USCA11 Case: 21-11970 Date Filed: 02/25/2022 Page: 1 of 8
[DO NOT PUBLISH] In the United States Court of Appeals For the Eleventh Circuit
____________________
No. 21-11970 Non-Argument Calendar ____________________
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Plaintiff-Appellee, versus DAVID EMANUL JONES, a.k.a. David Emanuel Jones,
Defendant-Appellant. ____________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida D.C. Docket No. 8:07-cr-00009-JDW-TGW-2 ____________________ USCA11 Case: 21-11970 Date Filed: 02/25/2022 Page: 2 of 8
2 Opinion of the Court 21-11970
Before ROSENBAUM, NEWSOM, and GRANT, Circuit Judges. PER CURIAM: David Emanul Jones, a federal prisoner proceeding pro se, appeals the district court’s denial of his motion for compassionate release under 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(1)(A), as amended by Section 603(b) of the First Step Act. 1 In support, he argues only that the district court erred in failing to acknowledge that it had the discre- tion to include the First Step Act’s amendments to one of his stat- utes of conviction, 18 U.S.C. § 924(c), in its consideration of whether he demonstrated extraordinary and compelling circum- stances supporting compassionate release. He has also moved to “moot” the government’s response brief due to its failure to re- spond to his initial brief by an initially extended deadline, which was extended further following two unsuccessful motions by Jones to appoint counsel. Further, he has requested that we stay further appellate proceedings in light of two petitions for certiorari filed in cases arising in other circuits, both of which the Supreme Court has since denied. The government has not responded to Jones’s initial brief or his two motions. Instead, it responds by moving for summary af- firmance of the district court’s denial of compassionate release and a stay of the briefing schedule. It argues that our binding precedent forecloses Jones’s claim that the district court was not bound by
1 Pub. L. No. 115-391, 132 Stat. 5194, 5239 (Dec. 21, 2018) (“First Step Act”). USCA11 Case: 21-11970 Date Filed: 02/25/2022 Page: 3 of 8
21-11970 Opinion of the Court 3
U.S.S.G. § 1B1.13, and the court correctly found that he failed to show extraordinary and compelling circumstances within the con- straints of that policy statement. For ease of reference, we will first address the questions posed by Jones’s two pending motions, followed by the issue of summary affirmance. I. Our Rules generally require an appellee to serve and file its brief within 30 days of service of the appellant’s brief. 11th Cir. R. 31-1(a). However, a pending motion for appointment of counsel tolls the preceding deadline, and allows the appellee to serve and file its brief within 40 days of our ruling on that motion. Id. 31-1(b). Moreover, an issue is moot when events have occurred that de- prive us of the ability to give the appellant meaningful relief. United States v. Al-Arian, 514 F.3d 1184, 1189 (11th Cir. 2008). As discussed further infra, the circumstances under which a district court may grant compassionate release are narrow, and we have held that, in considering whether a movant has made the req- uisite showing that extraordinary and compelling circumstances support compassionate release, district courts may only consider those reasons enumerated in U.S.S.G. § 1B1.13. United States v. Bryant, 996 F.3d 1243, 1248 (11th Cir.), cert. denied, 142 S. Ct. 583 (2021). Moreover, the Supreme Court recently denied certiorari in two appeals from other circuits addressing the circumstances that may constitute extraordinary and compelling reasons. See United USCA11 Case: 21-11970 Date Filed: 02/25/2022 Page: 4 of 8
4 Opinion of the Court 21-11970
