HALL, Circuit Judge:
Stephen Clayton Upchurch (Upchurch) and Charles Brian Poole (Poole) appeal from their convictions, following a bench trial, of conspiracy to distribute marijuana in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 846 and possession with intent to distribute marijuana and aiding and abetting in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2 and 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1). Finding no error, we affirm.
I.
On the night of June 3, 1980, Lexington County Sheriff’s Office Investigator Thom[673]*673as E. Clark (Clark) received information from the Lexington radio dispatcher that a plane carrying approximately 300 pounds of marijuana had landed in nearby Kershaw County, South Carolina, and that before law enforcement officers had arrived, the marijuana had been removed from the scene by vehicle.
After receiving this information, Clark, who had at least twenty years’ experience in law enforcement, including eleven, years in narcotics investigations, proceeded to Poole’s residence at 4523 Meadowood Road in Forest Acres in Richland County, South Carolina. Poole, was under investigation at that time for trafficking in marijuana.
At approximately 11:00 p.m., Clark arrived in. the vicinity of Poole’s residence. Keeping the house under surveillance, Clark parked several houses away from the Poole residence. Twenty to thirty minutes later, the lights at the house went out. Shortly thereafter, a car drove into the Poole driveway and turned off its lights. With its lights still out, the car backed out into Meadowood Road and then backed into the Poole driveway so that its trunk was adjacent to the trunk of Poole’s car. Clark then approached Poole’s residence on foot. He stopped behind the hedge along Poole’s property line. From this location, Clark observed two figures, saw the trunk lids of the cars come up, heard conversation, saw something moved from one car to the other, and then heard a trunk close.
Clark returned to his parked vehicle and observed a car leaving Poole’s residence. He followed the car for a number of blocks and then stopped it.
After approaching the car, Clark asked the driver for his license which identified him as the appellant Upchurch. Clark stated he was investigating narcotics trafficking and told Upchurch he was under investigation. Clark advised Upchurch of his constitutional rights but did not arrest him. Clark told Upchurch that he wanted to look in the trunk, to which Upchurch responded that it was not his car. Clark explained that Upchurch could nevertheless permit the search and that if he did not, “a search warrant could possibly be obtained.” Clark -asked Upchurch where the keys were, and Upchurch said, “Here they are,” as he held them in his hand. Upchurch did not try to hold them back. Clark took them and opened the trunk. Clark found a thick coat of marijuana residue across the entire floor of the trunk. Clark then arrested Up-church and transported him to the Forest Acres Police Station.
While at the police station, Clark applied to a magistrate for a search warrant and prepared an affidavit in support thereof. Finding that probable cause existed, the magistrate issued a warrant to search the Poole residence at 4523 Meadowood Drive, including any automobile, or outbuildings located on the premises.
Clark, accompanied by other officers, returned to the Poole residence with the warrant. Poole came to the door and was advised of the warrant. He told the officers that what they were looking for was in his car. Two bales of marijuana were found in the trunk of Poole’s car.
On July 15, 1981, Upchurch and Poole were charged in a two-count indictment with conspiracy and possession of, with intent to distribute, approximately 100 pounds of marijuana.1 Upchurch and Poole moved to suppress the evidence found in the searches. The district court denied the motions and found Upchurch and Poole guilty. This appeal followed.
II.
On appeal, Upchurch contends that the stop and search of the car which he was driving were unlawful. In particular, Up-church argues that reasonable grounds for an investigatory stop did not exist and that Clark exceeded the brevity requirements for a stop and transformed the stop into an arrest without probable cause. Upchurch further argues that he did not consent to the search and that even if he did, his [674]*674consent was tainted by either an illegal stop or arrest. We do not agree.
A law enforcement official may stop a moving vehicle without a warrant and for less than probable cause if, from all of the circumstances, he has an articulable, reasonable suspicion based upon objective facts, together with rational inferences therefrom, that either the vehicle or any of its occupants is engaged in criminal activity. United States v. Cortez, 449 U.S. 411, 418, 101 S.Ct. 690, 695, 66 L.Ed.2d 621 (1981); Delaware v. Prouse, 440 U.S. 648, 663, 99 S.Ct. 1391, 1401, 59 L.Ed.2d 660 (1979); United States v. Mobley, 699 F.2d 172, 174-175 (4th Cir.1983).
On June 3,1980, when Clark stopped the car that Upchurch was driving, he knew that (1) Poole had been under investigation for trafficking in marijuana since May, 1980; (2) a plane carrying 300 pounds of marijuana had landed in nearby Kershaw County that evening; (3) the marijuana had been removed from the scene by vehicle before law enforcement officials arrived; (4) a car pulled into Poole’s driveway around 11:30 p.m. that evening, turned off its lights, backed out of the driveway with its lights still off, and then backed in the driveway so that the trunk of the car was adjacent to the trunk of Poole’s car; and (5) there were two persons who engaged in conversation, opened the trunk lids of the cars, and moved something from one car to the other.
