United States v. Denunzio

123 F. Supp. 3d 135, 2015 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 107290, 2015 WL 4886051

• Court: District Court, D. Massachusetts
• Decided: August 14, 2015
• Docket: Criminal No. 14-10284-NMG
• Status: Published

Opinion

MEMORANDUM AND ORDER RE: DEFENDANTS’ MOTION TO COMPEL AND REQUEST FOR EVIDENTIARY HEARING (DOCK- ■ ■ ET ENTRY # 168)

BOWLER, United States Magistrate Judge

Defendants Dustin J. DeNunzio (“defendant DeNunzio”), Anthony Gattineri (“defendant Gattineri”) and Charles A. Light-body (“defendant Lightbody”), (collectively “defendants”) move to compel two categories of exculpatory evidence under Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83, 83 S.Ct. 1194, 10 L.Ed.2d 215 (1963) (“Brady”). (Docket Entry # 168). The government opposes production. (Docket Entry # 178)."

The first category consists of purportedly exculpatory material evidencing that Wynn Resorts, Ltd. (“Wynn”) knew .that defendant Lightbody, a convicted felon, held an ownership interest in a parcel of land in Everett, Massachusetts. Defendants reason that if Wynn knew about defendant Lightbody’s interest before it signed an option agreement, then defendant Lightbody’s interest was not material to its decision to purchase the property. The Indictment charges inter alia that, as part of a conspiracy, defendánts concealed defendant Lightbody’s financial interest from Wynn via materially false representations transmitted through wire communications from December 2012 through July 2013. Defendants therefore move to compel documents and information relating to Wynn’s knowledge of defendant Light-body’s historical and continued interest in the Everett parcel.¹

The second category concerns , any evidence and information regarding an alleged incident that occurred in the fall of 2013 and involved Joseph Flaherty (“Flah-erty”) and' Stephen Matthews (“Matthews”), both former members of the Massachusetts State Police. Defendants maintain that unidentified “members of the Massachusetts State Police and/or the Massachusetts Attorney General’s Office” allowed Flaherty and Matthews “access to files concerning an ongoing joint state and federal investigation of the Defendants.” (Docket Entry # 168) (emphasis added). The files were housed at a secure location “where wiretaps aré performed” in the Massachusetts Attorney General’s Office. (Docket Entry # 181-2). The location is “often referred to as the wiretap room.” (Docket Entry # 181-2). Defendants submit that Flaherty and' Matthews' worked for Wynn and that their access to the wiretap room made them “part of the investigatory téam in this matter.” (Docket Entry # 168). Because allowing these individuals, as members of the investigatory team, access to the wiretap room “probably amounts to a violation of Massachusetts criminal law,” evidence relating to the incident is exculpatory, according to defendants. (Docket Entry # 168). Defendants additionally argue " that allowing Flaherty and Matthews, as civilians and private investigators, access to the wiretap room “raises serious concerns” and likewise probably amounts to a violation of Massachusetts criminal law, particularly in light of Flaherty’s acknowledgment. that he worked for Wynn in October, and November 2013. (Docket Entry ## 169, 181, 178-2). Defendants also “request an evi-dentiary hearing on the apparent agency relationship^ between Matthews and Flah-erty and the joint state/federal investigation team.”, (Docket Entry # 169).

BACKGROUND²

The Indictment charges defendants with wire fraud in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1343, aiding and abetting wire'fraud in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2 and conspiracy to commit wire fraud in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1371.³ As set out in the Indictment, from December 2012 to July 2013 defendants conspired to conceal defendant Light-body’s ownership interest in the Everett parcel from Wynn and the Massachusetts Gaming Commission (“MGC”) “to obtain money from Wynn for the Everett Parcel.” (Docket Entry # 3, ¶ 16). Defendants purportedly knew that defendant Lightbody’s financial interest in the Everett parcel, given his criminal history, would adversely impact negotiations by FBT Everett, LLC (“FBT”), which held title to the parcel, for “an option agreement” and “Wynn’s ability to secure” a casino license. (Docket Entry # 3, ¶ 16). The Indictment further states that defendants obtained money by transmitting materially false representations in an email to Wynn’s General Counsel that only defendant DeNunzio, defendant Gat-tineri and another individual had interests in FBT. (Docket Entry # 3, ¶¶ 19, 30, 47).

