United States Court of Appeals For the First Circuit
No. 15-1652
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Appellee,
v.
MANUEL CALDERÓN,
Defendant, Appellant.
APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF PUERTO RICO
[Hon. Aida M. Delgado-Colón, U.S. District Judge]
Before
Lynch, Selya, and Lipez, Circuit Judges.
George J. Vila for appellant. John-Alex Romano, Criminal Division, Appellate Section, U.S. Department of Justice, with whom Rosa Emilia Rodríguez-Vélez, United States Attorney, Nelson Pérez-Sosa, Chief, Appellate Division, United States Attorney's Office, Leslie R. Caldwell, Assistant Attorney General, Sung-Hee Suh, Deputy Assistant Attorney General, and Robert A. Parker, Criminal Division, Appellate Section, U.S. Department of Justice, were on brief, for appellee.
July 15, 2016 LIPEZ, Circuit Judge. Appellant Manuel Calderón,
convicted for making a false statement to a federal grand jury
investigating a money laundering scheme, argues that the district
court abused its discretion in refusing to grant him a new trial
based on the government's now-acknowledged improper withholding of
impeachment evidence and its failure to disclose other information
that Calderón claims tainted his indictment and prosecution. He
also challenges the court's refusal to order release of a grand
jury transcript. Finding his claims unavailing, we affirm.
I.
A. Factual Background
The facts underlying this appeal, as the jury could have found
them, are as follows. Appellant Calderón was a sales
representative and manager of two related businesses in Florida
that law enforcement authorities targeted in an investigation into
money laundering. The businesses, GSM City and GSM City
Supercenter ("Supercenter"), were wholesalers of cellular phones
and cellphone accessories. GSM City was established first, and
its employees, including Calderón, transferred to Supercenter when
it subsequently was opened by the same owners in a nearby location.
In effect, the business that previously had been known as GSM City
became Supercenter.1
1 In his opening statement at trial, the prosecutor said that GSM City was "reincorporated" as GSM City Supercenter, and a
- 2 - In 2010, undercover officers working for the United States
Drug Enforcement Administration ("DEA") went to GSM City on
multiple occasions and gave large amounts of cash to Calderón.
Each time, Calderón would take the cash and count it, and the
officers would then leave without receiving any merchandise. Two
DEA officers, Steve Díaz and Peter Guevara, participated in a
combined total of five such transactions between March and November
2010.
The DEA also engaged an employee of GSM City, Angel
Delguercio, as a confidential informant. Delguercio testified
that it was "common practice" for GSM City customers to come into
the store with $5,000 to $80,000 in cash, which Calderón would
count with a machine or by hand. Delguercio testified that those
transactions occurred weekly. He also reported that it was
similarly common for employees at Supercenter to receive cash
payments from customers. During his direct examination,
Delguercio testified that he saw Calderón counting cash at
Supercenter weekly. However, he changed his account during
government witness who worked at both stores testified that the business "moved from one building to another building, and they merged or changed their legal name." The government presented evidence that Calderón was listed as one of the "managing members" in Supercenter's articles of incorporation, along with Shamin Azad and Amjad Azad. With respect to GSM City, the government witness testified that "[t]o me [Calderón] was one of the owners, he ran the business," but he also identified the Azads as the owners of both businesses.
- 3 - questioning in cross-examination and on redirect, stating that he
had not seen -- or did not remember seeing -- Calderón himself
receive or count the cash payments received at that store, although
"it was a big chance, a possibility."
