Opinion of the Court
CRAWFORD, Judge:
Pursuant to mixed pleas, appellant was convicted of the unpremeditated murder of his 14-month-old natural daughter, aggravated assault (5 specifications), assault on a child (2 specifications), and false swearing, in violation of Articles 118, 128, and 134, Uniform Code of Military Justice, 10 USC §§ 918, 928, and 934, respectively. The convening authority approved the sentence of a dishonorable discharge, confinement for life, total forfeitures, and reduction to the lowest enlisted grade. The Court of Criminal Appeals affirmed the findings and the sentence.
We granted review of the following issue: WHETHER THE LOWER COURT ERRED WHEN IT RULED THAT APPELLANT RECEIVED A FAIR TRIAL WHEN TRIAL COUNSEL IMPROPERLY COMMENTED ON APPELLANT’S DEMEANOR IN COURT DURING THE GOVERNMENT’S CLOSING ARGUMENT.
We hold that the defense waived any error by not objecting to the prosecution’s argument and by expressly declining to accept an invitation for a curative instruction. We further hold that the prosecution’s comments, when considered in light of the whole trial, did not rise to the level of plain error.
FACTS
In response to a defense expert witness who testified on appellant’s sanity, the prosecution made the following argument to the members:
You have had more observation of this accused sitting right here over the course of the last two weeks than Dr. Hoeter had. You’ve been able to gauge his response. You’ve been able to watch him when a witness is talking about an aspect of his daughter’s death as he yawns,1 relaxes. He’s really into this trial. Using your own knowledge of the ways of the world and human mankind, what does that mean to you? You’re able to perceive him. You are better than Dr. Hoeter as to an opinion of what the accused intended. That’s your job. That’s what you are here for.
There was no defense objection. On three occasions, the defense rejected the judge’s offer to instruct the members on appellant’s right not to testify.
Appellate defense counsel now contends that the prosecutor’s argument improperly put appellant’s character in evidence; violated his Fifth Amendment right not to testify by commenting on his failure to testify; and violated his Fifth Amendment rights by allowing members to convict on evidence not introduced at trial. The defense argues that any error must be found harmless beyond a reasonable doubt and rejects the government argument to apply a plain error analysis.
DISCUSSION
A significant part of communication is nonverbal. See generally J. Kestler, Questioning Techniques and Tactics §§ 3.34-3.39 at 160-67 (2d ed.1992). Nonverbal communications encompass paralinguistics, which include aspects of speech, and kinesies, which involve body movements. Nonverbal communication may occur outside the courtroom as well as on and off the witness stand. Id. Interpretations of nonverbal communication are fallible and idiosyncratic.
Here, the prosecutor’s comment on appellant’s action while at counsel table raises important constitutional and evidentiary issues. The Fifth Amendment to the Constitution guarantees the defendant the right not to be compelled to be a witness against himself. The prosecution may not comment on a defendant’s silence. Compare Griffin v. California, 380 U.S. 609, 85 S.Ct. 1229, 14 L.Ed.2d 106 (1965), with United States v. Robinson, 485 U.S. 25, 32, 108 S.Ct. 864, 868-69, 99 L.Ed.2d 23 (1988).
[66]*66Fifth Amendment protection extends to testimonial communications. Certain acts are considered to be non-testimonial communications and are unprotected, including the following: an accused’s production of a handwriting exemplar, United States v. Mara, 410 U.S. 19, 93 S.Ct. 774, 35 L.Ed.2d 99 (1973); requiring a suspect to speak for voice identification, United States v. Wade, 388 U.S. 218, 87 S.Ct. 1926, 18 L.Ed.2d 1149 (1967); requiring a suspect to don or remove clothing, Holt v. United States, 218 U.S. 245, 31 S.Ct. 2, 54 L.Ed. 1021 (1910); or silence at the time of arrest when there have been rights warnings if the defendant testifies at trial, Fletcher v. Weir, 455 U.S. 603,102 S.Ct. 1309, 71 L.Ed.2d 490 (1982); see also United States v. Oxfort, 44 MJ 337, 339-40 (1996). Also, some courts have permitted the prosecution to argue, over objection, that the non-testifying defendant was tight-lipped and refused to show identifying teeth. See, e.g., State v. Ball, 591 S.W.2d 715 (Mo.App.1979); People v. Williams, 42 Mich.App. 278, 201 N.W.2d 286 (1972).
In Williams, the robbery victim testified that the robber had bad teeth. The defendant did not testify at trial. Even so, the prosecutor was permitted to argue, over objection, that the defendant did not show his bad front teeth. The prosecutor asked, “[H]ave you noticed Ladies and Gentlemen at anytime whether or not Mr. Williams has shown to you his front teeth?” He also stated, “Throughout this trial, have any of you seen him smile, have you seen him grin, have you in fact seen him open his mouth?” The court stated that it did not “read the prosecutor’s argument as a thinly-veiled comment on the defendant’s failure to testify. We take it at face value, as a comment on the defendant’s failure to show by exhibiting his front teeth that he could not have been the man described by the witness as the man who perpetrated the robbery.” The prosecution was permitted to argue that the jury could draw the negative inference from the fact that the defendant did not voluntarily show his teeth to the jury without violating the defendant’s Fifth Amendment rights. Id. at 287-88.
