NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION File Name: 17a0639n.06
No. 17-1011 FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS Nov 17, 2017 FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, ) ) Plaintiff-Appellee, ) ON APPEAL FROM THE ) UNITED STATES DISTRICT v. ) COURT FOR THE WESTERN ) DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN CHARLES WASHPUN, ) ) OPINION Defendant-Appellant. ) )
Before: DAUGHTREY, MOORE, and GRIFFIN, Circuit Judges.
KAREN NELSON MOORE, Circuit Judge. Defendant-Appellant Charles Washpun
appeals the district court’s denial of his motion to reduce his sentence under 18 U.S.C.
§ 3582(c)(2). Because competent evidence supports the district court’s finding that Washpun
was responsible for more than 25.2 kilograms of cocaine base, we AFFIRM the district court’s
order denying Washpun’s motion.
I. BACKGROUND
In a prior opinion, we extensively discussed the facts in Washpun’s action, see United
States v. Washpun, 645 F. App’x 511 (6th Cir. 2016), so we will discuss only the facts that
impact the issue presently before us.
In 1998, a jury found Washpun guilty of conspiring to possess and to distribute
cocaine/cocaine base. R. 458 (Verdict) (Page ID #1644). In the presentence report, the
probation office based its calculations on the trial statements of Keylen Blackmon, a leader in the No. 17-1011 United States v. Charles Washpun
conspiracy, and it found that Washpun was responsible for 66 kilograms of cocaine base.
R. 1342 (PSR at 18–19) (Page ID #1316–17). Washpun objected to this amount. Id. at 34 (Page
ID #1332).
At the sentencing hearing, Washpun’s attorney stated that he was not objecting to the
Government’s assertion that Washpun was responsible for over 1.5 kilograms of cocaine base.
R. 1400-1 (Sentencing Hr’g Tr. at 6) (Page ID #1564). The government informed the district
court that it was not requesting an upward departure, so the district court did not make a specific
finding regarding the quantity of cocaine base. Id. at 6–7 (Page ID #1564–65). Because
Washpun was responsible for at least 1.5 kilograms of cocaine base, the base offense level was
38, the highest offense level under USSG § 2D1.1(c)(1). U.S. Sentencing Guidelines Manual
§ 2D1.1(c)(1) (U.S. Sentencing Comm’n 1997). Based on this amount, Washpun received a
300-month imprisonment term. R. 1400-1 (Sentencing Hr’g Tr. at 14) (Page ID #1572).
Then, in 2014, Washpun moved to reduce his sentence under Amendment 782 to the
Sentencing Guidelines. R. 1330 (Mot.) (Page ID #1281). Under this amendment, the quantity of
cocaine base necessary to trigger a level of 38 increased to 25.2 kilograms. U.S. Sentencing
Guidelines Manual § 2D1.1(c)(1) (U.S. Sentencing Comm’n 2014). In a sentence modification
report, the probation office stated that Washpun was responsible for at least 66 kilograms of
cocaine base. R. 1354 (SMR at 2) (Page ID #1408). Because of this report, Washpun’s attorney
and the government agreed that Washpun was not eligible for a sentence reduction. R. 1361
(Def. Resp. to SMR at 2) (Page ID #1434); R. 1362 (Gov. Resp. to SMR at 3) (Page ID #1438).
2 No. 17-1011 United States v. Charles Washpun
The district court then determined that Washpun was not eligible for a sentence modification.
R. 1363 (Order at 1–2) (Page ID #1440–41).
The next day, Washpun submitted a letter to the district court, in which he objected to his
attorney’s agreement with the report. R. 1366-1 (Letter) (Page ID #1445). But the district court
rejected the letter. R. 1366 (Order) (Page ID #1444). In Washpun, 645 F. App’x at 515, we
found that the district court clearly erred by rejecting this letter, so we remanded the case with
instructions to determine whether Washpun was responsible for more than 25.2 kilograms of
cocaine base.
