Opinion of the Court
COX, Chief Judge:
This ease involves a post-trial claim by a defense witness that he overheard a conversation between court members indicating that the members had been subjected to unlawful command influence. We sustain the findings of both courts below that whatever the witness may have heard did not amount to evidence of command influence, so we affirm.
Appellant was convicted by a general court-martial with members at Seymour [254] Johnson Air Force Base, N.C., in accordance with his plea by exceptions and substitutions of conduct unbecoming an officer, in violation of Article 133, Uniform Code of Military Justice, 10 USC § 933.1 Contrary to his pleas, he was convicted of distributing cocaine, in violation of Article 112a, UCMJ, 10 USC § 912a. The panel sentenced him to dismissal, confinement, and forfeiture of $2000.00 pay per month for 2 years. The convening authority approved the sentence, and the Court of Criminal Appeals affirmed. 43 MJ 693 (1995).
We granted review of these issues:
I
WHETHER THE MILITARY JUDGE ERRED BY FAILING TO FIND UNLAWFUL COMMAND INFLUENCE IN MAJOR DENIER’S CASE AND TO GRANT A REHEARING FOLLOWING A POST-TRIAL ARTICLE 39(a), UCMJ, SESSION WHERE THE MILITARY JUDGE LEARNED THAT TWO PANEL MEMBERS HAD DISCUSSED MAJOR DENIER’S CASE IN A LATRINE AND THAT THEY BELIEVED THAT BECAUSE OF “COMMAND INTEREST” THEY HAD NO CHOICE BUT TO RENDER CERTAIN RESULTS IN APPELLANT’S COURT-MARTIAL.
II
WHETHER BASED UPON THE “COMMAND INTEREST” CONVERSATION TWO PANEL MEMBERS HAD IN A LATRINE AT LEAST TWO OF THE COURT MEMBERS WERE NOT FREE TO RENDER AN IMPARTIAL VERDICT AND DID NOT ANSWER HONESTLY DURING VOIR DIRE.
We resolve both issues against appellant.
The Court of Criminal Appeals set out the background facts succinctly:
Appellant was a married emergency room physician at Seymour Johnson Air Force Base, North Carolina. He has prior active duty service as an Army physician. Mrs. G is the young wife of an Air Force enlisted man, Airman First Class G. Appellant saw Mrs. G as a patient, treating her for a variety of medical problems. Appellant used this professional contact as a springboard for a personal relationship, which included drinks at a bar, rides in his sports car, and discussion of a motel room rendezvous. Appellant admitted this unbecoming conduct, which formed the basis for his guilty plea to the Article 133 offense. At the appellant’s request, the military judge informed the court members of his guilty plea before they heard evidence on the contested cocaine distribution charge.
The remaining facts are in dispute. According to Mrs. G, she admitted past use of cocaine during one of her conversations with the appellant. Subsequently, the appellant told Mrs. G that he could supply her with some. Mrs. G told her husband about her relationship with the appellant, including his cocaine offer. Airman G was irate, and reported the matter to the Air Force Office of Special Investigations (AFOSI) at Seymour Johnson. AFOSI agents contacted Mrs. G and she agreed to help them. AFOSI agents monitored a telephone conversation between the appellant and Mrs. G., and set up a “sting” operation in a Seymour Johnson billeting room.
AFOSI installed a video camera (picture only, no sound) in the billeting room. Mrs. G knew there was a camera, but the agents did not tell her where it was. By happenstance, the appellant put several bottles in front of the camera, obscuring the view of the appellant and Mrs. G much of the time. As a result, we never see cocaine produced [255] by either the appellant or Mrs. G. However, while the appellant is out of the room getting ice, we have an unobstructed view of Mrs. G, and she does not take anything from her body or clothing. Upon Mrs. G’s signal that cocaine had been passed, agents entered the room, discovered cocaine spread out on a table, and apprehended the appellant. AFOSI also seized a razor blade and a straw cut in two pieces from the appellant’s briefcase.