Beginning in December 2012, defendants had defendant Lightbody’s name “removed from FBT ownership, documents” even though he “retained a financial interest” in the parcel. .(Docket Entry # 3, ¶ 17). At the same time, defendant DeNunzio “asked FBT’s attorney to draft paperwork” reflecting a transfer of defendant Lightbody’s ownership interest to defendant Gattineri “in exchange for a $1.7 million promissory note.” (Docket Entry # 3, ¶ 17). Between December 1 and 19, 2012, defendant DeNunzio “asked FBT’s attorney to tell Wynn’s representatives that” defendant Lightbody “no longer had an interest or was transferring his interest” in the Everett parcel to FBT. (Docket Entry # 3, ¶ 26).

On December 19, 2012, Wynn and FBT entered into the option agreement. (Docket Entry # 3, ¶ 12). The agreement required Wynn to pay FBT $100,000 each “month for the right to purchase the Everett Parcel” in the event MGC awarded Wynn a “destination resort casino license.” (Docket Entry # 3, ¶ 12).

During this time period, Wynn was working with a public affairs consulting group known as ML Strategies, LLC (“ML Strategies”), “a wholly-owned subsidiary of Mintz Levin.” (Docket Entry ## 169-4, 169-5). ML Strategies, which had worked with Wynn for a number of years,⁴ served as a general advisor to Wynn’s “effort to secure a license ... in Massachusetts for a destination casino.” (Docket Entry # 169-4). Before signing the option agreement, ML Strategies helped Wynn identify potential sites for a casino, including a location in Foxboro, Massachusetts. Wynn “withdrew from that location” when it became clear that the Foxboro community and Foxboro officials were not interested in a casino. (Docket Entry # 169-4).

In or around the fall of 2012, Steven Tocci (“Tocci”), president of ML Strategies, explored a number of other locations for Wynn. “[S]ometime in the fall of 2012,” he became interested in the Everett parcel and reached out to Wynn regarding the location. (Docket Entry # 169-4). Wynn instructed Tocci to query Everett officials in order to avoid “go[ing] through the same experience that [Wynn] had in Fox-boro.” (Docket Entry # 169-4). Having received a receptive response, Tocci believed the site “was worth a visit by the Wynn folks.” (Docket Entry # 169-4). Accordingly, Matt Maddox (“Maddox”) of Wynn, accompanied by Tocci, “took a quick look at the site” and the surrounding area.

Later in the fall, Tocci and Maddox returned to the site and met with defendant DeNunzio and Paul Lohnes. (“Lohnes”), another owner,⁵ at or near the property. Meeting with two of the owners at or near the property demonstrates that Wynn was seriously considering locating a casino on the Everett parcel. At the time of the meeting, Tocci understood that defendant DeNunzio and Lohnes owned the property because “they said it at that meeting” and Maddox or someone else had “looked at the Registry of Deeds records” and found out “the owners of the property.” (Docket Entry # 169-4). Tocci additionally understood that defendant Gattineri was the third owner of the property. (Docket Entry # 169-4).

James Michael Flood (“Flood”), an employee of the DeNunzio Group,⁶ stated that he and defendant, DeNunzio met with two representatives of Wynn (Maddox and Kim Sinatra) at the Everett parcel in the fall of 2012. Flood testified that defendant DeN-unzio told “ ‘the Wynn folks’ ” that, “ ‘.we have a partner who has a checkered past, but we’re in the process of getting him out of the property.’ ” (Docket Entry- # 169, p. 14).⁷

“Towards December” 2012, Tocci acknowledged “there was an inquiry from a reporter from the Boston Business Journal” to Nancy Sterling (“Sterling”) of ML Strategies asking whether she was “ ‘aware of other possible owners’ ” of the property. (Docket Entry # 169-5). Sterling relayed the information to Tocci, which led Bob Havern (“Havern”) of ML Strategies to find out if there was any truth to the matter. According to Tocci, Havern reported that there was “ ‘no truth to it’ ” and there were “ ‘only three owners.’ ”⁸ (Docket Entry # 169-5). Tocci does not remember any specific names mentioned as part of the inquiry. (Docket Entry # 169-5). He did not consider the matter “all that serious at that point, because” he knew the Registry of Deeds had been checked and it listed the “three people.” (Docket Entry # 169-5). He also stated that, “[I]f it was something, we should find out if there’s anything else we needed to know.” (Docket Entry # 169-5).

