United States v. Brown

30 M.J. 907, 1990 CMR LEXIS 447, 1990 WL 52768
U.S. Army Court of Military Review·Decided April 24, 1990·No. ACMR 8901794·Published·Cited by 6 cases

Opinion

OPINION OF THE COURT

MYERS, Senior Judge:

Pursuant to his pleas, appellant was convicted by a military judge sitting as a special court-martial of one specification of absence without leave (Charge II) and one specification of each of possession of cocaine with intent to distribute and possession of marijuana (Charge I), in violation of Articles 86 and 112a, Uniform Code of Military Justice, 10 U.S.C. §§ 886 and 912a (1982 and Supp. IV, 1986) [hereinafter UCMJ] respectively. He was sentenced to a bad-conduct discharge, confinement for five months, and reduction to Private El. Pursuant to a pretrial agreement, however, the convening authority reduced the confinement to four months but otherwise approved the sentence. On appeal appellant [908] asserts three assignments of error as discussed below.

I

Appellant first contends that his plea of guilty to absence without leave was improvident in that the military judge failed to secure from appellant a knowing and affirmative waiver of the statute of limitations. We agree.

Appellant was charged with absence without leave [AWOL] from the Personnel Control Facility, Fort Ord, California, from 4 October 1986 until 31 January 1989. Appellant pleaded guilty, however, to AWOL from Company B, 97th General Hospital, Frankfurt, Federal Republic of Germany, from 5 July 1986 until 31 January 1989. Prior to the military judge’s explanation of the elements of the offense, the trial defense counsel requested a recess to check on a “possible jurisdictional problem that we just noticed” (R. 16). When the court reconvened, the assistant defense counsel stated:

Your Honor, during the recess the defense investigated a potential statute of limitations bar and has been satisfied that the statute of limitations was adequately tolled and is not a bar to prosecution and does not in any way affect the willingness of the defense to proceed as we have been with the pleas.

(R. 17). Thereafter, the providence inquiry as to this charge consisted of the following:

MJ: All right, what happened then around the 1st of July 86 as concerns yourself and the [AWOL] charge?
ACC: (Pause.)
MJ: Were you assigned to B Company, 97th General Hospital?
ACC: Yes, I was, Your Honor.
MJ: In July of 86?
ACC: Yes, Your Honor.
MJ: All right, what happened along about the 5th of July of that year then, of 86?
ACC: I was off duty that day and I was scheduled to return to duty on the 5th and I departed Frankfurt International Airport on the 4th of July without authorization.
MJ: All right, you had no authority then to be gone? No leave or pass?
ACC: That’s correct, Your Honor.
MJ: And did you remain away until about the 31st of January 89?
ACC: I did, Your Honor.

(R. 21).

Under the terms of Article 43, UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 843, in effect at the time of the inception of the charged AWOL, be it 5 July 1986 or 4 October 1986, the statute of limitations was two years for the offense of AWOL. Article 43 was amended, however, by the National Defense Authorization Act For Fiscal Year 1987, Pub.L. No. 99-661 §§ 805(a) and 805(b), 100 Stat. 3816, 3908 (1986), to extend the statute of limitations applicable to AWOL to five years, effective 14 November 1986. Thus, both the date charged (4 October 1986) and the date to which appellant pleaded guilty (5 July 1986) fall outside the statute of limitations. Inasmuch as AWOL is not a continuing offense but, rather, is committed on the date of inception, United States v. Tunnell, 23 M.J. 110 (C.M.A.1986); United States v. Salter, 20 M.J. 116 (C.M.A.1985), the charged AWOL was clearly barred by the statute of limitations.

The Government contends that appellant waived the defense of the statute of limitations by his counsel’s announcement that the statute had been tolled and was therefore not applicable. Although counsel did not explain how he came to that conclusion, he was in error. The allied papers contain a Charge Sheet, DD Form 458,-properly prepared, sworn to, and received at the headquarters of the Commander, 97th General Hospital, APO New York 09757, a summary court-martial convening authority, on 10 July 1986, charging appellant with absenting himself without authority on 5 July 1986 but showing no return date. No referral action is shown on this form. Next under that is another Charge Sheet, properly prepared and sworn to on 22 July 1987, and received at Headquarters Command, 7th Infantry Division and Fort Ord, Fort Ord, California, on 24 July 1987. [909] This document charges appellant with absenting himself from the Personnel Control Facility, Fort Ord, California, on or about 4 October 1986, again showing no termination date. No mention was made of the 10 July 1986 Charge Sheet from Germany and, as before, no referral action was shown thereon. Finally, the charges on which appellant was arraigned were subscribed and sworn to on 22 May 1989 and received by the Commander, Headquarters Command,1 a summary court-martial convening authority, on 23 May 1989. This final charge sheet made no mention of the previous two charge sheets nor did it purport in any way to be an amendment to either of them. It was obviously meant to be and was in fact a new set of charges. Accordingly, the statute of limitations was not tolled by either of the two prior charge sheets where the current one is a newly prepared set of charges and not an amendment to the previous ones. United States v. Arsneault, 6 M.J. 182 (C.M.A.1979); United States v. Rodgers, 24 C.M.R. 36 (C.M.A.1957).

Having established that the statute of limitations was a viable defense to the AWOL charge herein, was the defense waived by the erroneous conclusion of defense counsel that it was tolled? The military judge, relying on counsel’s assertion that the statute did not apply, did not discuss the issue with the appellant.

For there to be [a waiver of the statute of limitations], the record must disclose that — by reason of advice from the military judge or otherwise — the accused was aware of his right to assert the statute of limitations and nonetheless chose to plead guilty.

Tunnell, 23 M.J. at 111 (citations omitted); see Salter, 20 M.J. at 116. In United States v. Colley, 29 M.J. 519 (A.C.M.R.1989), this court held:

Whenever it appears that prosecution for an offense is barred by the statute of limitations, the court must bring that fact to the attention of the accused. Furthermore, a waiver of the right to plead the statute of limitations in bar of trial will not be imposed when the record, as shown here, does not disclose that the appellant was aware of that right.

Id. at 522 (citations omitted).

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United States v. Brown, 30 M.J. 907, 1990 CMR LEXIS 447, 1990 WL 52768 (usarmymilrev 1990).

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