States v. Jarvis, 999 F.3d 442, 444 (6th Cir. 2021), cert. denied, (U.S. Jan. 10, 2022) (No. 21-568) (determining that a district court may not include the First Step Act’s amendment to § 924(c) in its con- sideration of whether extraordinary and compelling circumstances support compassionate release); United States v. Watford, 2021 WL 3856295 at 1 (7th Cir. 2021) (unpublished), cert. denied, (U.S. Jan. 10, 2022) (No. 21-551) (same). Here, both of Jones’s motions on appeal lack merit. First, as to his motion to “moot” the government’s response brief, his first intervening motion to appoint counsel, which we denied, tolled the deadline for the government to file its response brief. In the meantime, the government moved for summary affirmance, and because we conclude infra that such relief is warranted, any request by Jones related to the government’s response brief is now moot. See Al-Arian, 514 F.3d at 1189. Second, Jones’s motion to stay further appellate proceedings is also moot because the Supreme Court has denied certiorari in both of the decisions he relies on. See id.; Jarvis, 999 F.3d 442, cert. denied, (U.S. Jan. 10, 2022); Watford, 2021 WL 3856295, cert. de- nied, (U.S. Jan. 10, 2022). Therefore, we hereby DENY both of the foregoing motions. II. Summary disposition is appropriate, in part, where “the po- sition of one of the parties is clearly right as a matter of law so that there can be no substantial question as to the outcome of the case, USCA11 Case: 21-11970 Date Filed: 02/25/2022 Page: 5 of 8
21-11970 Opinion of the Court 5
or where, as is more frequently the case, the appeal is frivolous.” Groendyke Transp., Inc. v. Davis, 406 F.2d 1158, 1162 (5th Cir. 1969). Where appropriate, we will review a district court’s denial of a prisoner’s motion for modification of sentence under 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(1)(A) for an abuse of discretion. United States v. Harris, 989 F.3d 908, 911 (11th Cir. 2021). An abuse of discretion occurs when a district court applies an incorrect legal standard, applies the law in an incorrect or unreasonable fashion, fails to follow proper procedures in making a determination, or makes clearly erroneous factual findings. United States v. McLean, 802 F.3d 1228, 1233 (11th Cir. 2015). However, an appellant “must convince us that every stated ground for the judgment against him is incorrect.” Sapuppo v. All- state Floridian Ins. Co., 739 F.3d 678, 680 (11th Cir. 2014). If the “appellant fails to challenge properly on appeal one of the grounds on which the district court based its judgment, he is deemed to have abandoned any challenge of that ground, and it follows that the judgment is due to be affirmed.” Id. In this respect, an appel- lant abandons a claim when he makes it only by passing reference or in a perfunctory manner without authority or argument in sup- port. United States v. Smith, 967 F.3d 1196, 1204 n.5 (11th Cir. 2020), cert. denied, 141 S. Ct. 2538 (2021). Moreover, although pro se filings are construed liberally, all litigants must comply with the applicable procedural rules. See United States v.
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USCA11 Case: 21-11970 Date Filed: 02/25/2022 Page: 1 of 8
[DO NOT PUBLISH] In the United States Court of Appeals For the Eleventh Circuit
____________________
No. 21-11970 Non-Argument Calendar ____________________
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Plaintiff-Appellee, versus DAVID EMANUL JONES, a.k.a. David Emanuel Jones,
Defendant-Appellant. ____________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida D.C. Docket No. 8:07-cr-00009-JDW-TGW-2 ____________________ USCA11 Case: 21-11970 Date Filed: 02/25/2022 Page: 2 of 8
2 Opinion of the Court 21-11970
Before ROSENBAUM, NEWSOM, and GRANT, Circuit Judges. PER CURIAM: David Emanul Jones, a federal prisoner proceeding pro se, appeals the district court’s denial of his motion for compassionate release under 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(1)(A), as amended by Section 603(b) of the First Step Act. 1 In support, he argues only that the district court erred in failing to acknowledge that it had the discre- tion to include the First Step Act’s amendments to one of his stat- utes of conviction, 18 U.S.C. § 924(c), in its consideration of whether he demonstrated extraordinary and compelling circum- stances supporting compassionate release. He has also moved to “moot” the government’s response brief due to its failure to re- spond to his initial brief by an initially extended deadline, which was extended further following two unsuccessful motions by Jones to appoint counsel. Further, he has requested that we stay further appellate proceedings in light of two petitions for certiorari filed in cases arising in other circuits, both of which the Supreme Court has since denied. The government has not responded to Jones’s initial brief or his two motions. Instead, it responds by moving for summary af- firmance of the district court’s denial of compassionate release and a stay of the briefing schedule. It argues that our binding precedent forecloses Jones’s claim that the district court was not bound by