On the same day or a day later, Tocci advised Wynn that, “ ‘There’s something going on. I’m not sure exactly what it is.’ ” (Docket Entry # 169-5). The day after the reporter’s inquiry, Tocci spoke with Mayor DeMaria about various matters and mentioned that a reporter from the Boston Business Journal had contacted ML Strategies about the ownership of the Everett parcel. (Docket Entry ## 169, 169-5). More specifically, Tocci told Mayor De-Maria that a reporter “ Vas chasing around about the land deal’ ” and that, “ ‘If there is anybody in that deal who has any kind of a criminal background, I know Wynn, and they’re not going forward.’ ” (Docket Entry # 169, p. 9).⁹ Mayor DeMa-ria then asked Tocci, “ ‘Who are you talking about?’ ” and, when Tocci replied that he did not know, Mayor DeMaria “said, ‘Was it Lightbody?’ ”¹⁰ (Docket Entry # 169, p. 9). Tocci replied that he did not “ ‘know the name.’ ” (Docket Entry # 169, p. 9). Tocci also stated this was the first time he had heard the name Lightbody and that, after the conversation and the publication of a December 14, 2012 article in the Boston Business Journal, Tocci focused on negotiating a host agreement. (Docket Entry # 169-5). Tocci’s grand jury testimony reads that, “It was clear to us that there were still three owners, the registered owners, and we had a very tight timeline ... to negotiate a host agreement, and ... carry on an election .... ” (Docket Entry # 169-5). At another point during his grand jury testimony, Tocci explained that “sometimes” he does not “place a lot of trust in newspaper articles.” (Docket Entry # 169-5).

On January 14, 2013, after Wynn signed the option agreement, it submitted an application to MGC along with a non-refundable $400,000 license fee to locate a destination resort casino on the Everett parcel. (Docket Entry # 8, ¶ 13). On January 17, 2013, defendant DeNunzio emailed Wynn’s General Counsel and “falsely” stated that defendants DeNunzio and Gattineri and another individual, presumably Lohnes,¹¹ “were the only people who had [an] interest in FBT.” (Docket Entry # 3, ¶ 19). As further stated in the Indictment, defendant DeNunzio nonetheless knew that defendant Lightbody, along with another individual referred to as John Doe, had financial interests in FBT. (Docket Entry # 3, ¶ 19). “[0]n or about January 28, 2013,” defendant DeNunzio arranged for defendants Lightbody and Gattineri “to execute a Memorandum of Transfer and Promissory Note” backdated to December 14, 2012, reflecting a transfer of defendant Light-body’s interest in FBT to defendant Gat-tineri. (Docket Entry # 3, ¶¶ 17,18).

On July 2, 2013, Lieutenant Kevin Con-don (“Condon”) of the Massachusetts State Police, a member of the IEB (Docket Entry # 178, n.l), first learned about a possibility that an undisclosed principle in FBT “had a substantial criminal record.”¹² (Docket Entry # 169-3). At this point in time, the IEB was conducting a suitability investigation of Wynn as an applicant for a gaming license. (Docket Entry # 3, ¶¶ 3, 18). A few days later on July 9, 2013, IEB investigators interviewed defendant-DeN-unzio “about who had a financial interest in the Everett Parcel.” (Docket Entry # 3, ¶¶ 34, 35). On July 10 and 11, 2013, defendant DeNunzio made a number of false statements to IEB investigators about defendant Lightbody’s financial interest in the Everett parcel. (Docket Entry # 3, ¶ 38).

In late summer 2013, MCG brought the ownership issue to the attention of Wynn and Tocci. (Docket Entry ## 169-4, 169-5). Tocci testified that Lightbody’s name “came up because he was identified as having a. loan due him from one of the partners of the land” and “it was an actual note.” (Docket Entry # 169-5).

In late September 2014, state Indictments issued charging defendants with concealing defendant Lightbody’s interest in FBT from MGC investigators.¹³ On October 1, 2014, a grand jury returned the two count Indictment in this case.