After we remanded the case, the district court examined the amount of cocaine base
attributable to Washpun. See United States v. Washpun, No. 1:97-cr-82, 2016 WL 4607565, at
*2–4 (W.D. Mich. Sept. 6, 2016). At the trial, Blackmon testified that he gave Washpun 4.5
ounces of cocaine base at least two to three times per week between 1991 and 1993. Id. at *2.
Based on this testimony, the district court calculated the cocaine base attributable to Washpun
from 1991 to 1993:
Thus, the record supports a finding that Defendant was involved in distributing cocaine base in 1991, 1992, and 1993. Consequently, an estimate that is more consistent with the evidence, and yet one that is still very conservative, is that Defendant received at least 4.5 ounces of cocaine base two times per week for at least 14 months (i.e. from December 1, 1991, to January 31, 1993), which is 61 weeks. 9 ounces a week for 61 weeks is 549 ounces. At 35.27 ounces per kilogram, this equals 15.56 kilograms.
Id. at *3. Second, Blackmon testified that Darryl Ford and Washpun worked together from
sometime in 1995 to June 1997 to distribute cocaine base from Blackmon, and Blackmon gave
3 No. 17-1011 United States v. Charles Washpun
Ford 9 to 18 ounces of cocaine base per week. Id. at *2. Blackmon stopped distributing when he
was arrested in June 1997. Id. For the amount attributable to Washpun from 1995 to June 1997,
the district court stated the following:
Blackmon clearly testified that he distributed cocaine base to Ford and Washpun in 1995; thus, the record supports a finding that at least part of 1995 should be used. The Court will use a conservative estimate of 78 weeks, which includes the last month of 1995, all of 1996, and the first five months of 1997.
....
The record supports a finding that the cocaine base given to Ford was part of the same scheme undertaken by Defendant, Blackmon and Ford, acting in concert, to distribute those drugs. Thus, for purposes of sentencing, Defendant is responsible for the drugs distributed to Ford in 1995 to 1997.
78 weeks times 9 ounces per week is 702 ounces, which equals 19.90 kilograms. Adding this quantity to 15.56 kilograms for the period from 1991 to 1993 results in 35.46 kilograms, which is far greater than 25.2 kilograms of cocaine base.
Even if the Court were to attribute half of the 19.90 kilograms of cocaine base to Defendant, in line with Defendant’s suggested calculation of 9 ounces every other week, the total amount for both time periods would be 25.51 kilograms, which is still greater than 25.2 kilograms.
Id. at *3. Therefore, because he was responsible for at least 25.51 kilograms of cocaine base,
Washpun was not eligible for a sentence reduction. Id. at *4.
II. DISCUSSION
“A motion for modification made under 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2) is reviewed for an abuse
of discretion.” United States v. Moore, 582 F.3d 641, 644 (6th Cir. 2009) (quoting United States
v. Carter, 500 F.3d 486, 490 (6th Cir. 2007)). However, “[a] district court’s determination of the
quantity of drugs used to compute a defendant’s sentence is a finding of fact that should be
4 No. 17-1011 United States v. Charles Washpun
upheld unless clearly erroneous.” United States v. Johnson, 732 F.3d 577, 581 (6th Cir. 2013)
(quoting United States v.
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NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION File Name: 17a0639n.06
No. 17-1011 FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS Nov 17, 2017 FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, ) ) Plaintiff-Appellee, ) ON APPEAL FROM THE ) UNITED STATES DISTRICT v. ) COURT FOR THE WESTERN ) DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN CHARLES WASHPUN, ) ) OPINION Defendant-Appellant. ) )
Before: DAUGHTREY, MOORE, and GRIFFIN, Circuit Judges.
KAREN NELSON MOORE, Circuit Judge. Defendant-Appellant Charles Washpun
appeals the district court’s denial of his motion to reduce his sentence under 18 U.S.C.
§ 3582(c)(2). Because competent evidence supports the district court’s finding that Washpun
was responsible for more than 25.2 kilograms of cocaine base, we AFFIRM the district court’s
order denying Washpun’s motion.