From all of the circumstances, we find that the facts known by Clark at the time were sufficiently articulable to give rise to a reasonable suspicion that the car Up-church was driving was engaged in marijuana trafficking so as to justify an investigative stop.
Although Upchurch concedes that only “several minutes went by during the stop,” he next argues that the stop was not brief. We recognize that there are cases where the length of the detention has transformed the stop into an illegal arrest. E. g., United States v. Perez-Esparza, 609 F.2d 1284 (9th Cir.1979). However, this is not such a case.2 We conclude that under all of the circumstances, Upchurch’s detention was reasonable and the stop was lawful.
Once an investigative stop has been completed “any further detention or search must be based on consent or probable cause.” United States v. Brignoni-Ponce, 422 U.S. 873, 882, 95 S.Ct. 2574, 2580, 45 L.Ed.2d 607 (1975).
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HALL, Circuit Judge:
Stephen Clayton Upchurch (Upchurch) and Charles Brian Poole (Poole) appeal from their convictions, following a bench trial, of conspiracy to distribute marijuana in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 846 and possession with intent to distribute marijuana and aiding and abetting in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2 and 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1). Finding no error, we affirm.
I.
On the night of June 3, 1980, Lexington County Sheriff’s Office Investigator Thom[673]*673as E. Clark (Clark) received information from the Lexington radio dispatcher that a plane carrying approximately 300 pounds of marijuana had landed in nearby Kershaw County, South Carolina, and that before law enforcement officers had arrived, the marijuana had been removed from the scene by vehicle.
After receiving this information, Clark, who had at least twenty years’ experience in law enforcement, including eleven, years in narcotics investigations, proceeded to Poole’s residence at 4523 Meadowood Road in Forest Acres in Richland County, South Carolina. Poole, was under investigation at that time for trafficking in marijuana.
At approximately 11:00 p.m., Clark arrived in. the vicinity of Poole’s residence. Keeping the house under surveillance, Clark parked several houses away from the Poole residence. Twenty to thirty minutes later, the lights at the house went out. Shortly thereafter, a car drove into the Poole driveway and turned off its lights. With its lights still out, the car backed out into Meadowood Road and then backed into the Poole driveway so that its trunk was adjacent to the trunk of Poole’s car. Clark then approached Poole’s residence on foot. He stopped behind the hedge along Poole’s property line. From this location, Clark observed two figures, saw the trunk lids of the cars come up, heard conversation, saw something moved from one car to the other, and then heard a trunk close.
Clark returned to his parked vehicle and observed a car leaving Poole’s residence. He followed the car for a number of blocks and then stopped it.
After approaching the car, Clark asked the driver for his license which identified him as the appellant Upchurch. Clark stated he was investigating narcotics trafficking and told Upchurch he was under investigation. Clark advised Upchurch of his constitutional rights but did not arrest him. Clark told Upchurch that he wanted to look in the trunk, to which Upchurch responded that it was not his car. Clark explained that Upchurch could nevertheless permit the search and that if he did not, “a search warrant could possibly be obtained.” Clark -asked Upchurch where the keys were, and Upchurch said, “Here they are,” as he held them in his hand. Upchurch did not try to hold them back. Clark took them and opened the trunk. Clark found a thick coat of marijuana residue across the entire floor of the trunk. Clark then arrested Up-church and transported him to the Forest Acres Police Station.
While at the police station, Clark applied to a magistrate for a search warrant and prepared an affidavit in support thereof. Finding that probable cause existed, the magistrate issued a warrant to search the Poole residence at 4523 Meadowood Drive, including any automobile, or outbuildings located on the premises.
Clark, accompanied by other officers, returned to the Poole residence with the warrant. Poole came to the door and was advised of the warrant. He told the officers that what they were looking for was in his car. Two bales of marijuana were found in the trunk of Poole’s car.
On July 15, 1981, Upchurch and Poole were charged in a two-count indictment with conspiracy and possession of, with intent to distribute, approximately 100 pounds of marijuana.1 Upchurch and Poole moved to suppress the evidence found in the searches. The district court denied the motions and found Upchurch and Poole guilty. This appeal followed.
II.
On appeal, Upchurch contends that the stop and search of the car which he was driving were unlawful. In particular, Up-church argues that reasonable grounds for an investigatory stop did not exist and that Clark exceeded the brevity requirements for a stop and transformed the stop into an arrest without probable cause. Upchurch further argues that he did not consent to the search and that even if he did, his [674]*674consent was tainted by either an illegal stop or arrest. We do not agree.
A law enforcement official may stop a moving vehicle without a warrant and for less than probable cause if, from all of the circumstances, he has an articulable, reasonable suspicion based upon objective facts, together with rational inferences therefrom, that either the vehicle or any of its occupants is engaged in criminal activity. United States v. Cortez, 449 U.S. 411, 418, 101 S.Ct. 690, 695, 66 L.Ed.2d 621 (1981); Delaware v. Prouse, 440 U.S. 648, 663, 99 S.Ct. 1391, 1401, 59 L.Ed.2d 660 (1979); United States v. Mobley, 699 F.2d 172, 174-175 (4th Cir.1983).
