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[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT ________________________
No. 16-17209 ________________________
D.C. Docket No. 1:16-cr-20200-DMM-1
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
versus
MAMADOU ASSANE BADIANE,
Defendant-Appellant.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida ________________________
(February 22, 2018)
Before MARCUS, FAY, and HULL, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
Mamadou Assane Badiane, a federal prisoner, appeals his conviction for
aggravated identity theft, 18 U.S.C. § 1028A, and his sentences for making a false Case: 16-17209 Date Filed: 02/22/2018 Page: 2 of 15
statement in a U.S. passport application, 18 U.S.C. § 1542, and aggravated identity
theft.1 This is a strange case. The government failed to conduct basic pretrial
preparation, relying instead on Badiane pleading guilty. On the other hand, one
could reasonably think Badiane was trying to game the system by telling those
involved that he was going to plead guilty, firing his attorney, and filing a pro se
motion to dismiss the indictment on speedy trial grounds. Our duty is to decide the
issues raised in this appeal based upon the record, the facts, and the law. This we
shall do.
On appeal, Badiane argues that the district court abused its discretion by
denying his motions for a continuance and a new trial, and by admitting evidence
of his prior bad acts under Federal Rule of Evidence 404(b). He also asserts that
the government failed to introduce sufficient evidence to show that he knew the
means of identification he used belonged to a real person. Finally, he argues that
the district court erred in imposing two sentencing enhancements.2 Contrary to
Badiane’s arguments, the district court did not abuse its discretion by denying the
motion for a continuance or the motion for a new trial based on the belated
disclosure of evidence, nor did it abuse its discretion in admitting evidence of his
1 Badiane does not appeal his conviction for making a false statement in a U.S. passport application. 2 Although Badiane also asserts that his sentence was substantively unreasonable, he does not present any arguments to this effect. His passing reference is insufficient to raise the issue for appellate review. Sapuppo v. Allstate Floridian Ins. Co., 739 F.3d 678, 681 (11th Cir. 2014). 2 Case: 16-17209 Date Filed: 02/22/2018 Page: 3 of 15
prior passport applications. It also did not err in denying his motion for judgment
of acquittal, as the government presented ample evidence of guilt. Furthermore,
the district court properly imposed the sentencing enhancements. Accordingly, we
affirm.
I. BACKGROUND
In 2016, a grand jury returned an indictment charging Badiane with making
a false statement in a U.S. passport application (Count 1) and aggravated identity
theft (Count 2). On April 21, 2016, the government filed its first discovery
response, which stated that “all evidence made available . . . for inspection . . . may
be offered in the trial of this cause, under F.R.E. 404(b) or otherwise.” The district
court continued the case twice at the request of Badiane’s counsel and rescheduled
the trial to begin on August 17, 2016.3
Shortly after the second continuance was granted, Badiane filed a pro se
motion to remove his counsel, stating that he had given counsel an “unequivocal
order” that “under no circumstances could he request a continuance of the trial or
agree to a continuance at the request of the Government.” Badiane requested that
counsel be removed for violating his explicit instructions. The district court
granted Badiane’s motion. One week later, Badiane filed a pro se motion to
3 The trial was originally scheduled for May 16, 2016. Badiane’s counsel filed a motion to continue the trial on April 27, and the district court rescheduled the trial to begin on June 27. On May 31, Badiane’s counsel filed a second motion for a continuance, which the district court initially denied; but later the district court sua sponte continued the trial until August 17. 3 Case: 16-17209 Date Filed: 02/22/2018 Page: 4 of 15
dismiss the indictment for a violation of his rights under the Speedy Trial Act. On
July 22, the district court appointed counsel to represent Badiane and declined to
rule on his pro se motions.
The government and Badiane filed a joint motion for a continuance on
August 8. Citing Badiane’s complaints about the prior continuances, the district
court denied the motion and scheduled a plea hearing for August 15. A plea
agreement was not reached, and the case was set for a jury trial to begin on August
17. On the evening of August 16, the government produced for the first time
Badiane’s 200-page alien file, a screenshot of a receipt from a passport courier
service, and the government’s exhibit list. According to Badiane, the exhibit list
stated for the first time that the government intended to introduce as evidence
several other passport applications he had previously submitted.