1 Pub. L. No. 115-391, 132 Stat. 5194, 5239 (Dec. 21, 2018) (“First Step Act”). USCA11 Case: 21-11970 Date Filed: 02/25/2022 Page: 3 of 8
21-11970 Opinion of the Court 3
U.S.S.G. § 1B1.13, and the court correctly found that he failed to show extraordinary and compelling circumstances within the con- straints of that policy statement. For ease of reference, we will first address the questions posed by Jones’s two pending motions, followed by the issue of summary affirmance. I. Our Rules generally require an appellee to serve and file its brief within 30 days of service of the appellant’s brief. 11th Cir. R. 31-1(a). However, a pending motion for appointment of counsel tolls the preceding deadline, and allows the appellee to serve and file its brief within 40 days of our ruling on that motion. Id. 31-1(b). Moreover, an issue is moot when events have occurred that de- prive us of the ability to give the appellant meaningful relief. United States v. Al-Arian, 514 F.3d 1184, 1189 (11th Cir. 2008). As discussed further infra, the circumstances under which a district court may grant compassionate release are narrow, and we have held that, in considering whether a movant has made the req- uisite showing that extraordinary and compelling circumstances support compassionate release, district courts may only consider those reasons enumerated in U.S.S.G. § 1B1.13. United States v. Bryant, 996 F.3d 1243, 1248 (11th Cir.), cert. denied, 142 S. Ct. 583 (2021). Moreover, the Supreme Court recently denied certiorari in two appeals from other circuits addressing the circumstances that may constitute extraordinary and compelling reasons. See United USCA11 Case: 21-11970 Date Filed: 02/25/2022 Page: 4 of 8
4 Opinion of the Court 21-11970
States v. Jarvis, 999 F.3d 442, 444 (6th Cir. 2021), cert. denied, (U.S. Jan. 10, 2022) (No. 21-568) (determining that a district court may not include the First Step Act’s amendment to § 924(c) in its con- sideration of whether extraordinary and compelling circumstances support compassionate release); United States v. Watford, 2021 WL 3856295 at 1 (7th Cir. 2021) (unpublished), cert. denied, (U.S. Jan. 10, 2022) (No. 21-551) (same). Here, both of Jones’s motions on appeal lack merit. First, as to his motion to “moot” the government’s response brief, his first intervening motion to appoint counsel, which we denied, tolled the deadline for the government to file its response brief. In the meantime, the government moved for summary affirmance, and because we conclude infra that such relief is warranted, any request by Jones related to the government’s response brief is now moot. See Al-Arian, 514 F.3d at 1189. Second, Jones’s motion to stay further appellate proceedings is also moot because the Supreme Court has denied certiorari in both of the decisions he relies on. See id.; Jarvis, 999 F.3d 442, cert. denied, (U.S. Jan. 10, 2022); Watford, 2021 WL 3856295, cert. de- nied, (U.S. Jan. 10, 2022). Therefore, we hereby DENY both of the foregoing motions. II. Summary disposition is appropriate, in part, where “the po- sition of one of the parties is clearly right as a matter of law so that there can be no substantial question as to the outcome of the case, USCA11 Case: 21-11970 Date Filed: 02/25/2022 Page: 5 of 8
21-11970 Opinion of the Court 5
or where, as is more frequently the case, the appeal is frivolous.” Groendyke Transp., Inc. v. Davis, 406 F.2d 1158, 1162 (5th Cir. 1969). Where appropriate, we will review a district court’s denial of a prisoner’s motion for modification of sentence under 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(1)(A) for an abuse of discretion. United States v. Harris, 989 F.3d 908, 911 (11th Cir. 2021). An abuse of discretion occurs when a district court applies an incorrect legal standard, applies the law in an incorrect or unreasonable fashion, fails to follow proper procedures in making a determination, or makes clearly erroneous factual findings. United States v. McLean, 802 F.3d 1228, 1233 (11th Cir. 2015). However, an appellant “must convince us that every stated ground for the judgment against him is incorrect.” Sapuppo v. All- state Floridian Ins. Co., 739 F.3d 