DISCUSSION

Citing Brady, defendants move to compel the government to produce exculpatory information that Wynn was aware of defendant “Lightbody’s historic ownership interest in the Everett Parcel.” (Docket Entry # 169). According to defendants, such awareness undermines any claim by Wynn that defendant “Lightbody’s ownership status was material to its decision to purchase the Everett Parcel.” (Docket Entry # 169) (emphasis added). They submit that if Wynn knew about defendant Light-body’s historical interest in the property and that he was “in the process of being bought out,” then' Wynn’s failure to “engage in any meaningful due diligence to confirm that information” shows that it did not consider defendant Lightbody’s ownership interest material to its decision to enter into the option agreement and purchase the property from FBT. (Docket Entry ## 168, 169, 181). Defendants further contend that Wynn’s knowledge is exculpatory because it could “impeach any claims by Wynn” that defendant - Light-body’s ownership status was material to its decision to purchase the property. (Docket Entry # 169).

Defendants also argue that if Wynn was aware of defendant Lightbody’s ownership interest but feigned ignorance, it “would reveal an outrageous corruption” underscored by the fact that Wynn used the state’s investigation “to obtain a $40 million reduction” of the agreed upon purchase price of the Everett parcel. (Docket Entry # 169). Defendants maintain that Wynn’s awareness of defendant Light-body’s historic ownership interest, gleaned through Flaherty’s. and Matthews’ unauthorized access to the wire room, would likewise be highly exculpatory and negate defendants’ guilt. (Docket Entry # 169).

The government, argues that Wynn’s knowledge of defendant Lightbody’s historical ownership interest is neither exculpatory nor material to the defense because the relevant time period is from December 2012 to July 2013, when defendants concealed defendant Lightbody’s continued interest in the property from Wynn and MGC, as charged in the Indictment. The government also disputes any contention that IEB investigators and MGC were working as part of a joint investigative team with the United States Attorney’s Office. The government additionally points out that it produced the IEB interviews of Tocci and Mayor DeMaria as well as all relevant grand jury transcripts.

A. Materiality of Wynn’s Knowledge of Defendant Lightbody’s Interest

• Brady . requires the prosecutor “to disclose material evidence in his possession that is favorable to the defendant.” Drumgold v. Callahan, 707 F.3d 28, 38 (1st Cir.2013). “Evidence is favorable to the accused if it is either exculpatory or impeaching in nature and material if there is a reasonable probability that, had it been disclosed, the result of the proceeding would have been different.” United States v. Cruz-Feliciano, 786 F.3d 78, 87 (1st Cir.2015) (internal quotation marks omitted); see U.S. v. Bulger, 928 F.Supp.2d 306, 324 (D.Mass.2013) (materiality “is ‘traditionally assessed from the vantage point of appellate review”’ and “[cjourts consider evidence material if its disclosure has a ‘reasonable probability’ of affecting the outcome at trial”). “[Ejxculpatory evidence includes evidence that casts doubt on the credibility or accuracy of any witness the government anticipates calling at trial or any evidence the government expects to proffer at trial.” United States v. Moon, 2012 WL 2178923, at *2 (D.Mass. June 13, 2012) (citing United States v. Bagley, 473 U.S. 667, 678, 105 S.Ct. 3375, 87 L.Ed.2d 481 (1985), and Giglio v. United States, 405 U.S. 150, 154, 92 S.Ct. 763, 31 L.Ed.2d 104(1972)).

The Indictment "sets out charges of wire fraud and conspiracy to commit wire fraud. “The elements of a wire fraud conviction under 18 U.S.C. § 1343 are: (1) a scheme or artifice to defraud using false or fraudulent pretenses; (2) the defendant’s knowing and willing participation in the scheme or artifice with the intent to defraud; and (3) the use of the interstate wires in furtherance of the scheme.” United States v. Appolon, 715 F.3d 362, 367-368 (1st Cir.), cert. denied, — U.S. -, 134 S.Ct. 335, 187 L.Ed.2d 234 (2013). Notably, “[t]he false or fraudulent representation must be material” although the government does not have to show that “the decisionmaker actually relied on the falsehood.”. Id. A “ ‘false statement is material if it has a natural tendency to influence, or [is] capable of influencing, the decision of the decisionmaking body to which it was addressed.’ ” United States v. Blastos, 258 F.3d 25, 29 (1st Cir.2001) (quoting Neder v. United States, 527 U.S. , 119 S.Ct. 1827, 144 L.Ed.2d 35 (1999)).

