NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION File Name: 20a0632n.06
Case Nos. 19-4058/4094
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
FILED Nov 05, 2020 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, ) DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk ) Plaintiff-Appellee, ) ) ON APPEAL FROM THE v. ) UNITED STATES DISTRICT ) COURT FOR THE NORTHERN DAEMONTE D. SIMS, ) DISTRICT OF OHIO ) Defendant-Appellant. ) OPINION
BEFORE: McKEAGUE, THAPAR, and LARSEN, Circuit Judges.
McKEAGUE, Circuit Judge. Daemonte Sims appeals his sentence following his guilty
plea for being a felon in possession of a firearm. Sims argues that the district court should have
applied a downward departure under USSG § 5K2.12 because he committed the offense under
duress, and that his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to call witnesses in support of his
argument for a downward departure. Because Sims waived his right to appeal a within-the-
guidelines sentence in his plea agreement, and because the record is insufficiently developed to
allow for review of his ineffective assistance of counsel claim, we AFFIRM the judgment of the
district court.
I.
On January 26, 2019, Sims was arrested for possessing a firearm. At the time of the offense
Sims was serving a term of supervised release on a 2012 federal felony conviction. Sims was Case Nos. 19-4058/4094, United States v. Sims
indicted on one count of being a felon in possession of a firearm, in violation of 18 U.S.C.
§ 922(g)(1). He plead guilty to this count pursuant to a plea agreement in accordance with Federal
Rule of Criminal Procedure 11(c)(1)(A).
In the plea agreement, Sims and the government agreed that Sims’s base level offense
under the United States Sentencing Guidelines was 20, pursuant to USSG § 2K2.1(a)(4)(B), and
that he would receive a 3-level reduction for acceptance of responsibility under USSG § 3E1.1(a)
and (b). The parties also agreed that no other specific offense characteristics, Guideline
adjustments, or Guideline departures applied. The plea agreement provided that Sims waived his
right to appeal his sentence in the event the court imposed a sentence below the statutory maximum
penalty or within the Guideline range based on the total offense level agreed to by the parties and
the criminal-history category as determined by the court.
In the final Presentence Report (“PSR”), the probation officer found Sims’s total offense
level was 17, accounting for a base offense level of 20 and a 3-level reduction for acceptance of
responsibility. USSG § 2K2.1(a)(4)(B); USSG § 3E1.1(a), (b). Sims’s criminal history category
was calculated to be six (VI), resulting in a Guideline sentencing range of 51–63 months’
imprisonment. Sims did not object to the Guideline calculations in the PSR.
At sentencing, the district court calculated Sims’s total offense level at 17 and his criminal
history category as VI. Sims did not object. Counsel for Sims argued that Sims was entitled to a
downward variance based on the fact that Sims witnessed his friend’s murder, that another one of
his friends was murdered shortly thereafter, and that Sims was also a target and had a $40,000
bounty on his head, compelling him to secure a firearm in order to protect himself and his pregnant
girlfriend.
-2- Case Nos. 19-4058/4094, United States v. Sims
The court gave Sims “some consideration for the circumstances in which he found himself”
and sentenced him to a within-the-guidelines sentence of 57 months’ imprisonment. For violating
the terms of his 2012 supervised release, the court sentenced him to 18 months’ imprisonment, to
be served consecutively to the 57-month sentence.
He now appeals.
II.
A. Plea Agreement Waiver
The government argues that Sims waived his right to appeal a within-the-guidelines
sentence pursuant to his plea agreement, barring this Court from considering Sims’s challenge to
his sentence. Sims does not address the waiver in his briefing.
The plea agreement provides that Sims “expressly and voluntarily waives” his rights to
appeal or collaterally attack his conviction and sentence, unless his sentence is “in excess of the
statutory maximum” or “exceeds the maximum of the sentencing imprisonment range determined
under the Sentencing Guidelines in accordance with the sentencing stipulations and computations
in this agreement, using the Criminal History Category found applicable by the Court.” The terms
of Sims’s waiver are broad. He waived his right to appeal any sentence unless it exceeded the
statutory maximum penalty or the Guideline range based on the total offense level agreed to by
the parties and the Court’s determination of the criminal history category. Sims’s sentence of 57
months (4.75 years) was well below the statutory maximum sentence of 10 years and was within
the Guideline range of 51 to 63 months. And the Guideline range was calculated based on the
parties’ agreed to offense level of 17.
-3- Case Nos. 19-4058/4094, United States v. Sims
Plea agreements are contractual in nature and we enforce them according to their terms.
See, e.g., United States v. Beals, 698 F.3d 248, 256 (6th Cir. 2012) (“We must give effect to the
intent of the parties as expressed by the plain language in the plea agreement.”); United States v.
