USCA4 Appeal: 22-4021 Doc: 20 Filed: 09/30/2022 Pg: 1 of 5
UNPUBLISHED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT
No. 22-4021
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff - Appellee,
v.
CLIFFORD ALEXANDER JENNINGS, a/k/a Big Cliff, a/k/a Wolverine, a/k/a Ethiopia, a/k/a Certified, a/k/a Mr. Certified,
Defendant - Appellant.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia, at Norfolk. Raymond A. Jackson, Senior District Judge. (2:17-cr-00150-RAJ-RJK-3)
Submitted: September 27, 2022 Decided: September 30, 2022
Before AGEE, DIAZ, and THACKER, Circuit Judges.
Affirmed by unpublished per curiam opinion.
ON BRIEF: Lawrence H. Woodward, Jr., RULOFF, SWAIN, HADDAD, MORECOCK, TALBERT & WOODWARD, P.C., Virginia Beach, Virginia, for Appellant. Jessica D. Aber, United States Attorney, Richmond, Virginia, Jacqueline R. Bechara, Assistant United States Attorney, OFFICE OF THE UNITED STATES ATTORNEY, Alexandria, Virginia, for Appellee.
Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit. USCA4 Appeal: 22-4021 Doc: 20 Filed: 09/30/2022 Pg: 2 of 5
PER CURIAM:
Clifford Alexander Jennings appeals his 96-month sentence imposed on
resentencing following his conviction by a jury of seven counts of distribution of heroin
(Counts 12 to 16, 21, and 22), in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1); possession of a firearm
by a convicted felon (Count 24), in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 2, 922(g)(1); and transfer of
a firearm to a prohibited person (Count 25), in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(d)(1). Jennings
argues that the district court imposed a procedurally and substantively unreasonable
sentence by running the terms of imprisonment imposed for Counts 24 and 25
consecutively to the sentence he previously received in the Western District of Virginia
(“Western District”) on related counts. We affirm.
We review a sentence for reasonableness, applying “a deferential abuse-of-
discretion standard.” Gall v. United States, 552 U.S. 38, 41 (2007). We first review the
sentence for significant procedural error, such as incorrectly calculating the Guidelines
range, insufficiently considering the 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) factors, or inadequately
explaining the sentence imposed. United States v. Friend, 2 F.4th 369, 379 (4th Cir.), cert.
denied, 142 S. Ct. 724 (2021).
Notably, “[a] district court is required to provide an individualized assessment based
on the facts before the court, and to explain adequately the sentence imposed to allow for
meaningful appellate review and to promote the perception of fair sentencing.” United
States v. Lewis, 958 F.3d 240, 243 (4th Cir. 2020) (internal quotation marks omitted). “The
adequacy of the sentencing court’s explanation depends on the complexity of each case
and the facts and arguments presented.” United States v. Torres-Reyes, 952 F.3d 147, 151
2 USCA4 Appeal: 22-4021 Doc: 20 Filed: 09/30/2022 Pg: 3 of 5
(4th Cir. 2020) (internal quotation marks omitted). Generally, an “explanation is sufficient
if it, although somewhat briefly, outlines the defendant’s particular history and
characteristics not merely in passing or after the fact, but as part of its analysis of the
statutory factors and in response to defense counsel’s arguments” in mitigation. United
States v. Blue, 877 F.3d 513, 519 (4th Cir. 2017) (cleaned up). “The court’s explanation
should set forth enough to satisfy the appellate court that it has considered the parties’
arguments and has a reasoned basis for exercising its own legal decisionmaking authority.”
United States v. Lozano, 962 F.3d 773, 782 (4th Cir. 2020) (cleaned up).
If we find no procedural error, we review the substantive reasonableness of the
sentence, “tak[ing] into account the totality of the circumstances to determine whether the
sentencing court abused its discretion in concluding that the sentence it chose satisfied the
standards set forth in § 3553(a).” United States v. Nance, 957 F.3d 204, 212 (4th Cir. 2020)
(internal quotation marks omitted). We presume that a sentence within or below the
Guidelines range is substantively reasonable. United States v. Zelaya, 908 F.3d 920, 930
(4th Cir. 2018). A defendant can rebut that presumption “by showing that the sentence is
unreasonable when measured against the [§ 3553(a)] factors.” United States v. Louthian,
756 F.3d 295, 306 (4th Cir. 2014).
We conclude that the court’s decision to run the sentences for Counts 24 and 25
consecutively to the sentence from the Western District was both procedurally and
substantively reasonable. District courts “have long been understood to have discretion to
select whether the sentences they impose will run concurrently or consecutively with
respect to other sentences that . . . have been imposed in other proceedings,” Setser v.