In 2012, Calderón appeared before a federal grand jury in
Puerto Rico investigating the money laundering scheme. During his
testimony, in which he initially explained how GSM City operated,
Calderón answered the questions posed to him as follows:2
Q. [A]nd that is how GSM City worked? A. [Y]es. Q. [W]hen you were working there? A. [Y]es. Q. [S]o a customer would call in and say, I want to buy a hundred phones. A. [Y]es. Q. [A]nd you would give them 30 days to pay? A. 30 days to pay or if the customer in less than 30 days they would need more merchandise and let's say they already have their limit already filled up, then they had to pay what they owe in order to take the new order. Q. [O]kay. So you would receive wires only from customers that had gone through that process? A. [Y]es, or they were registered with the company already. Q. [O]kay, and what would happen if the company received payment from another source
2 We reproduce the grand jury testimony from the trial transcript as it was read into the record, with emphasis supplied for the questions and answers that were the basis for Calderón's prosecution. At trial, the prosecutor read the questions, and the court reporter who had transcribed the grand jury testimony as it was given read Calderón's answers. We have omitted from each line the introductory words read at trial -- either "Question" or "Answer" -- and have therefore used brackets to capitalize the new "first" word on each line.
- 4 - that is not registered, is it accepted or what would happen? A. [N]o, it would not be accepted. Q. [N]o? A. [N]o, we always dealt with the customer that wire us when we were working with them. Who ever wanted to buy from us they had to register as a company. Q. [A]s far as you understand that is how GSM City operated? A. [S]upposedly, yes. Q. GSM City? A. GSM City and GSM City Supercenter. Q. [A]nd then would anybody go in with cash? A. [W]e have people coming from overseas that they use to declare the cash in Customs at the airport and they use to pay so we use to report them. Q. [H]ow? A. [W]ith the IRS form and we take their passport. Q. [D]id you ever personally receive cash for a purchase? A. [T]hat was account. Q. [Y]ou did? A. [A]ccount, account, account department, we had departments. Q. [B]ut my question is did any customer ever come to you and say listen, here is $50,000 or here is $10,000 for these phones that I wanted to order. A. [N]o, because account had to deal with that department. Q. [N]ot the sales person? A. [N]ot the sales person. Q. [Y]ou never had to count any money or anything? A. [N]o. Count money just to pay that we had to pay somebody that we owe, but that is about it, but not like received money.
In August 2013, Calderón was indicted on one count of making
a false declaration before a federal grand jury, in violation of
18 U.S.C. § 1623. The indictment alleged that he knowingly
- 5 - testified falsely that he never received cash when, in fact, he
had received approximately $181,000 in cash payments between March
and June 2010 "from various individuals at GSM City, a.k.a. GSM
City Supercenter."
A two-day trial was held in February 2014. Calderón's defense
was that the grand jury questions at issue were ambiguous because
they sometimes referred to "GSM City" and sometimes to "GSM City
Supercenter." Highlighting Delguercio's testimony on cross-
examination that he did not remember seeing Calderón handle cash
at Supercenter, defense counsel argued to the jury that the
government had produced no evidence that Calderón had received or
counted cash there, and "[i]f [Calderón] was thinking that the
question was referring to Supercenter, then his answer was true."
Hence, counsel asserted, Calderón could not be convicted for making
a false statement if the jury found that he reasonably believed
the questions were focused solely on Supercenter. The jury,
however, found Calderón guilty.
B. Post-Trial Proceedings
Less than a week after the verdict, Calderón filed a motion
seeking a new trial, in which he asserted multiple flaws in his
trial. In the original motion, which was later supplemented, he
challenged statements made by a government witness and the
prosecutor and asserted that the evidence presented was
insufficient to support the verdict. Calderón has not appealed
- 6 - the court's denial of his new trial request based on those grounds,
and we do not further address them.
In the first supplement, Calderón claimed that newly
discovered evidence revealed that the government had withheld
impeachment evidence in violation of the disclosure requirements
of Giglio v. United States, 405 U.S. 150 (1972).3 Specifically,
he argued that the government had improperly failed to disclose
that Delguercio had been charged with stealing cell phones from
Supercenter while employed there, information suggesting a "motive
to be untruthful in his trial testimony" -- i.e., to retaliate
against store management, including Calderón. This credibility-
related evidence was significant to his defense, Calderón claimed,
because Delguercio was the only witness who referred to Calderón's
handling of cash while at Supercenter. If the jury found that
Calderón could have construed the question about handling cash to
refer only to Supercenter, the retaliatory motive of the sole
witness who cast doubt on Calderón's "no" answer would have been
favorable impeachment material.