I. BACKGROUND
In a prior opinion, we extensively discussed the facts in Washpun’s action, see United
States v. Washpun, 645 F. App’x 511 (6th Cir. 2016), so we will discuss only the facts that
impact the issue presently before us.
In 1998, a jury found Washpun guilty of conspiring to possess and to distribute
cocaine/cocaine base. R. 458 (Verdict) (Page ID #1644). In the presentence report, the
probation office based its calculations on the trial statements of Keylen Blackmon, a leader in the No. 17-1011 United States v. Charles Washpun
conspiracy, and it found that Washpun was responsible for 66 kilograms of cocaine base.
R. 1342 (PSR at 18–19) (Page ID #1316–17). Washpun objected to this amount. Id. at 34 (Page
ID #1332).
At the sentencing hearing, Washpun’s attorney stated that he was not objecting to the
Government’s assertion that Washpun was responsible for over 1.5 kilograms of cocaine base.
R. 1400-1 (Sentencing Hr’g Tr. at 6) (Page ID #1564). The government informed the district
court that it was not requesting an upward departure, so the district court did not make a specific
finding regarding the quantity of cocaine base. Id. at 6–7 (Page ID #1564–65). Because
Washpun was responsible for at least 1.5 kilograms of cocaine base, the base offense level was
38, the highest offense level under USSG § 2D1.1(c)(1). U.S. Sentencing Guidelines Manual
§ 2D1.1(c)(1) (U.S. Sentencing Comm’n 1997). Based on this amount, Washpun received a
300-month imprisonment term. R. 1400-1 (Sentencing Hr’g Tr. at 14) (Page ID #1572).
Then, in 2014, Washpun moved to reduce his sentence under Amendment 782 to the
Sentencing Guidelines. R. 1330 (Mot.) (Page ID #1281). Under this amendment, the quantity of
cocaine base necessary to trigger a level of 38 increased to 25.2 kilograms. U.S. Sentencing
Guidelines Manual § 2D1.1(c)(1) (U.S. Sentencing Comm’n 2014). In a sentence modification
report, the probation office stated that Washpun was responsible for at least 66 kilograms of
cocaine base. R. 1354 (SMR at 2) (Page ID #1408). Because of this report, Washpun’s attorney
and the government agreed that Washpun was not eligible for a sentence reduction. R. 1361
(Def. Resp. to SMR at 2) (Page ID #1434); R. 1362 (Gov. Resp. to SMR at 3) (Page ID #1438).
2 No. 17-1011 United States v. Charles Washpun
The district court then determined that Washpun was not eligible for a sentence modification.
R. 1363 (Order at 1–2) (Page ID #1440–41).
The next day, Washpun submitted a letter to the district court, in which he objected to his
attorney’s agreement with the report. R. 1366-1 (Letter) (Page ID #1445). But the district court
rejected the letter. R. 1366 (Order) (Page ID #1444). In Washpun, 645 F. App’x at 515, we
found that the district court clearly erred by rejecting this letter, so we remanded the case with
instructions to determine whether Washpun was responsible for more than 25.2 kilograms of
cocaine base.
After we remanded the case, the district court examined the amount of cocaine base
attributable to Washpun. See United States v. Washpun, No. 1:97-cr-82, 2016 WL 4607565, at
*2–4 (W.D. Mich. Sept. 6, 2016). At the trial, Blackmon testified that he gave Washpun 4.5
ounces of cocaine base at least two to three times per week between 1991 and 1993. Id. at *2.
Based on this testimony, the district court calculated the cocaine base attributable to Washpun
from 1991 to 1993:
Thus, the record supports a finding that Defendant was involved in distributing cocaine base in 1991, 1992, and 1993. Consequently, an estimate that is more consistent with the evidence, and yet one that is still very conservative, is that Defendant received at least 4.5 ounces of cocaine base two times per week for at least 14 months (i.e. from December 1, 1991, to January 31, 1993), which is 61 weeks. 9 ounces a week for 61 weeks is 549 ounces. At 35.27 ounces per kilogram, this equals 15.56 kilograms.