Appellant testified he was the victim of an extortion scheme cooked up by Airman and Mrs. G. According to the appellant, Mrs. G must have secreted the cocaine in her clothes or a body cavity, taken it out while he was out of the billeting room getting ice, and signaled AFOSI agents to enter. [2] Appellant explained he used the razor blade to cut up his own prescription medication into smaller doses, and cut the straw so Mrs. G could play with the pieces. He then described receiving “anonymous" letters — but written in such a way to obviously imply that the author was Airman G — demanding money in exchange for dropping the charges. Appellant’s civilian lawyer submitted these letters to a private forensic consultant, who discovered a hidden, indented writing on one letter. This hidden writing purported to be the full signature of Airman G.[3]
43 MJ at 696-97 (footnote omitted).
The granted issues derive from a post-trial letter and the post-trial Article 39(a), UCMJ, 10 USC § 839(a), testimony of Captain Deputy Sheriff Michael Farrell of Burke County, Georgia. Farrell was a friend of appellant and a retired Army major. As a service company commander, Farrell had been appellant’s commander for a time when appellant was in the Army. Farrell traveled to Seymour Johnson AFB on appellant’s behalf as a potential defense character witness at the court-martial. Ultimately, Farrell was not called upon to testify, but instead his written statement was submitted during the presentencing phase of the trial. Farrell asserts that, as a potential witness, he “waited outside” the court room as instructed and did not attend any sessions of the trial.
The granted issues relate to a conversation Farrell reports overhearing in a latrine near the court room on the fourth day of the court-martial. See infra. Farrell deduced that the participants to the conversation were court members, and he regarded the tenor of the conversation as highly improper. Farrell concluded that command influence must have been at play in the court-martial and that, as a result, the members were predisposed to find appellant guilty or to sentence him severely.
Though Farrell had abundant opportunity to alert defense counsel or appellant of this impending injustice during recesses in the court-martial, he did not do so. Instead, he returned to Georgia before findings were announced. According to Farrell’s post-trial testimony, he decided not to destroy the putative court members’ careers. He reasoned:
I know how difficult it is to get promoted in the service. I know by looking at those fellows with the amount of decorations they had that they were comers and they had a career ahead of them. I thought, and I wasn’t privy to anything that went on in the trial inside the courtroom because I never sat inside of it, so I don’t know if Major Denier was innocent or guilty, except that they found him guilty. I figured in my mind, I figured if I opened [256] up this, I said “this is a can of worms,” and I figured that if he was found guilty that he wouldn’t get a harsh sentence, which I considered that sentence harsh.
He further explained:
I did not think that Major Denier would be found guilty or at least punished to the extent that he was punished. And I was going to let sleeping dogs lie.
When he found out the results of the trial, Farrell was “shocked.” As he later testified:
I balanced men’s careers who I think probably thought that they were doing the right thing against Major Denier’s life. And when I found out what his punishment was going to be, I said well “In that case I think that what happened is that they were given the word to slamdunk him and they did,” and I said, “at that point in time, you’ve got to do something about it.”
What Farrell decided to do was to write the Secretary of the Air Force. While he was in the process of writing the letter, he happened to have lunch with one of the judges in his county, and he asked the judge his opinion on the matter. The judge reportedly commented, “Oh, if I were the sitting Judge, I’d be interested. I’d want to know.” But Farrell did not notify the military judge, or trial counsel, or defense counsel, or even appellant.
Instead, he sent the following letter, dated September 8,1993, to the Secretary:
[257] [[Image here]]
In due course, the information was forwarded to the military judge, who immediately ordered counsel to review the letter and to communicate to him their respective positions. In accordance with the defense response, the military judge then ordered a post-trial Article 39(a) session. As it was ascertained that three of the six court members would not be available at the time of that session, and indeed that one of the members was abroad on an extended assignment, the military judge drafted a proposed questionnaire for the members, which he provided to counsel.
After the military judge reviewed counsel’s comments and made revisions based thereon, a two-page packet was distributed to the [258] members. See Appendix I at 262. The first page was an introductory, explanatory letter to the members. The letter required the members to acknowledge, by signature, that they had “Received and understood” the documents. All members signed the first document.
The second page was the questionnaire, advising the members of the general nature of the allegedly overheard conversation, and asking the members to indicate, by initialing, the appropriate response. All of the members initialed the response:
I am absolutely certain that I never overheard nor participated in such a conversation, nor am I aware that this or a similar conversation occurred.
All but one of the questionnaires was signed by the respective members and attested by facially bona fide officials. The remaining questionnaire was not signed by the member, but was nevertheless subscribed by an officer described as “CAPT, USAF[,] ASST OPERATIONS OFFICER.” At the post-trial Article 39(a) session, the military judge accepted all documents from the members as appellate exhibits; there were no objections by the parties..
After receipt of the documents, the only witness at the post-trial session was Mr. Farrell, who was called at the behest of the court. He testified that he had been present at the court-martial “on Monday [August 16, 1993], and ... [he] stayed through till Saturday [August 21].” The court-martial was in session from Tuesday, August 17, through Saturday, August 21, and it was completed on Monday, August 23. Farrell testified that, during the entire week he was at Seymour Johnson AFB, he “waited outside [the court room] as ... [he] was instructed.”