3 Under Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83 (1963), the "suppression of favorable evidence violates due process if the evidence is material to guilt or punishment." United States v. Misla-Aldarondo, 478 F.3d 52, 63 (1st Cir. 2007). In Giglio, the Supreme Court applied Brady's disclosure obligation to "information potentially useful in impeaching government witnesses." Id.
- 7 - The second supplemental filing focused on proceedings in a
related Florida criminal case, in which Calderón and the Azad
brothers (the owners of GSM City and Supercenter) were charged
with evading federal reporting requirements for cash transactions.
Calderón informed the court that the Florida prosecutor had alerted
the judge in that case to the government's intention to seek a
superseding indictment because of two problems affecting the
original Florida indictment. First, a law enforcement officer who
had made undercover cash drops for the DEA at GSM City had pleaded
guilty in an unrelated case to credit-card fraud and extortion.
As a result, the government decided not to pursue the counts in
the original Florida indictment that depended on the testimony of
that officer, Richard Muñoz. Second, the original indictment
contained a factual inaccuracy. It listed several cash deliveries
that investigators had told the grand jury were made by undercover
officers, but they were in fact made by confidential informants.
Calderón asserted that the Puerto Rico grand jury proceedings
were tainted by the same problems -- i.e., the "rogue-agent's
criminal conduct" and the factual inaccuracies -- that affected
the Florida prosecution. In addition, he argued that the
government violated its Brady/Giglio obligations by failing to
disclose Muñoz's indictment and plea negotiations, asserting that
the government must have known of those events when his trial
began. Calderón subsequently moved for production of the Puerto
- 8 - Rico grand jury transcript so that he could substantiate his
claims.
In response to the new trial motion, the government argued,
inter alia, that neither Delguercio's arrest nor Muñoz's
conviction was impeachment evidence within the scope of Giglio,
and that Muñoz's prosecution was in any event irrelevant to
Calderón's case. With respect to Muñoz, the government stated
that he was not involved in the grand jury proceedings in Puerto
Rico, and the DEA agent who presented information to that grand
jury did not directly rely on evidence obtained by Muñoz. In
addition, the government said it had not used evidence related to
the cash deliveries made by Muñoz against Calderón at trial. As
for the factual mistake in the Florida testimony concerning two
deliveries made by confidential informants, rather than undercover
agents, the government stated that no such inaccurate information
was provided in the Puerto Rico proceedings.
The district court ruled that Delguercio's arrest should have
been disclosed under Giglio.4 United States v. Calderón, No. 13-
cr-00515, slip op. at 27 (D.P.R. Feb. 27, 2015). The court noted
that it would be "natural" to conclude that Delguercio was biased
against Calderón because Supercenter -- which Calderón managed --
4 In its appellate brief, the government "concedes that, in retrospect, it should have disclosed Delguercio's arrest on state theft charges to Calderón prior to trial." Appellee's Br. at 11.
- 9 - had reported Delguercio's alleged theft of phones. The court
observed: "Such a conclusion, if drawn, clearly aims at
Delguercio's credibility, and thus, at the very least, may have
been useful in impeaching him." The court added that the
undisclosed material may have been particularly useful in light of
Delguercio's testimony that he cooperated with the government
"because he had been told it was the right thing to do and he had
not been accused of doing anything wrong." The court nonetheless
concluded that Calderón had not shown a reasonable probability
that disclosure of the withheld evidence about Delguercio would
have produced a different outcome at trial and, hence, the court
rejected the need for a new trial on that basis.