In the fall of 2012, Wynn was preparing an application for a resort destination casino license located on the Everett parcel. Massachusetts law required MGC to deny a gaming license if the applicant was a convicted felon or has a close associate “that would not qualify for a license.” Mass. Gen. L. ch. 23K, § 16. Defendant Lightbody was a convicted felon and, purportedly unbeknownst to Wynn, had a financial interest in the Everett parcel at the time Wynn entered into the option agreement and when Wynn purchased the Everett parcel. (Docket Entry # 3, ¶¶ 7, 15,16). From the perspective 'of Wynn as a casino applicant, the fact that a convicted felon had a financial interest in the Everett parcel would have a natural tendency to influence Wynn’s decision to execute the option agreement and to continue the $100,000 monthly payments “[beginning in or about December 2012 and continuing until at least September 2014.” (Docket Entry # 3, ¶ 12). If Wynn knew about defendant Lightbody’s .financial interest and proceeded to execute the option agreement or make the monthly payments, then such evidence would tend to negate a finding that defendants’ misrepresentation or concealment of that fact was material. Wynn’s knowledge or the extent of its knowledge of defendant Lightbody’s interest at the time it signed the option agreement necessarily depends upon what it knew in the weeks preceding the agreement. The knowledge. Wynn acquired at and after it met with the two owners (defendant DeNunzio and Lohnes) at or near the property in the fall of 2012 (Docket Entry # 169-4, pp. 11-12) through July 2013, as charged in the Indictment,¹⁴ thus directly impacts a required element in the government’s case. It is therefore material under Brady because there is a reasonable probability that evidence of defendant Lightbody’s interest, if disclosed to Wynn or MGH during this relevant time period, will affect the outcome at trial.

B. Possession, Custody or Control

In order to comply with Brady, the “prosecutor has a duty to learn of any favorable, evidence known to the others acting on-the government’s béhalf in the case.” Kyles v. Whitley, 514 U.S. 419, 437, 115 S.Ct. 1555, 131 L.Ed.2d 490 (1995); accord United States v. Misla-Aldarondo, 478 F.3d 52, 66 n. 8 (1st Cir.2007) (quoting same language in Kyles and emphasizing the words “in the case”); United States v. Hampton, 109 F.Supp.3d 431, 438-39, 2015 WL 3794750, at *6 (D.Mass.2015) (quoting Kyles, 514 U.S. at 437, 115 S.Ct. 1555). The government’s disclosure duty, however, “only extend[s] to information in its possession, custody, or control.” United States v. Hall, 434 F.3d 42, 55 (1st Cir. 2006). Simply stated, “ ‘while a prosecutor must disclose information maintained by government agents even if the prosecutor herself does not possess the information, this duty does not extend to information possessed by government agents not working with the prosecution.’ ” United States v. Rivera-Rodriguez, 617 F.3d 581, 595 (1st Cir.2010) (quoting United States v. Hall, 434 F.3d at 55, and omitting internal citations).

Here, David Rubin, Esq. (“Attorney Rubin”), a special assistant United States Attorney in this prosecution, examined a number of grand jury witnesses on behalf of the government. (Docket Entry ## 169-2, Í69-4, 169-5). He entered an appearance in this case as “additional counsel for the United States” in December 2014. (Docket Entry # 48). Attorney Rubin is also listed as a prosecutor in the state prosecution on a grand jury tean-script along with Patrick Hanley, Esq. of the Gaming Enforcement Division of the Massachusetts Attorney General’s Office. (Docket Entry # 169-3). To state the obvious, Attorney Rubin was and is a member of the prosecution team in this case. The government therefore has an obligation to disclose exculpatory information of Wynn’s knowledge of defendant Lightbody’s interest known by Attorney Rubin even if acquired in the course of his involvement in the state investigation. See generally United States v. Bender, 304 F.3d 161, 164 (1st Cir.2002) (“individual prosecutor has a duty to find any evidence favorable to the defendant that was known to those acting on the • government’s behalf’ including “other members of the prosecuting team”); United States v. Osorio, 929 F.2d 763, 761 (1st Cir.1991) (“prosecutor charged with discovery obligations cannot avoid finding out what ‘the government’ knows, simply by declining to make reasonable inquiry of those in a position to have relevant knowledge” and prosecutor failed to discover impeachment evidence from others in his office); Freeman v. United States, 284 F.Supp.2d 217, 227 (D.Mass.2003) (under Brady “prosecutor has a duty to find any evidence favorable to the defendant that is known by the prosecution team, which includes their fellow attorneys and the police or FBI agents investigating the crime, that is, those acting on the government’s behalf in the case against the accused”).