Apparently, Farrell had at least a general idea of who the court members were, because when asked by civilian defense counsel about “the movement of the jury in and out of the courtroom, down the hallway in front of the courtroom from using the latrines during that week,” he testified:
They were up and down that hallway a number of times. When you released them from the courtroom, they’d walk up — I guess their jury room was up that way. I don’t know for sure, but I would think so because they would walk up that way. Sometimes they walked and got coffee out of the little coffee break room.
Farrell remembered that the members “always wore ... [their Air Force dress blues]. [He] remember[ed] it was hot and the air conditioner wasn’t working very well in the building.”
When asked by the military judge to “describe in words as accurate as you remember, the entire conversation, that you over-' heard” in the latrine, Farrell replied:
Well, I put down in my letter what I remembered, and as time goes on, my memory ... I didn’t take notes when I was in the stall. I refrained from putting in one of the comments in that letter because I didn’t really think it had a lot to do with what I found out, and I thought it was kind of disrespectful, so I didn’t put it in there. But it led me to believe that these two people who were speaking were members of the jury. They were rather crude in their remarks concerning the prosecutor and they said several crude things and then they went on to say basically that “if it weren’t for command interest and problems they were having with the sexuality with the Tailhook scandal,” their words, not mine, “Major Denier probably wouldn’t get found guilty or just get a slap on the wrist.” One of them said, and I remember that, he said, “Shit happens,” and the other fellow said, “As long as it doesn’t happen to me,” which is not very complimentary, but that’s basically what they said. The reason I didn’t put the comment about the prosecutor down was because, like I said, it was kind of rough and I didn’t know where that letter was going to go and who was going to read it.[4]
[259] When the military judge asked whether the conversation was really about the prosecutor, Farrell responded:
What I thought was, and I think this is exactly ... This is what I thought. I thought what they said was that they had made up their mind the prosecutor wouldn’t have got a conviction. That’s what I thought, and I thought that’s what they were saying, and I still believe that’s what they are saying, that they had made up their mind and that there was in fact command interest or influence.
On examination by defense counsel, Farrell expanded:
It’s very clear to me when they said that about the prosecutor and then they said about command influence and they said about Tail Hook, that they had been leaned on and told what to do.
When Farrell “hear[d] a zipper go up,” he “stood up to see if ... [he] could catch a good view of the people who were making these statements.” Cracking the stall door, he noticed that both men were lieutenant colonels, both were in blue uniforms, and both were Caucasians. According to Farrell, they all [sic] had what I call “fruit salad,” a bunch of ribbons. It looked like they were aviators, but they had some big wings, but one of them was a parachutist.
Farrell testified that he did not get a good look at their faces and that, even if they were standing in front of him, he could not identify them.
A review of the court-members’ official records revealed that all were male lieutenant colonels, all were Caucasian, two of the six were authorized to wear jump wings, and four of the six were authorized to wear aviator wings. Further, the military judge noted for the record that, with the exception of civilian defense counsel, everyone associated with the court-martial wore the Air Force “Class A uniform” throughout the trial.
In Farrell’s recollection, this conversation occurred on Friday [August 20]. With the concurrence of the defense, the court members had been informed by the military judge on Tuesday, August 17, that appellant had pleaded guilty to conduct unbecoming an officer in connection with his relationship with Mrs. G.
Based on Farrell’s testimony that he did not see the supposed members’ faces, the defense agreed with the military judge that it would be useless to have Farrell attempt to identify the speakers “through photographs or otherwise.” Neither the military judge nor the parties desired that any other witnesses be called.
Thereafter, the military judge heard the arguments of counsel. In essence, the defense argued that command influence had been sufficiently shown to warrant setting aside the findings and sentence and that a rehearing should be granted or the charges dismissed. The Government disputed the probability of Farrell’s testimony. The military judge then adjourned the post-trial Article 39(a) session on November 2, 1993, pending transcription and authentication of the record.
On November 16, 1993, the military judge authenticated the record and issued Post-Trial Ruling No. 1. Appendix II at 264. Therein he cited many of the facts set out above. The judge seems to have concluded that Farrell indeed overheard a conversation in the latrine and that there was a “reference to Tailhook and the command interest that followed.” However, the judge was not impressed, for a variety of reasons, with the “interpretation of the conversation” derived by Farrell. Ultimately, the judge concluded, “There is no evidence that any unlawful command interest, direct or indirect, was brought to bear upon the members in this case.” (Emphasis added.) Accordingly, the military judge found no basis to impeach the findings and sentence. See ROM 923, Manual for Courts-Martial, United States (1995 ed.).