With respect to the undisclosed Florida information, the
court concluded that no Brady/Giglio violation occurred. The court
noted that the material about Muñoz's arrest and plea was not
useful for impeachment, as Muñoz did not testify at Calderón's
trial, and it found no relevance in Muñoz's unrelated conviction
to the defendant's guilt or innocence. The court also saw no
potential value to Calderón's defense from the inaccuracy in the
Florida grand jury testimony, which "pertain[ed] to whether money
was delivered by a police officer or a confidential source." The
court further rejected any implied challenge to the propriety of
the indictment, stating that Calderón "provides no legal basis to
- 10 - do so at this stage in proceedings." The court denied as moot
Calderón's motion to produce the grand jury transcript.
On appeal, Calderón reiterates his Brady/Giglio claims. He
argues that the district court abused its discretion in failing to
order a new trial based on the government's withholding of evidence
and the "tainted" indictment that resulted from reliance on Muñoz's
testimony and the factual inaccuracy about deliveries. He also
challenges the court's refusal to order release of the Puerto Rico
grand jury transcript.
II.
To obtain a new trial based on newly discovered evidence under
Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 33, the defendant is ordinarily
required to show that (1) the evidence at issue was either unknown
or unavailable to him at the time of trial, (2) his failure to
discover the evidence was not due to his own lack of diligence,
(3) the evidence was material, and (4) access to it "will probably
result in an acquittal upon retrial." United States v. Flores-
Rivera, 787 F.3d 1, 15 (1st Cir. 2015) (quoting United States v.
González-González, 258 F.3d 16, 20 (1st Cir. 2001)).
In the context of a Brady/Giglio claim, however, a "more
defendant-friendly" standard applies to the prejudice inquiry
encompassed by the third and fourth prongs. Id. (citing Kyles v.
Whitley, 514 U.S. 419, 434 (1995)). Rather than showing that "an
acquittal would have 'probably' resulted," the defendant must
- 11 - establish only a "reasonable probability" of a different outcome
if the government had disclosed the evidence prior to trial. Id.
at 15-16 (quoting González-González, 258 F.3d at 20). We have
explained that, under this latter approach, a defendant can prevail
"when the government's evidentiary suppression undermines
confidence in the outcome of the trial." United States v. Avilés-
Colón, 536 F.3d 1, 20 (1st Cir. 2008) (quoting Kyles, 514 U.S. at
434). That is to say, a "reasonable probability" of a different
outcome does not exist if the trial, despite the absence of the
improperly withheld evidence, "can produce 'a verdict worthy of
confidence.'" Flores-Rivera, 787 F.3d at 16 (quoting González-
González, 258 F.3d at 20).
Absent legal error, the district court's ruling on a motion
for new trial based on alleged Brady/Giglio violations is
reversible only for "manifest abuse of discretion." United States
v. Alverio-Meléndez, 640 F.3d 412, 423 (1st Cir. 2011) (quoting
United States v. Brandao, 539 F.3d 44, 64 (1st Cir. 2008)); see
also González-González, 258 F.3d at 20. Calderón complains that
the district court improperly rejected both Brady/Giglio claims
asserted in his supplemental filings. We consider each in turn.
A. Delguercio's Arrest
As a threshold matter, Calderón contends that the district
court improperly used a sufficiency-of-the-evidence analysis to
assess the impact of the government's failure to disclose
- 12 - Delguercio's arrest. We reject this assertion. Indeed, the court
expressly recognized that "[t]he undermine-confidence inquiry
. . . is not a sufficiency of the evidence test." Calderón, slip
op. at 8. It examined sufficiency solely as a starting point for
its Giglio analysis and, after finding ample evidence of guilt,
stated that "[t]his . . . is not the battle to be waged for purposes
of analyzing suppressed Giglio material." Id. at 9. The court
then proceeded to carefully consider the potential impact of the
evidence of Delguercio's arrest in light of the defense theory,
guided by factors we have previously identified for assessing
materiality: "(1) [the] evidentiary strength [of the suppressed
information]; (2) whether it was cumulative of other evidence
offered at trial; (3) whether the matters on which it would have
allowed impeachment were collateral; and (4) whether the matters
on which impeachment would have been made possible were otherwise
corroborated." Id. at 8 (quoting United States v. Paladin, 748
F.3d 438, 444 (1st Cir. 2014)).