678, 680 (11th Cir. 2014). If the “appellant fails to challenge properly on appeal one of the grounds on which the district court based its judgment, he is deemed to have abandoned any challenge of that ground, and it follows that the judgment is due to be affirmed.” Id. In this respect, an appel- lant abandons a claim when he makes it only by passing reference or in a perfunctory manner without authority or argument in sup- port. United States v. Smith, 967 F.3d 1196, 1204 n.5 (11th Cir. 2020), cert. denied, 141 S. Ct. 2538 (2021). Moreover, although pro se filings are construed liberally, all litigants must comply with the applicable procedural rules. See United States v. Padgett, 917 F.3d 1312, 1316 n.3, 1317 (11th Cir. 2019). USCA11 Case: 21-11970 Date Filed: 02/25/2022 Page: 6 of 8
6 Opinion of the Court 21-11970
District courts lack the inherent authority to modify a term of imprisonment but may do so to the extent that a statute ex- pressly permits. 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(1)(B). In 2018, Congress en- acted the First Step Act, which, in part, amended 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(1)(A) to increase the use and transparency of compassion- ate release of federal prisoners. See First Step Act § 603. As rele- vant here, the First Step Act also amended § 924(c), which previ- ously imposed a 25-year mandatory minimum consecutive sen- tence for a second or subsequent § 924(c) conviction, even when both or all such convictions resulted from a single prosecution. Smith, 967 F.3d at 1210. After the First Step Act, the 25-year man- datory minimum consecutive sentences now apply “only where the later conviction is for a § 924(c) violation that occurs after a previous one has become final. Id.; but see id. at 1212–13 (holding that the foregoing does not apply retroactively to defendants sen- tenced before the enactment of the First Step Act). Even after the First Step Act, however, a “court may not modify a term of imprisonment once it has been imposed” except under certain circumstances. 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c). In the context of compassionate release, the statute requires exhaustion of remedies and otherwise provides that: [T]he court, upon motion of the Director of the [BOP], or upon motion of the defendant after the de- fendant has fully exhausted all administrative rights to appeal a failure of the [BOP] to bring a motion on the defendant’s behalf or the lapse of 30 days from the USCA11 Case: 21-11970 Date Filed: 02/25/2022 Page: 7 of 8
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receipt of such a request by the warden of the defend- ant’s facility, whichever is earlier, may reduce the term of imprisonment . . . after considering the fac- tors set forth in [18 U.S.C.] section 3553(a) to the ex- tent that they are applicable, if it finds that—extraor- dinary and compelling reasons warrant such a reduc- tion. Id. § 3582(c)(1)(A)(i) (emphasis added). Thus, we have held that a district court may reduce a term of imprisonment, under § 3582(c)(1)(A), “if (1) the § 3553(a) sentencing factors favor doing so, (2) there are extraordinary and compelling reasons for doing so, and . . . (3) doing so wouldn’t endanger any person or the commu- nity within the meaning of § 1B1.13’s policy statement.” United States v. Tinker, 14 F.4th 1234, 1237 (11th Cir. 2021) (quotation marks omitted) (citing 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(1)(A) and U.S.S.G. § 1B1.13). The district court may consider these factors in any order, and the absence of any of the three forecloses a sentence reduction. See id. at 1237–38. Here, summary affirmance is appropriate because Jones has, by failing to address the district court’s finding that the § 3553(a) factors weighed against compassionate release, abandoned any ar- gument that it erred in denying compassionate release. Because that was an independent basis for the court’s decision that he failed to address, the government’s position is clearly correct as a matter of law. See Tinker, 14 F.4th at 1237; Sapuppo, 739 F.3d at 680; Groendyke Transp., Inc., 406 F.2d at 116. USCA11 Case: 21-11970 Date Filed: 02/25/2022 Page: 8 of 8
8 Opinion of the Court 21-11970
Therefore, we GRANT the government’s motion for sum- mary affirmance and DENY as moot its motion to stay the briefing schedule.