The following morning, Badiane filed a motion for a continuance and a
motion to exclude the above-referenced evidence. The government opposed the
motion for a continuance, explaining that it had received Badiane’s alien file and
become aware of the courier service screenshot late the previous afternoon. 4 The
district court denied Badiane’s motions.
At trial, the government introduced two passport applications that had been
submitted on October 13, 2015, and December 19, 2013, using the identifying
4 At oral argument, counsel conceded that the prosecution had failed to request the alien file until August 15. It was delivered within 24 hours. 4 Case: 16-17209 Date Filed: 02/22/2018 Page: 5 of 15
information and birth certificate of the victim in this case, Nesley Metayer. The
government also presented an application for a Georgia identification card that had
been submitted using a bank statement and Metayer’s identifying information,
birth certificate, and social security card, as well as a copy of the temporary
identification card issued on December 3, 2013. Finally, the government
introduced into evidence the following exhibits, produced to the defense the night
before trial: (1) a courier service receipt for the submission of the October 13,
2015, passport application (exhibit 8); (2) Badiane’s order of removal, dated June
11, 2001 (exhibit 4); (3) a withdrawal of Badiane’s application for admission to the
United States, dated March 29, 2006 (exhibit 5); (4) a second withdrawal of an
application for admission to the United States, dated April 29, 2009 (exhibit 6A);
(5) a notice to detain, remove, or present alien, dated April 29, 2009 (exhibit 6B);
and (6) Badiane’s French passport (exhibit 6C). After the government rested,
Badiane moved for a judgment of acquittal, which the district court denied.
During the defense’s case-in-chief, Badiane admitted making a false
statement on a passport application, but denied guilt as to Count 2, stating that he
did not know Metayer was a real person. Badiane testified that Metayer, who he
knew as “Enrico,” sold him a birth certificate and social security card for $8,000.
Metayer told Badiane that he had “made [the birth certificate] up with a friend”
and that the documents “belong[ed] to nobody.” Badiane further testified that he
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has an identical twin brother, but conceded that he, not his twin brother, submitted
the 2015 and 2013 passport applications under Metayer’s name. Badiane also
admitted that he had applied for and received a Georgia identification card under
Metayer’s name, using Metayer’s social security card. He denied submitting any
passport applications other than those filed in 2015 and 2013.
On rebuttal, Aura Arauz-Figueroa, a fraud program manager for the U.S.
State Department Miami Passport Agency, testified that, during her investigation
into the 2015 passport application, she utilized facial recognition software, which
revealed other fraudulent passport applications. The court admitted four passport
applications made under four different names between 2005 and 2009. Arauz-
Figueroa testified that the applications matched the facial recognition software. On
cross-examination, she admitted that if someone has an identical twin sibling, the
facial recognition software could return a false match for the individual; however,
she recalled that Badiane’s twin was not identical.
The jury found Badiane guilty as to both counts. Badiane subsequently filed
a motion for a new trial and a renewed motion for judgment of acquittal. The
district court denied the motions.
At sentencing, the district court imposed two Sentencing Guidelines
enhancements with respect to Count 1—one for previously having been deported,
U.S.S.G. § 2L2.2(b)(1), and one for obstruction of justice, U.S.S.G. § 3C1.1—
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yielding a total offense level of 12 and an advisory Guidelines range of 10 to 16
months’ imprisonment.5 The court imposed consecutive sentences of 24 months’
imprisonment on each count, resulting in a total 48-month sentence.
II. DISCUSSION
A. Denial of the Motion for a Continuance and Motion for a New Trial
We review the denial of a motion for a continuance and motion for a new
trial for abuse of discretion. United States v. Valladares, 544 F.3d 1257, 1261
(11th Cir. 2008); United States v. Hernandez, 433 F.3d 1328, 1332 (11th Cir.
2005). A “[d]enial of a continuance, requested by a defendant in order to permit
additional preparation for trial, must be upheld unless the defendant can show an
abuse of discretion and specific, substantial prejudice.” United States v. Saget, 991
F.2d 702, 708 (11th Cir. 1993).
Here, there is little question that best practices would have been for the
government to obtain and disclose the alien file earlier. In this regard, the
government failed to approach this case in the manner it should approach a
criminal trial. We also note that it would have been more equitable for the district
court to grant the joint motion for a continuance.