The Court of Criminal Appeals similarly found various “dubious aspects of Mr. Farrell’s story.” Assuming — not finding — Farrell's testimony to be substantially accurate, that court held:
Appellant has presented no evidence that anyone “acting with the mantle of com[260] mand authority” attempted to influence this court-martial.
48 MJ at 699 (emphasis added), citing, inter alia, United States v. Ayala, 43 MJ 296, 300 (1995); United States v. Stombaugh, 40 MJ 208, 211, 213 (CMA 1994); United States v. Allen, 33 MJ 209 (CMA 1991); United States v. Thomas, 22 MJ 388 (CMA 1986).
Before this Court, appellant reiterates his contention that command influence tainted his court-martial, and he argues that, “[a]t the very least, ... a DuBay hearing [should] be held to resolve unanswered questions concerning the nonresponse of one of the court members through his unsigned affidavit.” Final Brief at 12. See United States v. Du-Bay, 17 USCMA 147, 37 CMR 411 (1967). Appellant also argues that the alleged conversation demonstrates that he “did not receive a fair trial,” in that “at least two of ... [the members] were not candid during voir dire about outside influences on their decisions as court members____” Final Brief at 12.
We noted in Thomas, supra at 393, that “[c]ommand influence is the mortal enemy of military justice.” In pertinent part, Article 37(a), UCMJ, 10 USC § 837(a), denounces command influence in these terms:
No person subject to this chapter may attempt to coerce or, by any unauthorized means, influence the actions of a court-martial or any other military tribunal or any member thereof, in reaching the findings or sentence in any case, or the action of any convening, approving, or reviewing authority with respect to his judicial acts.
We have construed the unlawful-command-influence species of Article 37 as “involvflng] some mantle of command authority in the alleged unlawful activity.” Stombaugh, supra at 211.5
Appellant’s burden here was to demonstrate that someone “acting with the ‘mantle of command authority' ” attempted to influence the court-martial. Ayala, 43 MJ at 300. Being a court without factfinding power, Art. 67(e), UCMJ, 10 USC § 867(c)(1994), we accept the assumptions of the courts below that Farrell was not fabricating in claiming that he overheard a conversation relating to the Tailhook scandal and its impact on the military community. Mere common knowledge, however, of front-page, newsworthy events does not equate to evidence of improper command influence.
The lower court’s conclusions that no evidence of command influence was shown by the proponent are fully justified in this record. In particular, the findings of the military judge make it clear that: (1) all of the members denied making any of the disputed statements; (2) Farrell could not positively identify the statements as having been made by a court member; (3) the circumstances raised significant doubts as to the precision of Farrell’s recollection, and Farrell’s recollection of the substance of the conversation “lackfed] credibility”; (4) the defense introduced no evidence of influence by persons acting under the mantle of command authority, and the defense was not denied any opportunity to obtain such evidence from the members or the command.
We also reject appellant’s call for' a DuBay hearing to investigate further the unsigned affidavit of one of the members. First, when of the matter of the affidavits was expressly before the court-martial in post-trial session, the defense offered no objection to the documents and it affirmatively declined the opportunity to call additional witnesses. The opportunity to obtain a fuller explanation of the member’s affidavit was thereby waived.
Furthermore, there is a perfectly plausible explanation for the absence of the signature. The documents were sent as part of a two-page packet. The member was requested to sign the first page, which he did. The place for signature attestation was at the bottom of [261] the second page. If the document was perceived as an integrated, two-page submission, it would seem quite plausible to construe it as unnecessary to sign more than once. This assumption is buttressed by the fact that the place for the affiant’s signature on the second page is indented beneath the election requesting a private conference with the military judge. This juxtaposition may readily have suggested that the second page should only be signed if the member was requesting such a conference. The defense’s disinterest in seeking more information when the opportunity was afforded moots further speculation.
Appellant’s allegation of partiality of the court members also fails. Even though no evidence of unlawful command influence was presented, a member’s partiality would be open to question, of course, if it were shown that the member believed that a particular result should be obtained to please the command. In such circumstances, there would be no requirement to prove that a person with the mantle of command authority had acted improperly because the issue of impartiality focuses on the belief of the member, not the position of the command. Here, the responses by the members to the questionnaire, in light of the military judge’s and Court of Criminal Appeals’ findings that Farrell’s recollection lacked credibility, are sufficient to reject the claim of partiality.
The decision of the United States Air Force Court of Criminal Appeals is affirmed.
Judges CRAWFORD, GIERKE, and EFFRON concur.