Dean Wigmore championed the view that demeanor off the witness stand and in the courtroom'is admissible evidence. 2 Wigmore, Evidence § 274(2) at 119-20 (Chadbourne rev.1979). He dismissed as fiction the belief that the jurors can be “mentally blind” to demeanor off the stand. Id. If the defendant testified, the straightforward rationale for the argument would be the impact of the defendant’s demeanor on credibility.
Regardless of whether the defendant testifies, there are instances when the nontesti-monial acts of the defendant may be admitted. Examples of nontestimonial acts held admissible by other courts include when there have been threats or intimidation of witnesses, United States v. Gatto, 995 F.2d 449 (3d Cir.1993); making a hand gesture in the shape of a gun, United States v. Mickens, 926 F.2d 1323 (2d Cir.1991); and mouthing the words “you’re dead,” United States v. Maddox,
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Opinion of the Court
CRAWFORD, Judge:
Pursuant to mixed pleas, appellant was convicted of the unpremeditated murder of his 14-month-old natural daughter, aggravated assault (5 specifications), assault on a child (2 specifications), and false swearing, in violation of Articles 118, 128, and 134, Uniform Code of Military Justice, 10 USC §§ 918, 928, and 934, respectively. The convening authority approved the sentence of a dishonorable discharge, confinement for life, total forfeitures, and reduction to the lowest enlisted grade. The Court of Criminal Appeals affirmed the findings and the sentence.
We granted review of the following issue: WHETHER THE LOWER COURT ERRED WHEN IT RULED THAT APPELLANT RECEIVED A FAIR TRIAL WHEN TRIAL COUNSEL IMPROPERLY COMMENTED ON APPELLANT’S DEMEANOR IN COURT DURING THE GOVERNMENT’S CLOSING ARGUMENT.
We hold that the defense waived any error by not objecting to the prosecution’s argument and by expressly declining to accept an invitation for a curative instruction. We further hold that the prosecution’s comments, when considered in light of the whole trial, did not rise to the level of plain error.
FACTS
In response to a defense expert witness who testified on appellant’s sanity, the prosecution made the following argument to the members:
You have had more observation of this accused sitting right here over the course of the last two weeks than Dr. Hoeter had. You’ve been able to gauge his response. You’ve been able to watch him when a witness is talking about an aspect of his daughter’s death as he yawns,1 relaxes. He’s really into this trial. Using your own knowledge of the ways of the world and human mankind, what does that mean to you? You’re able to perceive him. You are better than Dr. Hoeter as to an opinion of what the accused intended. That’s your job. That’s what you are here for.
There was no defense objection. On three occasions, the defense rejected the judge’s offer to instruct the members on appellant’s right not to testify.
Appellate defense counsel now contends that the prosecutor’s argument improperly put appellant’s character in evidence; violated his Fifth Amendment right not to testify by commenting on his failure to testify; and violated his Fifth Amendment rights by allowing members to convict on evidence not introduced at trial. The defense argues that any error must be found harmless beyond a reasonable doubt and rejects the government argument to apply a plain error analysis.
DISCUSSION
A significant part of communication is nonverbal. See generally J. Kestler, Questioning Techniques and Tactics §§ 3.34-3.39 at 160-67 (2d ed.1992). Nonverbal communications encompass paralinguistics, which include aspects of speech, and kinesies, which involve body movements. Nonverbal communication may occur outside the courtroom as well as on and off the witness stand. Id. Interpretations of nonverbal communication are fallible and idiosyncratic.
Here, the prosecutor’s comment on appellant’s action while at counsel table raises important constitutional and evidentiary issues. The Fifth Amendment to the Constitution guarantees the defendant the right not to be compelled to be a witness against himself. The prosecution may not comment on a defendant’s silence. Compare Griffin v. California, 380 U.S. 609, 85 S.Ct. 1229, 14 L.Ed.2d 106 (1965), with United States v. Robinson, 485 U.S. 25, 32, 108 S.Ct. 864, 868-69, 99 L.Ed.2d 23 (1988).
[66]*66Fifth Amendment protection extends to testimonial communications. Certain acts are considered to be non-testimonial communications and are unprotected, including the following: an accused’s production of a handwriting exemplar, United States v. Mara, 410 U.S. 19, 93 S.Ct. 774, 35 L.Ed.2d 99 (1973); requiring a suspect to speak for voice identification, United States v. Wade, 388 U.S. 218, 87 S.Ct. 1926, 18 L.Ed.2d 1149 (1967); requiring a suspect to don or remove clothing, Holt v. United States, 218 U.S. 245, 31 S.Ct. 2, 54 L.Ed. 1021 (1910); or silence at the time of arrest when there have been rights warnings if the defendant testifies at trial, Fletcher v. Weir, 455 U.S. 603,102 S.Ct. 1309, 71 L.Ed.2d 490 (1982); see also United States v. Oxfort, 44 MJ 337, 339-40 (1996). Also, some courts have permitted the prosecution to argue, over objection, that the non-testifying defendant was tight-lipped and refused to show identifying teeth. See, e.g., State v. Ball, 591 S.W.2d 715 (Mo.App.1979); People v. Williams, 42 Mich.App. 278, 201 N.W.2d 286 (1972).