Nevertheless, we cannot conclude that the district court abused its discretion
in denying Badiane a continuance. Notably, Badiane directed his original counsel
5 The Guidelines sentence for aggravated identity theft is the mandatory consecutive 24-month sentence required by statute. 18 U.S.C. § 1028A(a)(1); U.S.S.G. § 2B1.6(a). 7 Case: 16-17209 Date Filed: 02/22/2018 Page: 8 of 15
not to move for a continuance and fired counsel for disobeying his explicit
instruction. He then filed a pro se motion to dismiss the indictment based on a
violation of his rights under the Speedy Trial Act. Changing course, Badiane now
argues that it was an abuse of discretion to deny a continuance because defense
counsel was unable to investigate his alien file, incorporate this evidence into the
defense, or locate and subpoena potential witnesses. While this change in position
may be understandable in light of the belated disclosure of the alien file, Badiane
was put on notice of the substance of the evidence in the alien file approximately
four months prior to trial.
The government’s discovery, disclosed on or around April 21, 2016,
included four Diplomatic Security Service Reports of Investigation, which
collectively provided the information contained in exhibits 4 through 6C. As to
exhibit 4—the June 11, 2001, order of removal—two Reports of Investigation
indicated that Badiane had overstayed his visa and was removed from the country
in June 2001. The Reports of Investigation also stated that Badiane had attempted
to enter the United States in 2006, that a database showed “an Enforce encounter
by [Badiane] and Customs and Border Protection . . . on 29 Mar 2006,” that the
U.S. Consulate in Montreal had confirmed Badiane’s March 29, 2006, arrest and
subsequent deportation, and that Badiane’s criminal record contained the following
note: “03/29/06 intercepted in U.S. using someone else’s PPT.” Although the
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Reports of Investigation did not refer to the fact that Badiane had applied for
admission to the United States and then withdrew his application on March 29,
2006, as indicated in exhibit 5, they collectively demonstrated that he had
attempted to enter the United States on March 29, 2006, and was deported.
With respect to exhibits 6A and 6B—the April 29, 2009, withdrawal of
application for admission to the United States and the notice to detain, remove, or
present alien—the Reports of Investigation noted that Badiane flew into New York
in 2009 and left the following day, and that he was found inadmissible on April 29,
2009. Finally, as to exhibit 6C—Badiane’s French passport—one Report of
Investigation stated that Badiane had a valid French passport.
Under these circumstances, the district court did not abuse its discretion by
denying a continuance. Because there was no abuse of discretion in denying a
continuance, Badiane also cannot show the district court abused its discretion in
denying his related motion for a new trial.
B. Admission of Evidence Under Rule 404(b)
We review for abuse of discretion the district court’s decisions as to the
admissibility of evidence. United States v. Carrasco, 381 F.3d 1237, 1240 (11th
Cir. 2004). Under Rule 404(b), the government is required to “provide reasonable
notice of the general nature of any [evidence of prior bad acts] that the prosecutor
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intends to offer at trial.” Fed. R. Evid. 404(b)(2)(A).6 A prior bad act is
admissible under Rule 404(b) if “(1) the evidence is relevant to an issue other than
a defendant’s character, (2) there is sufficient proof to allow a jury to find that the
defendant committed the act by a preponderance of the evidence, and (3) the
evidence’s probative value is not substantially outweighed by the risk of unfair
prejudice.” United States v. Green, 873 F.3d 846, 858 (11th Cir.), petition for cert.
filed, No. 17-7299 (U.S. Dec. 20, 2017).
The government again did not comply with best practices in giving Badiane
notice that it intended to introduce evidence of the four passport applications he
had submitted between 2005 and 2009. In its response to the discovery order, the
government noted that it might seek to admit “all evidence made available . . . for
inspection” under Rule 404(b). This vague statement runs contrary to the policy
behind Rule 404(b)’s notice provision, which is to “reduce surprise and promote
early resolution on the issue of admissibility.” Carrasco, 381 F.3d at 1241
(quotation omitted).
Although the issue is close, we conclude the district court did not abuse its
discretion in admitting the prior passport applications. While we have held that a
district court abuses its discretion by admitting unnoticed Rule 404(b) evidence,
see id., here, the government gave notice in April that it might introduce any of the
6 The rule requires “notice,” as opposed to “production.” 10 Case: 16-17209 Date Filed: 02/22/2018 Page: 11 of 15
discovery evidence under Rule 404(b). During discovery, the government
produced copies of three of Badiane’s prior passport applications, as well as all of
the pertinent information about his fourth prior application. Accordingly, Badiane
was put on notice that the government might seek to admit this evidence under
Rule 404(b).