Moncivais, 492 F.3d 652, 662 (6th Cir. 2007). If Sims wished to negotiate an agreement in which
he preserved his full appellate rights, he was free to do so. But ultimately he did not bargain for
the right to appeal a within-the-guidelines sentence. See United States v. Bell, 601 F. App’x 396,
398 (6th Cir. 2015) (enforcing the plain language of a plea agreement that waived the defendant’s
right to appeal a sentence unless it exceeded the Guidelines range as determined by the court).
The law in this area is well settled. “Criminal defendants may waive their right to appeal
as part of a plea agreement so long as the waiver is made knowingly and voluntarily.” Beals,
698 F.3d at 255 (quoting United States v. Swanberg, 370 F.3d 622, 625 (6th Cir. 2004)). “When
they do so, ‘[o]nly challenges to the validity of the waiver itself will be entertained on appeal.’”
Id. (quoting United States v. Toth, 668 F.3d 374, 377 (6th Cir. 2012)). Sims does not acknowledge
the waiver, nor does he claim it was not knowingly and voluntarily made.
Nonetheless, the record demonstrates that Sims knowingly and voluntarily waived his right
to appeal his sentence. Sims initialed each page of the plea agreement and signed the last page,
which the district court confirmed during the change of plea hearing. During the hearing, the court
also confirmed that Sims reviewed the plea agreement with his attorney and that he understood its
terms. In regards to the plea waiver, the court explicitly asked Sims if he understood that “except
under limited circumstances, you are giving up your right to appeal your conviction and sentence
in this case, and that you are giving up your right to challenge your conviction and sentence at a
later time, again, except in very limited circumstances?” Sims stated that he understood.
-4- Case Nos.
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NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION File Name: 20a0632n.06
Case Nos. 19-4058/4094
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
FILED Nov 05, 2020 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, ) DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk ) Plaintiff-Appellee, ) ) ON APPEAL FROM THE v. ) UNITED STATES DISTRICT ) COURT FOR THE NORTHERN DAEMONTE D. SIMS, ) DISTRICT OF OHIO ) Defendant-Appellant. ) OPINION
BEFORE: McKEAGUE, THAPAR, and LARSEN, Circuit Judges.
McKEAGUE, Circuit Judge. Daemonte Sims appeals his sentence following his guilty
plea for being a felon in possession of a firearm. Sims argues that the district court should have
applied a downward departure under USSG § 5K2.12 because he committed the offense under
duress, and that his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to call witnesses in support of his
argument for a downward departure. Because Sims waived his right to appeal a within-the-
guidelines sentence in his plea agreement, and because the record is insufficiently developed to
allow for review of his ineffective assistance of counsel claim, we AFFIRM the judgment of the
district court.
I.
On January 26, 2019, Sims was arrested for possessing a firearm. At the time of the offense
Sims was serving a term of supervised release on a 2012 federal felony conviction. Sims was Case Nos. 19-4058/4094, United States v. Sims
indicted on one count of being a felon in possession of a firearm, in violation of 18 U.S.C.
§ 922(g)(1). He plead guilty to this count pursuant to a plea agreement in accordance with Federal
Rule of Criminal Procedure 11(c)(1)(A).
In the plea agreement, Sims and the government agreed that Sims’s base level offense
under the United States Sentencing Guidelines was 20, pursuant to USSG § 2K2.1(a)(4)(B), and
that he would receive a 3-level reduction for acceptance of responsibility under USSG § 3E1.1(a)
and (b). The parties also agreed that no other specific offense characteristics, Guideline
adjustments, or Guideline departures applied. The plea agreement provided that Sims waived his
right to appeal his sentence in the event the court imposed a sentence below the statutory maximum
penalty or within the Guideline range based on the total offense level agreed to by the parties and
the criminal-history category as determined by the court.
In the final Presentence Report (“PSR”), the probation officer found Sims’s total offense
level was 17, accounting for a base offense level of 20 and a 3-level reduction for acceptance of
responsibility. USSG § 2K2.1(a)(4)(B); USSG § 3E1.1(a), (b). Sims’s criminal history category
was calculated to be six (VI), resulting in a Guideline sentencing range of 51–63 months’
imprisonment. Sims did not object to the Guideline calculations in the PSR.
At sentencing, the district court calculated Sims’s total offense level at 17 and his criminal
history category as VI. Sims did not object. Counsel for Sims argued that Sims was entitled to a
downward variance based on the fact that Sims witnessed his friend’s murder, that another one of
his friends was murdered shortly thereafter, and that Sims was also a target and had a $40,000
bounty on his head, compelling him to secure a firearm in order to protect himself and his pregnant
girlfriend.
-2- Case Nos. 19-4058/4094, United States v. Sims
The court gave Sims “some consideration for the circumstances in which he found himself”
and sentenced him to a within-the-guidelines sentence of 57 months’ imprisonment. For violating
the terms of his 2012 supervised release, the court sentenced him to 18 months’ imprisonment, to
be served consecutively to the 57-month sentence.
He now appeals.
II.
A. Plea Agreement Waiver
The government argues that Sims waived his right to appeal a within-the-guidelines
sentence pursuant to his plea agreement, barring this Court from considering Sims’s challenge to
his sentence. Sims does not address the waiver in his briefing.