Beyond disclosing exculpatory evidence of Wynn’s knowledge known to Attorney Rubin (or other member of the federal prosecution team), the government’s duty does not require disclosure of information possessed by a separate sovereign conducting its own investigation and not acting on behalf of the federal government. See Moreno-Morales v. United States, 334 F.3d 140, 146-147 (1st Cir. 2003). In Moreno-Morales,. the Puerto Rico Senate was conducting an independent investigation and “not acting on behalf of the federal government.” Id. at 146. Thus, even though “federal prosecutors may have observed some of the questioning and may have reopened their investigation as a result of what they learned in the hearings, the notes of the Senate hearings were under seal and there [was] no evidence that they were turned over to federal prosecutors.” Id. “Principles of federalism” therefore led the court to conclude that, “‘the state?s knowledge and possession of potential impeachment evidence cannot be imputed to a federal prosecutor for purposes of establishing a Brady violation.’ ” Id. at 146-147.

Here too, the Commonwealth is a separate sovereign conducting its own investigation. Moreover, the evidence presented is not sufficient to impose an affirmative duty on the federal prosecutors in this case to inquire and uncover exculpatory evidence of Wynn’s knowledge of defendant Lightbody’s interest in' the Everett parcel that remains in the possession of state investigators who were not acting on behalf of the prosecution in this case. The fact that the Indictment identifíés overt acts involving IEB investigators¹⁵ or that the state Indictments based on similar misconduct issued around the time of the Indictment in this case does not mean that IEB investigators were acting on behalf of the federal prosecutors in this case.

Defendants next submit that Flaherty and Matthews “were in effect made a part” of the prosecution team inasmuch as they “were given access to sensitive, confidential files” in the wire room. (Docket Entry # 168). Brady undeniably extends to “members of the prosecuting team, including police investigators working for the prosecution.” United States v. Bender, 304 F.3d at 164 (dicta); accord Kyles v. Whitley, 514 U.S. at 438, 115 S.Ct. 1555 (prosecutor “has a duty to learn of any favorable evidence known to the others acting on the government’s behalf in the case, including the police”). Who qualifies as a police investigator working for the prosecution, however, is debatable. See Lopez v. Massachusetts, 480 F.3d 591, 595 n. 4 (1st Cir.2007) (“Brady applies even if evidence is known only to police investigators, but who counts in the latter category could be debated”) (citing United States v. Bender, 304 F.3d at 164, and United States v. Osorio, 929 F.2d at 760-62). Here, Flaherty, a retired member of the state police, worked for Mintz Levin oh behalf of Wynn from October 18 to November 13, 2013.¹⁶ Matthews denies that he worked for Mintz Levin, ML Strategies or Wynn. Even assuming that they were seen in the wire room on a single occasion in the fall of 2013 (Docket Entry ## 181— 1, 181-2) at a time when Flaherty was working for Mintz Levin on behalf of Wynn¹⁷ (Docket Entry # 178-2) or were in the wiretap room in March 2014 on another matter (Docket Entry ## 178-1, 178-2), these facts do'not, without more, establish that they were members of the federal team or working on behalf of the federal government in its prosecution of this case.

