Brown’s arguments that the district court failed
to provide a full review, committed procedural error, or incorrectly calculated
that range. Brown, 2021 WL 5173293, at *1–2. Brown argues that the district
court failed nonetheless to conduct a complete review of his previous motion on
the merits because it did not have “the benefit of Concepcion at the time of the
Court’s original decision.” Appellant Br. 12. For movants eligible for FSA
relief, Concepcion makes clear that a district court may consider “intervening
changes of law,” including changes to the Guidelines, or “changes of fact,” such
as behavior in prison, when adjudicating an FSA motion. 597 U.S. at 486, 500.
But here, as the district court stated, the initial adjudication of Brown’s FSA
motion was “entirely consistent with Concepcion.” GA:369. And more
fundamentally, the Supreme Court’s decision in Concepcion, by clarifying how
7 courts are to apply Section 404(b), does not thereby render the earlier review of
Brown’s FSA motion any less complete for the purpose of Section 404(c). Thus,
the district court correctly denied Brown’s motion as barred under that
provision.
As a final matter, Brown also challenges the district court’s consideration
of his entitlement to compassionate release under 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(1)(A). The
district court construed Brown’s motion as seeking compassionate release and
denied such relief. Section 3582(c)(1)(A)(i), as amended by the First Step Act,
provides that a court “may reduce the term of imprisonment . . . after considering
the factors set forth in section 3553(a) to the extent that they are applicable, if it
finds that . . . extraordinary and compelling reasons warrant such a reduction[.]”
In United States v. Brooker, we interpreted the First Step Act to permit a district
court to evaluate the “full slate of [qualifying] extraordinary and compelling
reasons” for a defendant’s compassionate release motion. 976 F.3d 228, 237 (2d
Cir. 2020). Brown alleges that his rehabilitation while in prison, combined with
changes in sentencing law and other unspecified factors, constitute
extraordinary and compelling reasons to reduce his sentence. But neither
8 Brooker nor Section 3582 compel the district court to agree. Indeed,
rehabilitation alone is not an “extraordinary and compelling reason,” 28 U.S.C.
§ 994(t), and even after accounting for changes in sentencing law, Brown is
subject to the same Guidelines range today as he was in 2005.
The district court also did not abuse its discretion in concluding that the
§ 3553(a) factors did not warrant relief. Upon careful consideration of the merits
of each of Brown’s asserted factors, the district court concluded that none of them
overcame the nature and seriousness of Brown’s offense. GA:370–71. To reach
this decision, the district court conducted a straightforward application of the
§ 3553(a) factors, and “[m]ere disagreement with how the district court balanced
the § 3553(a) factors . . . is not a sufficient ground for finding an abuse of
discretion.” Halvon, 26 F.4th at 569 (internal quotation marks omitted).
To the extent that Brown argues that the district court should not have
recharacterized his motion as seeking compassionate release without providing
him an opportunity to argue the § 3553(a) factors, the district court indicated its
willingness to reconsider Brown’s eligibility for relief under § 3582 in the future.
GA:372. Discerning no abuse of discretion in the district court’s assessment of
9 the § 3553(a) factors on this record, we make no determination as to any such
future application based on an expanded record.
Accordingly, for the reasons set forth above, we AFFIRM the order of the
district court.
FOR THE COURT: Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe, Clerk of Court