The court noted that Calderón's depiction of the Delguercio
evidence as highly significant was linked to his theory that the
questions posed to him by the grand jury were ambiguous, meaning
that the jury could have found that his response denying the
receipt of cash referred only to his time at Supercenter.
Confining his "no" answer to Supercenter was necessary for the
defense because the two law enforcement officers, Díaz and Guevara,
- 13 - had testified to giving Calderón cash at GSM City, and photographs
of the cash Calderón received from them were introduced into the
record. Indeed, defense counsel conceded the GSM City transactions
in his closing argument. Delguercio, however, was the only witness
whose testimony supported a finding that Calderón also had received
and counted cash at Supercenter.
The district court nonetheless identified multiple reasons
why Calderón had not shown a reasonable probability of a different
verdict even if he had known about Delguercio's arrest. First,
the court noted "the detailed cross-examination of Delguercio's
testimony that actually occurred," pointing out that Delguercio
was "thoroughly questioned" about his cooperation with the
government and the financial benefits he received. Id. at 11-12.
The court also highlighted defense counsel's closing argument,
which urged the jury not to credit Delguercio's testimony because
his motive to testify was that he was "getting paid to set people
up." Id. at 12. Hence, while the arrest evidence would have
enhanced that credibility challenge by potentially introducing an
issue of bias distinct from self-interest, "it still would have
addressed a subject that had already been brought to the jury's
attention -- Delguercio's motivation for testifying." Id.; see,
e.g., Paladin, 748 F.3d at 447 (noting that the undisclosed
evidence was cumulative because "the principal focus of the defense
on cross-examination sought to undermine [the witness's]
- 14 - credibility by suggesting to the jury that [he] . . . was willing
to lie to serve his own interests," and, hence, that evidence would
have only "permitted one additional avenue to accomplish this same
objective").
Second, the court observed that the importance of the
undisclosed evidence depended on two jury findings: that Calderón
construed the grand jury questions to address only Supercenter,
and -- based on Delguercio's testimony -- Calderón lied when he
said he had not handled cash at that store. The court found it
not reasonably probable that the jury had accepted Calderón's
theory that the questions were ambiguous -- causing him to
reasonably believe the inquiry was only about Supercenter -- but
then found him guilty beyond a reasonable doubt based on
Delguercio's equivocal testimony that there was "a possibility"
that Calderón handled cash there. The court found it "far more
likely" that the jury applied the "clear instruction" it gave on
the issue of ambiguity,5 and found the grand jury questions to be
unambiguous. The court then stated its view of the jury's ultimate
finding: "Specifically, when defendant was asked whether he
"[]ever" had to count any money, that ever meant ever, and thus,
5 In part, the jury was instructed: "If you should find a particular question was ambiguous and that the defendant truthfully answered one reasonable interpretation of the question under the circumstances presented, then such answer would not be false."
- 15 - included the time that he worked at GSM City Inc." Calderón, slip
op. at 13 (footnote omitted).
We find the district court's reasoning supportable. A series
of questions posed to Calderón during the grand jury proceeding
had focused on the business methods of GSM City before Calderón
was asked: "[A]s far as you understand that is how GSM City
operated?" His answer, along with the next question and response,
reported that the business methods also applied to Supercenter:
A. [S]upposedly, yes. Q. GSM City? A. GSM City and GSM City Supercenter. Q. [A]nd then would anybody go in with cash? A. [W]e have people coming from overseas that they use to declare the cash in Customs at the airport and they use to pay so we use to report them.
A few questions later, Calderón was asked if he "ever personally
receive[d] cash for a purchase," to which he replied, "[T]hat was
account." After a few more questions about cash from customers,
he was asked, "[Y]ou never had to count any money or anything?"