The plea agreement provides that Sims “expressly and voluntarily waives” his rights to
appeal or collaterally attack his conviction and sentence, unless his sentence is “in excess of the
statutory maximum” or “exceeds the maximum of the sentencing imprisonment range determined
under the Sentencing Guidelines in accordance with the sentencing stipulations and computations
in this agreement, using the Criminal History Category found applicable by the Court.” The terms
of Sims’s waiver are broad. He waived his right to appeal any sentence unless it exceeded the
statutory maximum penalty or the Guideline range based on the total offense level agreed to by
the parties and the Court’s determination of the criminal history category. Sims’s sentence of 57
months (4.75 years) was well below the statutory maximum sentence of 10 years and was within
the Guideline range of 51 to 63 months. And the Guideline range was calculated based on the
parties’ agreed to offense level of 17.
-3- Case Nos. 19-4058/4094, United States v. Sims
Plea agreements are contractual in nature and we enforce them according to their terms.
See, e.g., United States v. Beals, 698 F.3d 248, 256 (6th Cir. 2012) (“We must give effect to the
intent of the parties as expressed by the plain language in the plea agreement.”); United States v.
Moncivais, 492 F.3d 652, 662 (6th Cir. 2007). If Sims wished to negotiate an agreement in which
he preserved his full appellate rights, he was free to do so. But ultimately he did not bargain for
the right to appeal a within-the-guidelines sentence. See United States v. Bell, 601 F. App’x 396,
398 (6th Cir. 2015) (enforcing the plain language of a plea agreement that waived the defendant’s
right to appeal a sentence unless it exceeded the Guidelines range as determined by the court).
The law in this area is well settled. “Criminal defendants may waive their right to appeal
as part of a plea agreement so long as the waiver is made knowingly and voluntarily.” Beals,
698 F.3d at 255 (quoting United States v. Swanberg, 370 F.3d 622, 625 (6th Cir. 2004)). “When
they do so, ‘[o]nly challenges to the validity of the waiver itself will be entertained on appeal.’”
Id. (quoting United States v. Toth, 668 F.3d 374, 377 (6th Cir. 2012)). Sims does not acknowledge
the waiver, nor does he claim it was not knowingly and voluntarily made.
Nonetheless, the record demonstrates that Sims knowingly and voluntarily waived his right
to appeal his sentence. Sims initialed each page of the plea agreement and signed the last page,
which the district court confirmed during the change of plea hearing. During the hearing, the court
also confirmed that Sims reviewed the plea agreement with his attorney and that he understood its
terms. In regards to the plea waiver, the court explicitly asked Sims if he understood that “except
under limited circumstances, you are giving up your right to appeal your conviction and sentence
in this case, and that you are giving up your right to challenge your conviction and sentence at a
later time, again, except in very limited circumstances?” Sims stated that he understood.
-4- Case Nos. 19-4058/4094, United States v. Sims
Adhering to the plain language of the plea agreement and finding no evidence that the
waiver was not knowingly and voluntarily made, we hold that Sims’s challenge to his sentence is
foreclosed by his waiver.
B. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel
Sims’s remaining claim is not barred by his appellate waiver because the plea agreement
expressly reserves his right to bring claims of ineffective assistance of counsel. Sims argues that
his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to call witnesses at his sentencing hearing that would
have testified that Sims witnessed a murder and had a $40,000 bounty on his head to further support
his argument that he committed the offense under duress and was entitled to a downward departure
under § 5K2.12.
This Court does not generally review claims of ineffective assistance on direct review, and
we find no reason to do so here. See, e.g., United States v. Ferguson, 669 F.3d 756, 762 (6th Cir.
2012) (“[W]hen an ineffective-assistance claim is brought on direct appeal, appellate counsel and
the court must proceed on a trial record not developed precisely for the object of litigating or
preserving the claim and thus often incomplete or inadequate for this purpose.” (quoting Massaro
v. United States, 538 U.S. 500, 504–05 (2003))). The record is insufficiently developed to examine
Sims’s claim of ineffective assistance of counsel. It contains no information pertaining to trial
counsel’s discussions with Sims regarding the plea agreement, nor any information about defense
counsel’s strategy in choosing not to call witnesses at the sentencing hearing. See United States v.
Bradley, 400 F.3d 459, 462 (6th Cir. 2005) (“[T]he appellate court may have no way of knowing
whether a seemingly unusual or misguided action by counsel had a sound strategic motive or was
taken because the counsel’s alternatives were even worse.” (quoting Massaro, 538 U.S. at 505)).
-5- Case Nos. 19-4058/4094, United States v. Sims
Thus, because we do not have the facts necessary to decide whether trial counsel was
ineffective, Sims’s claim is “more appropriately raised in the first instance in post-conviction
proceedings.” Ferguson, 669 F.3d at 763.
III.
For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.
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