Id. at *3. Second, Blackmon testified that Darryl Ford and Washpun worked together from
sometime in 1995 to June 1997 to distribute cocaine base from Blackmon, and Blackmon gave
3 No. 17-1011 United States v. Charles Washpun
Ford 9 to 18 ounces of cocaine base per week. Id. at *2. Blackmon stopped distributing when he
was arrested in June 1997. Id. For the amount attributable to Washpun from 1995 to June 1997,
the district court stated the following:
Blackmon clearly testified that he distributed cocaine base to Ford and Washpun in 1995; thus, the record supports a finding that at least part of 1995 should be used. The Court will use a conservative estimate of 78 weeks, which includes the last month of 1995, all of 1996, and the first five months of 1997.
....
The record supports a finding that the cocaine base given to Ford was part of the same scheme undertaken by Defendant, Blackmon and Ford, acting in concert, to distribute those drugs. Thus, for purposes of sentencing, Defendant is responsible for the drugs distributed to Ford in 1995 to 1997.
78 weeks times 9 ounces per week is 702 ounces, which equals 19.90 kilograms. Adding this quantity to 15.56 kilograms for the period from 1991 to 1993 results in 35.46 kilograms, which is far greater than 25.2 kilograms of cocaine base.
Even if the Court were to attribute half of the 19.90 kilograms of cocaine base to Defendant, in line with Defendant’s suggested calculation of 9 ounces every other week, the total amount for both time periods would be 25.51 kilograms, which is still greater than 25.2 kilograms.
Id. at *3. Therefore, because he was responsible for at least 25.51 kilograms of cocaine base,
Washpun was not eligible for a sentence reduction. Id. at *4.
II. DISCUSSION
“A motion for modification made under 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2) is reviewed for an abuse
of discretion.” United States v. Moore, 582 F.3d 641, 644 (6th Cir. 2009) (quoting United States
v. Carter, 500 F.3d 486, 490 (6th Cir. 2007)). However, “[a] district court’s determination of the
quantity of drugs used to compute a defendant’s sentence is a finding of fact that should be
4 No. 17-1011 United States v. Charles Washpun
upheld unless clearly erroneous.” United States v. Johnson, 732 F.3d 577, 581 (6th Cir. 2013)
(quoting United States v. Young, 553 F.3d 1035, 1051 (6th Cir. 2009)); see also United States v.
Walton, 908 F.2d 1289, 1300–01 (6th Cir. 1990) (“[a] district court’s decision on the amount of
cocaine a defendant is to be held accountable for is a finding of fact which must be accepted by a
court of appeals unless clearly erroneous.”).
“Where the exact amount of drugs involved is unclear, a court may approximate the
quantity of drugs based on circumstantial evidence, making sure to ‘err on the side of caution.’”
United States v. Valentine, 694 F.3d 665, 672 (6th Cir. 2012) (quoting United States v.
Hernandez, 227 F.3d 686, 699 (6th Cir. 2000)). “A court’s approximation of the amount of
drugs involved in a particular case is not clearly erroneous if supported by competent evidence in
the record.” Id. at 672–73 (quoting United States v. Mahaffey, 53 F.3d 128, 132 (6th Cir. 1995)).
For instance, “[t]estimonial evidence from a coconspirator may be sufficient to determine the
amount of drugs for which another coconspirator should be held accountable.” Hernandez,
227 F.3d at 697–98 (citing United States v. Pruitt, 156 F.3d 638, 647 (6th Cir. 1998)).
A court—the modification court—can modify a sentence “in the case of a defendant who
has been sentenced to a term of imprisonment based on a sentencing range that has subsequently
been lowered by the Sentencing Commission.” 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2). There are two steps that
the modification court must follow: (1) examine whether the defendant is eligible to receive a
sentence modification and (2) consider the factors in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) to determine whether a
reduced sentence is warranted. Dillon v. United States, 560 U.S. 817, 827 (2010).