He replied, "no," explaining that he counted money to pay debts,
"but not like received money." In context, we think it unlikely
that the jury would have construed Calderón's responses -- saying,
in effect, that it was not his job to count money -- as intended
to refer exclusively to Supercenter. Hence, with direct evidence
that Calderón had received cash at GSM City, evidence of his
activity at Supercenter would have been cumulative. Accordingly,
- 16 - we think it highly unlikely that Delguercio's testimony had
decisive impact on the jury's finding that Calderón gave a false
statement to the grand jury.6
We thus find no abuse of discretion in the district court's
rejection of Calderón's new-trial request based on a finding that
it was not reasonably probable that timely disclosure of
Delguercio's arrest would have produced a different result at
trial.
B. Proceedings in the Florida Case
Calderón argues that the district court erred in determining
that the information the prosecutor revealed in the Florida case
-- Officer Muñoz's conviction and the faulty attribution of some
cash deliveries at GSM City -- did not constitute Brady/Giglio
material for his Puerto Rico prosecution. We disagree.
We note first that Muñoz's guilty plea pursuant to a plea
agreement was entered on March 13, 2014, more than a month after
the conclusion of Calderón's trial, and the record contains no
evidence indicating that the Puerto Rico prosecutors knew about
6Indeed, the timing of the pertinent events -- a factor the court did not mention -- diminishes the likelihood that the arrest would have played a significant role, to Calderón's advantage, in the jury's assessment of Delguercio's credibility. Delguercio agreed to cooperate with the government in 2010, but he was not charged with the theft until 2013. He therefore assisted the government before he had reason to retaliate against Calderón. Nonetheless, although the earlier decision to cooperate might have lessened the bias theory, the possibility of retaliatory motivation would have been useful in the 2014 trial.
- 17 - that unrelated criminal case during the trial. Indeed, the
superseding information charging Muñoz, and to which he pled, was
filed on March 7, 2014 -- also after Calderón's trial -- and the
Florida prosecutor's email alerting the judge in the Florida GSM
City case to concerns about the Florida indictment is dated March
21. Although Calderón speculates that the Puerto Rico prosecutors
must have known about Muñoz's plea negotiations by the time his
(Calderón's) trial started in early February, the record provides
scant support for that hypothesis.7 The government cannot be
faulted for failing to turn over information it did not have. See,
e.g., United States v. Hall, 434 F.3d 42, 55 (1st Cir. 2006);
United States v. Rosario-Díaz, 202 F.3d 54, 66 (1st Cir. 2000).
Moreover, as the district court concluded, the information
of concern in Florida was not significant for Calderón's defense
in the Puerto Rico trial. Muñoz did not testify and, hence, his
unrelated criminal activity could not constitute impeachment
evidence.8 In addition, we share the district court's view that
Muñoz's crime was not exculpatory as to Calderón. See Calderón,
7Calderón notes that Muñoz's prosecution bears a 2013 case number. Although one co-defendant was indicted in October 2013, and a superseding indictment charging a second co-defendant was filed in January 2014, the superseding information naming Muñoz was not filed until March 2014.
8By contrast, the Florida prosecutor's email to the Florida court explained that Muñoz's testimony would have been the government's evidence for four of the counts in that indictment.
- 18 - slip op. at 15 ("[T]he Court cannot discern how this information
is relevant in any[]way to defendant's guilt or innocence."). The
jury heard direct testimony from Díaz and Guevara about their own
cash deliveries at GSM City, and no reference was made to Muñoz.
Accordingly, Muñoz's role in the undercover operation, even if
tainted by his criminal activity, was tangential -- at best -- to
the jury's deliberations.
We likewise reject any suggestion by Calderón that the mistake
in the Florida proceedings concerning several cash deliveries --
i.e., that they were made by confidential informants rather than
undercover officers -- was pertinent to his guilt or innocence.