Defendants* also seek an evidentiary hearing to ascertain “the apparent agency relationship between Matthews and Flaherty and the joint state/federal investigation team.”¹⁸ (Docket Entry # 169). A criminal defendant does not have an “ ‘absolute or presumptive right to insist'that the district court take testimony on every motion.’ ” United States v. Connolly, 504 F.3d 206, 219 (1st Cir.2007) (quoting United States v. Panitz, 907 F.2d 1267, 1273 (1st Cir.1990)). “The test for granting an evidentiary hearing in a criminal case” is “substantive: did the defendant make a sufficient threshold showing that material facts were in doubt or dispute?” United States v. Panitz, 907 F.2d at 1273. Although an agency relationship is relevant, the prosecutor’s “ ‘duty does not extend to information possessed by government agents not working with the prosecution.’ ” United States v. Rivera-Rodriguez, 617 F.3d at 595 (whereas “‘prosecutor must disclose information maintained by government agents ..., this duty does not extend to information possessed by government agents not working with the prosecution’ ”).

In the case at bar, there is not enough evidence to create a dispute that Flaherty and Matthews were working with the federal government in its prosecution in this case. Assuming for purposes of argument that they were observed in the wiretap room on a single occasion in the fall of 2013 at a time when Flaherty was performing work for Minz Levin on Wynn’s behalf" and were in the wiretap room'on another matter in March 2014, these facts do not create' a sufficient dispute that they were acting on behalf of the federal government in this case. It -is also worth noting that the wiretap room likely houses wiretap evidence in numerous, investigations and there is no indication that it houses only wiretap .evidence relative to a single proceeding, i.e., .the IEB investigation of defendants.¹⁹

C. Alleged Incident

Separately, defendants submit that the access of Flaherty and-Matthews, as civilians or private investigators, to the wiretap room raises serious questions about the integrity of the investigation and the prosecution of this case. According to defendants, allowing private investigators working for the victim, Wynn, access to the wiretap room, which houses confidential files, falls under Brady and likely amounts to a violation of Massachusetts criminal law. Assuming that the conduct, if true, violates'Massachusetts Attorney General’s Office rules restricting access to the wiretap room ’ or contravenes a general order of the state police regarding dissemination of confidential official business, defendants do not show how the information is exculpatory under Brady. Bad act or character evidence of a witness is generally .not admissible, Fed.R.Evid. 404, there is no criminal conviction of Flaherty or Matthews relative to their presence, if any, , in the wiretap room, see Fed.R.Evid. 609, and the conduct, if any, does not appear geared toward, untruthfulness on the part of either Flaherty or Matthews, see Fed.R.Evid. 608; United States v. Bunchan, 580 F.3d. 66, 71 (1st Cir.2009) (“Rule 608(b) only permits inquiry into prior conduct if the conduct is probative of the witness’s character for truthfulness or untruthfulness”). It is also well settled that, “[inadmissible evidence is by definition not material, because it never would have reached the jury and therefore could not have affected the trial outcome.” U.S. v. Ranney, 719 F.2d 1183, 1190 (1st Cir.1983). In addition, there is no showing or indication that the files in the wiretap room housed information relating to.Wynn’s knowledge of defendant Lightbody’s interest in the Everett parcel such that the evidence would support the premise that Wynn or MCG knew about defendant Lightbody’s interest during the above described fall 2012 through July 2013 time period. In any event, that information, if any, is subject to production, if known to Attorney Rubin as a member of the federal prosecution team.

D. Production

In sum, information known to Attorney Rubin regarding Wynn’s knowledge of defendant Lightbody’s financial' interest in the Everett parcel from the time of the, fall 2012 meeting with defendant DeNunzio and Lohnes at or near the property .to July 2013 is subject to production as exculpatory evidence to the extent it is encompassed in the applicable requests made by.defendants in the motion (Docket Entry # 168, pp. 5-6). The record fails to provide an adequate basis to require the government to produce the categories “relating to the Alleged Incident” (Docket Entry # 168, pp. 4-5). Defendants’ request for documents made by state and federal officials “during all interviews of James Michael Flood” (Docket Entry # 168, p. 6), however, is not subject to production. Brady only “applies to material that was known to the prosecution but unknown to the' defense.” United States v. Bender, 804 F.3d at 164; see United States v. Rodriguez, 162 F.3d 135, 147 (1st Cir.1998) (“government has no Brady burden when the necessary facts for impeachment -are readily available to a diligent defender, as they were here”). Flood was an employee of the DeNunzio Group and was at the meeting with defendant DeNunzio representing FBT in the fall of 2012. Defendants therefore know or have easy access to any information Flood might have given during the interviews.