3 USCA4 Appeal: 22-4021 Doc: 20 Filed: 09/30/2022 Pg: 4 of 5
United States, 566 U.S. 231, 236 (2012), provided that they consider the 18 U.S.C.
§ 3553(a) factors in doing so, see 18 U.S.C. § 3584(b); United States v. Lynn, 912 F.3d
212, 217 (4th Cir. 2019). Although the district court did not make explicit findings
regarding the applicable Guidelines provisions, we conclude that the court’s decision to
run the sentences consecutively did not conflict with those provisions—particularly in light
of Jennings’ successful objections on the issue of relevant conduct. See U.S. Sentencing
Guidelines Manual § 5G1.3(d) & cmt. n. 2(A) (2018).
More fundamentally, “because the Guidelines are advisory, a district court is not
obligated to impose a concurrent sentence pursuant to USSG § 5G1.3” if its exercise of
discretion is adequately supported by the applicable sentencing factors. See Lynn, 912 F.3d
at 217. Contrary to Jennings’ argument, the district court provided a thorough,
individualized explanation for its sentencing decision, grounded in relevant 18 U.S.C.
§ 3553(a) factors. That explanation was adequate both to permit meaningful appellate
review and to demonstrate the district court’s reasoned basis for exercising its
decisionmaking authority, including its decision to impose a partially consecutive sentence.
The district court expressly acknowledged Jennings’ lengthy sentence from the Western
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USCA4 Appeal: 22-4021 Doc: 20 Filed: 09/30/2022 Pg: 1 of 5
UNPUBLISHED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT
No. 22-4021
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff - Appellee,
v.
CLIFFORD ALEXANDER JENNINGS, a/k/a Big Cliff, a/k/a Wolverine, a/k/a Ethiopia, a/k/a Certified, a/k/a Mr. Certified,
Defendant - Appellant.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia, at Norfolk. Raymond A. Jackson, Senior District Judge. (2:17-cr-00150-RAJ-RJK-3)
Submitted: September 27, 2022 Decided: September 30, 2022
Before AGEE, DIAZ, and THACKER, Circuit Judges.
Affirmed by unpublished per curiam opinion.
ON BRIEF: Lawrence H. Woodward, Jr., RULOFF, SWAIN, HADDAD, MORECOCK, TALBERT & WOODWARD, P.C., Virginia Beach, Virginia, for Appellant. Jessica D. Aber, United States Attorney, Richmond, Virginia, Jacqueline R. Bechara, Assistant United States Attorney, OFFICE OF THE UNITED STATES ATTORNEY, Alexandria, Virginia, for Appellee.
Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit. USCA4 Appeal: 22-4021 Doc: 20 Filed: 09/30/2022 Pg: 2 of 5
PER CURIAM:
Clifford Alexander Jennings appeals his 96-month sentence imposed on
resentencing following his conviction by a jury of seven counts of distribution of heroin
(Counts 12 to 16, 21, and 22), in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1); possession of a firearm
by a convicted felon (Count 24), in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 2, 922(g)(1); and transfer of
a firearm to a prohibited person (Count 25), in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(d)(1). Jennings
argues that the district court imposed a procedurally and substantively unreasonable
sentence by running the terms of imprisonment imposed for Counts 24 and 25
consecutively to the sentence he previously received in the Western District of Virginia
(“Western District”) on related counts. We affirm.
We review a sentence for reasonableness, applying “a deferential abuse-of-
discretion standard.” Gall v. United States, 552 U.S. 38, 41 (2007). We first review the
sentence for significant procedural error, such as incorrectly calculating the Guidelines
range, insufficiently considering the 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) factors, or inadequately
explaining the sentence imposed. United States v. Friend, 2 F.4th 369, 379 (4th Cir.), cert.
denied, 142 S. Ct. 724 (2021).
Notably, “[a] district court is required to provide an individualized assessment based
on the facts before the court, and to explain adequately the sentence imposed to allow for
meaningful appellate review and to promote the perception of fair sentencing.” United
States v. Lewis, 958 F.3d 240, 243 (4th Cir. 2020) (internal quotation marks omitted). “The
adequacy of the sentencing court’s explanation depends on the complexity of each case
and the facts and arguments presented.” United States v. Torres-Reyes, 952 F.3d 147, 151
2 USCA4 Appeal: 22-4021 Doc: 20 Filed: 09/30/2022 Pg: 3 of 5
(4th Cir. 2020) (internal quotation marks omitted). Generally, an “explanation is sufficient
if it, although somewhat briefly, outlines the defendant’s particular history and
characteristics not merely in passing or after the fact, but as part of its analysis of the
statutory factors and in response to defense counsel’s arguments” in mitigation. United
States v. Blue, 877 F.3d 513, 519 (4th Cir. 2017) (cleaned up). “The court’s explanation
should set forth enough to satisfy the appellate court that it has considered the parties’
arguments and has a reasoned basis for exercising its own legal decisionmaking authority.”