5 No. 17-1011 United States v. Charles Washpun
Under the first step, for a defendant to be eligible for a sentence modification, the
amendment needs to lower his or her sentence. Id. “To determine whether a retroactive
amendment would lower a defendant’s sentence, the district court considering the modification
motion . . . must examine the record that was available to the original sentencing court.”
Valentine, 694 F.3d at 670. “[I]f the record does not reflect a specific quantity finding but rather
a finding or a defendant’s admission that the defendant was responsible for ‘at least’ or ‘more
than’ a certain amount, then the modification court must make supplemental findings based on
the available record.” Id. (citing Moore, 582 F.3d at 646). “Essentially, the modification court
must determine whether a preponderance of the evidence in the record establishes that the
defendant is responsible for the quantity of drugs set forth in the retroactive amendment.” Id.
Here, only the first step is at issue, and trial testimony supports the district court’s
calculations. During the trial, Buddy Marshall testified that he began selling cocaine base with
Washpun in 1993. R. 1433-1 (Resp. Ex. Trial Tr. at 13–14) (Page ID #1773–74). Additionally,
according to Ambrose Williams, Washpun received cocaine base from Blackmon in 1991. Id. at
16 (Page ID #1780). And Blackmon corroborated this fact because he began to sell cocaine base
“[a]round [19]91.” R. 1401-2 (Notice Attach. 2 at 31) (Page ID #1584). From 1991 to 1993,
Blackmon approximated that he gave Washpun 4.5 ounces of cocaine base two to three times per
week. Id. Throughout this period, Washpun worked with Ford, and working with the two of
them “was like working with the same person.” R. 1433-1 (Resp. Ex. Trial Tr. at 33) (Page ID
6 No. 17-1011 United States v. Charles Washpun
#1798). Then, sometime in 1993, Blackmon moved to Atlanta, Georgia. Id. at 38 (Page ID
#1799).
When Blackmon moved back to Kalamazoo, Michigan, in 1995, he continued to
distribute cocaine base to Ford and Washpun. Id. at 41 (Page ID #1802). According to
Blackmon, he gave Ford roughly 9 to 18 ounces of cocaine per week, and he stated that he
“could get in contact with Darryl Ford or [Washpun]. It was -- it was the same.” Id. at 43–44
(Page ID #1804–05). But when he was arrested in June 1997, Blackmon stopped distributing
cocaine base. Id. at 44 (Page ID #1805).
The district court used the smallest quantities from this trial testimony to estimate the
amount of cocaine base attributable to Washpun. The district court determined that Washpun
received cocaine base (1) from December 1, 1991, to January 31, 1993, 61 weeks; (2) the last
month of 1995, 4 weeks; (3) all of 1996, 52 weeks; and (4) the first 5 months of 1996, 22 weeks.
Washpun, 2016 WL 4607565, at *3. For 1991 to 1993, Washpun received roughly 4.5 ounces of
cocaine base two times per week, and 9 ounces a week for 61 weeks is 549 ounces, which is
15.56 kilograms. Id. Then, for 1995 to 1997, the district court estimated that Washpun received
9 ounces per week for 78 weeks, which is 19.90 kilograms. Id. The district court divided this
amount in half to account for Ford’s share of the cocaine base, so Washpun received roughly
9.95 kilograms of cocaine base from 1995 to 1997. Id. In total, between 1991 and 1997, the
district court determined that Washpun received at least 25.51 kilograms of cocaine base. Id.
Because he received more than 25.2 kilograms of cocaine base, Washpun cannot receive a
7 No. 17-1011 United States v. Charles Washpun
reduced sentence under Amendment 782. Thus, the district court did not clearly err by denying
Washpun’s motion. U.S. Sentencing Guidelines Manual § 2D1.1(c)(1) (U.S. Sentencing
Comm’n 2014).
III. CONCLUSION
Because competent evidence supports the district court’s finding that Washpun was
responsible for more than 25.2 kilograms of cocaine base, we AFFIRM the district court’s order
denying Washpun’s motion to amend his sentence.