In order to allow defendants sufficient time to use the exculpatory material effectively in preparing and presenting their case, see United States v. Van Anh, 523 F.3d 43, 51 (1st Cir.2008), the government is directed to disclose such information 21 days prior to trial, which is currently set'to commence on November 2, 2015. See United States v. Tsarnaev, 2013 WL 6196279, at *1 (D.Mass. Nov. 27, 2013) (“Brady information need only be disclosed ‘in adequate time for the information to be used effectively by the defense at trial’ ”) (quoting United States v. Brassard, 212 F.3d 54, 56 (1st Cir.2000)).

CONCLUSION

In accordance with the foregoing discussion, the motion to compel (Docket Entry # 168) is ALLOWED in part and DENIED in part.

1 . Although the parties' dispute centers upon production of the historical interest, the motion is not limited to Wynn’s knowledge of defendant Lightbody’s historical interest because it seeks “all evidence and information in its possession, custody or control relating to Wynn's knowledge of Lightbody’s alleged ownership interest in the Everett Parcel.” (Docket Entry # 168).

2 , Facts are culled from affidavits, grand jury testimony, the Indictment and other submissions by the parties.

3 . It also includes forfeiture allegations under 18 U.S.C. § 981 and 28 U.S.C. § 2461.

4 . The government does not specifically challenge a recitation in defendants’ brief of an audio file of an interview with ML Strategies’ President wherein he stated that Wynn retained him ‘‘roughly seven years ago.” (Docket Entry # 169, p. 8).

5 . (Docket Entry # 169-5, p. 17).

6 . Defendants represent that Flood "was employed by the DeNunzio Group, the Manager of FBT,” (Docket Entry # 169).

7 . The government does not challenge the accuracy of defendants' recitation (Docket Entry # 169, p. l4) of Flood’s testimony before the grand jury.

8 .In June 2014, the Investigations and Enforcement Bureau of MGC ("IEB”) interviewed Mayor Carlo DeMaria ("Mayor De-Maria”) of the City of Everett, according to defendants. During the interview, Mayor De-Maria stated that Havern "asked if we knew” defendant Lightbody. (Docket Entry # 169, p. 12). The government does not question the accuracy of defendants' recitation of the Mayor’s statement set out in their brief.

9 . Defendants' brief recites the conversation (Docket Entry # 169) and the government does not challenge the accuracy of defendants' transcription. Tocci also recounted the conversation to the grand jury. (Docket Entry # 169-5).

10 . The conversation took place before Wynn executed the December 19, 2012 option agreement.

11 .(Docket Entry # 169-5, p. 17).

12 . Defendants do not dispute the government’s statement that Condon was part of the IEB. The government also represents that the IEB learned about defendant Lightbody’s interest in July 2013.

13 . The government disputes defendants’ statements (Docket Entry # 169, p. 5) that' the federal and state Indictments " ‘were the culmination of a joint criminal investigation by the U.S. Attorney’s Office ... and the IEB of the Massachusetts Gaming Commission.’" (Docket Entry # 178, n.l). The government does not dispute the existence of the state Indictments or defendants' description of them as charging defendants with impeding the IEB and the MGC by making false statements about defendant Lightbody's ownership of FBT and tampering with documents used in an official MGC proceeding.

14 . The Indictment sets the time of the conspiracy as "continuing through in or about July 2013.” (Docket Entry # 3, ¶ 14).

15 . As pointed out by defendants, the Indictment identifies overt acts that defendants DeNunzio and Lightbody made false statements to IEB investigators in early July 2013 about the latter’s financial interest in the Everett parcel.

16 . By letter dated July 6, 2015, Wynn's attorney denied that Wynn employed the investigators.

17 . Flaherty denies that he performed “any work for Wynn at the Massachusetts Attorney General’s Office.” (Docket Entry # 178-2).

18 . Defendants do not provide any law to support the request. ■

19 . John J. Walsh, a former detective lieutenant of the Massachusetts State Police, attests that during his 38 year career with the Massachusetts State Police, he “worked on numerous state and federal narcotics investigations in which electronic surveillance known as wiretaps were used. and that “strict rules and laws” govern “all aspects of wiretaps, including who may have access to the wiretap room.” (Docket Entry # 181-1, ¶ 2) (emphasis added).