United States v. Lozano, 962 F.3d 773, 782 (4th Cir. 2020) (cleaned up).
If we find no procedural error, we review the substantive reasonableness of the
sentence, “tak[ing] into account the totality of the circumstances to determine whether the
sentencing court abused its discretion in concluding that the sentence it chose satisfied the
standards set forth in § 3553(a).” United States v. Nance, 957 F.3d 204, 212 (4th Cir. 2020)
(internal quotation marks omitted). We presume that a sentence within or below the
Guidelines range is substantively reasonable. United States v. Zelaya, 908 F.3d 920, 930
(4th Cir. 2018). A defendant can rebut that presumption “by showing that the sentence is
unreasonable when measured against the [§ 3553(a)] factors.” United States v. Louthian,
756 F.3d 295, 306 (4th Cir. 2014).
We conclude that the court’s decision to run the sentences for Counts 24 and 25
consecutively to the sentence from the Western District was both procedurally and
substantively reasonable. District courts “have long been understood to have discretion to
select whether the sentences they impose will run concurrently or consecutively with
respect to other sentences that . . . have been imposed in other proceedings,” Setser v.
3 USCA4 Appeal: 22-4021 Doc: 20 Filed: 09/30/2022 Pg: 4 of 5
United States, 566 U.S. 231, 236 (2012), provided that they consider the 18 U.S.C.
§ 3553(a) factors in doing so, see 18 U.S.C. § 3584(b); United States v. Lynn, 912 F.3d
212, 217 (4th Cir. 2019). Although the district court did not make explicit findings
regarding the applicable Guidelines provisions, we conclude that the court’s decision to
run the sentences consecutively did not conflict with those provisions—particularly in light
of Jennings’ successful objections on the issue of relevant conduct. See U.S. Sentencing
Guidelines Manual § 5G1.3(d) & cmt. n. 2(A) (2018).
More fundamentally, “because the Guidelines are advisory, a district court is not
obligated to impose a concurrent sentence pursuant to USSG § 5G1.3” if its exercise of
discretion is adequately supported by the applicable sentencing factors. See Lynn, 912 F.3d
at 217. Contrary to Jennings’ argument, the district court provided a thorough,
individualized explanation for its sentencing decision, grounded in relevant 18 U.S.C.
§ 3553(a) factors. That explanation was adequate both to permit meaningful appellate
review and to demonstrate the district court’s reasoned basis for exercising its
decisionmaking authority, including its decision to impose a partially consecutive sentence.
The district court expressly acknowledged Jennings’ lengthy sentence from the Western
District and the relation between that offense conduct and his instant offenses of
conviction. It discussed its obligation to craft a sentence appropriate under § 3553(a),
emphasizing the need to deter Jennings and to protect the public, while balancing Jennings’
offense conduct and extensive criminal history against his sentence from the Western
District. The district court’s statements, including its repeated emphasis on Jennings’ prior
4 USCA4 Appeal: 22-4021 Doc: 20 Filed: 09/30/2022 Pg: 5 of 5
sentence, reveal that it considered and was partially persuaded by Jennings’ argument for
a concurrent sentence.
Jennings asserts that Counts 24 and 25 were fully encompassed by a Guidelines
enhancement and upward variance imposed in the Western District. We disagree. The
Guidelines enhancement required only Jennings’ possession of a firearm in connection
with his drug offense. See USSG § 2D1.1(b)(1). In contrast, Counts 24 and 25 account
for Jennings’ prohibited status and transfer of a firearm to a prohibited person, independent
of any contemporaneous drug activity. Relatedly, although our review of the record
confirms that the Western District referenced Jennings’ involvement with firearms as a
factor supporting its upward variance, it does not suggest that the salient aspects of Counts
24 and 25—Jennings’ prohibited firearm possession and transfer—were material to the
Western District’s sentencing decision.
Considering the totality of the circumstances, we conclude that the district court
acted within its broad discretion in concluding that Jennings’ firearm offenses in Counts
24 and 25 warranted an additional active prison term beyond that imposed for the drug
conspiracy in the Western District. And, in view of the district court’s detailed § 3553(a)
calculus, we conclude that Jennings fails to rebut the presumption of reasonableness
afforded his sentence. See Zelaya, 908 F.3d at 930; Louthian, 756 F.3d at 306.
Accordingly, we affirm the district court’s judgments. We dispense with oral
argument because the facts and legal contentions are adequately presented in the materials
before this court and argument would not aid the decisional process.
AFFIRMED