Indeed, other than the deliveries Díaz and Guevara testified that
they made themselves, there was no evidence introduced at trial
here linking particular cash drops to specific individuals.9
Hence, even if a jury might view criminal conduct reported by
confidential informants differently from activity reported by
police officers, that distinction was simply not relevant in the
Puerto Rico trial. We thus agree with the district court that the
mistaken attribution of a few deliveries in testimony given before
the Florida grand jury was immaterial to the jury's verdict.10
9 Delguercio did not identify any of the people he saw delivering cash to Calderón as either police officers or confidential informants.
10 Indeed, Calderón conceded as much before the district court, although he continues to invoke precedent on appeal (i.e.,
- 19 - Accordingly, we find no abuse of discretion in the district
court's rejection of the Brady/Giglio claim linked to the
information that came to light in the Florida prosecution.
III.
Calderón argues that the inaccurate information presented to
the Florida grand jury also tainted the Puerto Rico grand jury
proceedings and denied him "fundamental due process." This
contention is a non-starter. "[T]he petit jury's verdict of guilty
beyond a reasonable doubt demonstrates a fortiori that there was
probable cause to charge the defendant[] with the offense[] for
which [he] was convicted," and, hence, "any error in the grand
jury proceeding connected with the charging decision [i]s harmless
beyond a reasonable doubt." United States v. Mechanik, 475 U.S.
66, 67, 70 (1986); see also United States v. Reyes-Echevarría, 345
F.3d 1, 4 (1st Cir. 2003) ("All but the most serious errors before
the grand jury are rendered harmless by a conviction at trial.");
United States v. Ortiz de Jesús, 230 F.3d 1, 4 (1st Cir. 2000)
Brady/Giglio) that addresses the impact of improperly withheld evidence on the outcome of a defendant's trial. Specifically, in replying to the government's response to his second supplemental motion, Calderón accused the government of "divert[ing] the reader's attention to the evidence presented at trial." Calderón then continued: "This is not the issue. It should be abundantly clear that Defendant in his second supplement to the motion for new trial does not object to the evidence presented at trial, however does object to the tainted evidence that the Government presented to the grand jury to obtain the Indictment." We address the grand jury issue in the next section.
- 20 - ("Usually, the trial jury's verdict provides an adequate safeguard
against the failings of the grand jury process."). The exception
to this harmless error rule -- prosecutorial misconduct "so grave
that it calls into doubt the fundamental fairness of the judicial
process," Ortiz de Jesus, 230 F.3d at 4 -- is plainly inapplicable
here.
In any event, the nature of the problematic information
revealed in the Florida case belies Calderón's assertion of
prejudicial taint. Muñoz's conviction for crimes unrelated to the
GSM City and Supercenter investigation does not undermine the
government's report to the Puerto Rico grand jury that Calderón
received ten cash deliveries during the course of the
investigation. Likewise, the misattribution of one or more of the
money drops to a police officer rather than a confidential
informant in the Florida grand jury proceeding does not call into
question the integrity of the Puerto Rico indictment, which charged
Calderón with falsely stating that he had never received cash. In
sum, the grand jury proceedings provide no basis for upending
Calderón's prosecution and conviction.
Given the lack of merit in Calderón's challenge to the
indictment, the district court did not err in refusing to order
production of a transcript of the sealed grand jury proceedings.
See United States v. Sells Eng'g, Inc., 463 U.S. 418, 424 (1983)
(recognizing the "long-established policy that maintains the
- 21 - secrecy of the grand jury proceedings in the federal courts"
(quoting United States v. Proctor & Gamble Co., 356 U.S. 677, 681
(1958))); United States v. Capozzi, 486 F.3d 711, 727 (1st Cir.
2007) (holding that "[t]he 'indispensable secrecy of grand jury
proceedings' must not be broken except where there is a compelling
necessity[,]" and stating that the defendant bears the burden of
showing "particularized need" (quoting Proctor & Gamble Co., 356
U.S. at 682)).11
For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the district court
is affirmed.
So ordered.
11 The government provided an unsealed summary of the Puerto Rico grand jury proceedings and offered to make the full transcript available to the court for in camera inspection. The court did not request such an inspection.
- 22 -