In Williams, the robbery victim testified that the robber had bad teeth. The defendant did not testify at trial. Even so, the prosecutor was permitted to argue, over objection, that the defendant did not show his bad front teeth. The prosecutor asked, “[H]ave you noticed Ladies and Gentlemen at anytime whether or not Mr. Williams has shown to you his front teeth?” He also stated, “Throughout this trial, have any of you seen him smile, have you seen him grin, have you in fact seen him open his mouth?” The court stated that it did not “read the prosecutor’s argument as a thinly-veiled comment on the defendant’s failure to testify. We take it at face value, as a comment on the defendant’s failure to show by exhibiting his front teeth that he could not have been the man described by the witness as the man who perpetrated the robbery.” The prosecution was permitted to argue that the jury could draw the negative inference from the fact that the defendant did not voluntarily show his teeth to the jury without violating the defendant’s Fifth Amendment rights. Id. at 287-88.
Dean Wigmore championed the view that demeanor off the witness stand and in the courtroom'is admissible evidence. 2 Wigmore, Evidence § 274(2) at 119-20 (Chadbourne rev.1979). He dismissed as fiction the belief that the jurors can be “mentally blind” to demeanor off the stand. Id. If the defendant testified, the straightforward rationale for the argument would be the impact of the defendant’s demeanor on credibility.
Regardless of whether the defendant testifies, there are instances when the nontesti-monial acts of the defendant may be admitted. Examples of nontestimonial acts held admissible by other courts include when there have been threats or intimidation of witnesses, United States v. Gatto, 995 F.2d 449 (3d Cir.1993); making a hand gesture in the shape of a gun, United States v. Mickens, 926 F.2d 1323 (2d Cir.1991); and mouthing the words “you’re dead,” United States v. Maddox, 944 F.2d 1223 (6th Cir.1991). Such acts may be admissible to show the defendant’s consciousness of guilt. Therefore, those nontestimonial acts are subject to comment. In these instances, the evidence is relevant under Fed.R.Evid. 404(b), which is virtually identical to Mil.R.Evid. 404(b), Manual for Courts-Martial, United States (1995 ed.).
Irrelevant evidence is not admissible. Thus, it would be improper to introduce evidence that the defendant laughed during the testimony about other violent threats he had made. United States v. Schuler, 813 F.2d 978 (9th Cir.l987)(holding evidence that defendant laughed during testimony that he threatened the life of the President was inadmissible). Nor may the prosecutor comment about nontestimonial acts of the defendant such as consulting with his lawyer during the trial. United States v. Carroll, 678 F.2d 1208 (4th Cir.1982). A prosecutor may not comment during closing argument that the defendant moved his leg up and down during the trial demonstrating nervousness. United States v. Pearson, 746 F.2d 787 (11th Cir. 1984); but see Bishop v. Wainwright, 511 F.2d 664 (5th Cir.l975)(holding it was permissible to refer to defendant’s expressionless courtroom demeanor); United States v. [67]*67Robinson, 523 F.Supp. 1006 (E.D.N.Y.1981) (holding it was permissible to refer to defendant’s indifferent reaction when informed that money in his wallet was counterfeit).
Likewise, yawning in the courtroom is not relevant to the question of guilt or innocence. However, trial defense counsel did not object. Defense counsel could have objected that the information was not relevant; the yawning did not occur; the prosecutor’s comment pressured appellant to reply; or the remarks were a comment on appellant’s right to silence. As to the latter two, the judge offered a curative instruction which would have satisfied those objections.
We hold that trial counsel’s remarks did not constitute plain error. The remarks by the prosecutor comprised only a short paragraph in an argument that consisted of 39 verbatim pages of the record of trial. The evidence at trial revealed that appellant is 6 feet, 3 inches tall and experienced in the martial arts. His daughter was an 18-pound, 14-month-old infant. The evidence established that he battered his daughter, with blows to the head, face, and body, with such force that the imprint of a ring he wore was found on the victim’s head. At one point, appellant squeezed his daughter’s head for 15 seconds and then “whipped her body out behind her” while holding her head with both hands. This resulted in fractures of her scalp, causing inflammation and hemorrhaging of the brain, as well as blood loss through her nose. Appellant knew of the consequences of these actions because he previously had been counseled by the first sergeant for child abuse.
The decision of the United States Navy-Marine Corps Court of Criminal Appeals is affirmed.
Chief Judge COX and Judges GIERKE and EFFRON concur.