On June 3,1980, when Clark stopped the car that Upchurch was driving, he knew that (1) Poole had been under investigation for trafficking in marijuana since May, 1980; (2) a plane carrying 300 pounds of marijuana had landed in nearby Kershaw County that evening; (3) the marijuana had been removed from the scene by vehicle before law enforcement officials arrived; (4) a car pulled into Poole’s driveway around 11:30 p.m. that evening, turned off its lights, backed out of the driveway with its lights still off, and then backed in the driveway so that the trunk of the car was adjacent to the trunk of Poole’s car; and (5) there were two persons who engaged in conversation, opened the trunk lids of the cars, and moved something from one car to the other.
From all of the circumstances, we find that the facts known by Clark at the time were sufficiently articulable to give rise to a reasonable suspicion that the car Up-church was driving was engaged in marijuana trafficking so as to justify an investigative stop.
Although Upchurch concedes that only “several minutes went by during the stop,” he next argues that the stop was not brief. We recognize that there are cases where the length of the detention has transformed the stop into an illegal arrest. E. g., United States v. Perez-Esparza, 609 F.2d 1284 (9th Cir.1979). However, this is not such a case.2 We conclude that under all of the circumstances, Upchurch’s detention was reasonable and the stop was lawful.
Once an investigative stop has been completed “any further detention or search must be based on consent or probable cause.” United States v. Brignoni-Ponce, 422 U.S. 873, 882, 95 S.Ct. 2574, 2580, 45 L.Ed.2d 607 (1975). The question of whether a consent to a search is voluntary is one of fact to be determined from all of the circumstances. Schneckloth v. Bustamonte, 412 U.S. 218, 227, 93 S.Ct. 2041, 2047-48, 36 L.Ed.2d 854 (1973). Based upon all of the facts in this case, we cannot say that the district court’s finding of consent is clearly erroneous. Nor was the consent tainted or coerced, because Upchurch was not arrested until after the search.
Even if Upchurch did not consent to the search, we conclude that the warrant-less search of the trunk of the car that Upchurch was driving was lawful. In United States v. Ross, 456 U.S. 798, 102 S.Ct. 2157, 72 L.Ed.2d 572 (1982), the Supreme Court held that police officers “who have legitimately stopped an automobile and who have probable cause to believe that contraband is concealed somewhere within it . .. may conduct a search of the vehicle that is as thorough as a magistrate could authorize in a warrant.” Id. at 2159.
Here, Clark had probable cause to believe that contraband was concealed in the trunk of the car driven by Upchurch. While sur[675]*675veilling Poole’s residence at night, Clark saw something being moved from the trunk of one car to the other. On similar facts, the Fifth Circuit concluded in United States v. Rivera, 684 F.2d 308 (5th Cir.1982), that the warrantless search of the trunks of vehicles and the bed of a pickup truck was lawful under Ross. Accordingly, we conclude that the district court correctly denied Upchurch’s motion to suppress the evidence found in the search of the car that he was driving.
III.
Poole argues that the search of his car was unlawful because the warrant was defective.3 He further contends that where the police obtain a warrant, which is later invalidated, the government may not rely on prior existing exigencies to support the search. Finally, Poole maintains that a federal court may not cure a defective state search warrant by adopting a “good faith” exception to the state constitution.4
We hold that any defects in the warrant are irrelevant and that exigent circumstances justified the warrantless search of Poole’s car. As soon as Clark found the marijuana residue in the trunk of the ear that Upchurch was driving, he would have been well within the law had he gone and immediately searched Poole’s car. Any reasonable person, having Clark’s discovery of marijuana and observations of the activities outside of Poole’s residence, would have concluded that the marijuana had been transferred from Upchurch’s car to Poole’s car. The fact that Clark first went to the Forest Acres Police Station did not take away his right to search Poole’s car without a warrant.
By the time Clark discovered the marijuana residue, he could not know whether the suspected contraband had been moved into Poole’s house or not. Moreover, Clark had arrested Upchurch. The exigency of the situation as it relates to Poole’s automobile is not vitiated by Clark’s decision to go to the Forest Acres Police Station, to place Upchurch in the custody of others, and to seek a search warrant with which he could search not only the Poole car but also the house. We, therefore, conclude that no search warrant was necessary to search Poole’s car. Since no warrant was required, any defects in the warrant that was obtained cannot serve as a basis upon which to suppress the two bales of marijuana found in the trunk of Poole’s car. Thus, the district court correctly denied Poole’s motion to suppress the evidence found in the search of his car.
IV.
Appellants’ remaining contention that the district court abused its discretion in denying their motion to view the scene lacks merit. Accordingly, Upchurch’s and Poole’s convictions are affirmed.
AFFIRMED.