Moreover, the prior passport applications were not improper propensity
evidence.7 Evidence that Badiane had submitted four other passport applications
between 2005 and 2009 suggests that he was familiar with the requirements to
obtain a passport and therefore only would have paid a substantial sum of money
for identifying documents he knew were real. Additionally, a jury could find that
Badiane submitted these applications based on Arauz-Figueroa’s testimony and the
photographs associated with the applications. Finally, the probative value of the
prior passport applications was not substantially outweighed by the risk of undue
prejudice, given that this evidence strongly suggested he knew Metayer’s
identifying documents were about a real person. See United States v. Robinson,
687 F.2d 359, 361 (11th Cir. 1982) (“Where the issue is [the] defendant’s mental
state the balance tips toward admissibility.”).
7 Badiane also appears to assert that the evidence from the alien file should not have been admitted under Rule 404(b), but he does not present any specific arguments as to why evidence from the alien file was inadmissible. Accordingly, he has abandoned the issue. See Sapuppo, 739 F.3d at 681. 11 Case: 16-17209 Date Filed: 02/22/2018 Page: 12 of 15
C. Sufficiency of the Evidence
“We review de novo both the denial of a motion for a judgment of acquittal
and the sufficiency of the evidence to sustain a conviction, viewing the evidence in
the light most favorable to the government and drawing all reasonable inferences
and credibility choices in favor of the jury’s verdict.” United States v. Keen, 676
F.3d 981, 989 (11th Cir. 2012). We will sustain a conviction if “any rational trier
of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable
doubt.” United States v. Holmes, 595 F.3d 1255, 1257 (11th Cir. 2010) (quotation
omitted). To convict Badiane of aggravated identity theft, the government was
required to show, inter alia, that (1) he transferred, possessed, or used another
person’s means of identification, and (2) he knew the means of identification
belonged to a real person. 18 U.S.C. § 1028A(a)(1); Flores-Figueroa v. United
States, 556 U.S. 646, 657, 129 S. Ct. 1886, 1894 (2009).
The district court did not err in denying Badiane’s motion for judgment of
acquittal. The evidence demonstrates that Badiane successfully used Metayer’s
identifying documents to obtain a Georgia identification card in 2013. A
reasonable jury could find this to be compelling evidence of Badiane’s knowledge
that the identifying documents belonged to a real person. See United States v. Doe,
661 F.3d 550, 563 (11th Cir. 2011) (stating that a defendant’s successful uses of
the victim’s identifying information to obtain two driver’s licenses were
12 Case: 16-17209 Date Filed: 02/22/2018 Page: 13 of 15
“meaningful circumstantial indicia that [the defendant] knew [the victim’s]
identifying information belonged to a real person”); Holmes, 595 F.3d at 1258
(concluding that the defendant’s success in using the victim’s identifying
documents to obtain Florida driver’s licenses or identification cards was probative
of her knowledge that the identifying documents belonged to a real person).
Badiane also used Metayer’s identifying documents to apply for a U.S. passport in
2013. A reasonable jury could conclude that his willingness to subject Metayer’s
identifying documents to government scrutiny a second time suggested that he
knew the documents belonged to a real person. See Holmes, 595 F.3d at 1258.
Finally, the jury was entitled to disbelieve Badiane’s testimony regarding his lack
of knowledge and consider it to be substantive evidence of guilt. See United States
v. Brown, 53 F.3d 312, 314-15 (11th Cir. 1995).
D. Procedural Reasonableness of Badiane’s Sentences
“We review de novo the district court’s interpretation of the Guidelines and
its application of the Guidelines to the facts.” United States v. Campbell, 491 F.3d
1306, 1315 (11th Cir. 2007) (quotation omitted). We review for clear error the
district court’s factual findings regarding sentencing enhancements. Id.
The district court did not err in imposing a two-level enhancement, pursuant
to U.S.S.G. § 2L2.2(b)(1), based on Badiane’s 2001 removal from the United
States under the visa waiver program. While the enhancement applies when an
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unlawful alien was previously “deported,” we conclude that being removed
qualifies as being “deported” for purposes of § 2L2.2(b)(1). “[S]ince 1996, the
Government has used a unified procedure, known as ‘removal,’ for both exclusion
and deportation.” Kawashima v. Holder, 565 U.S. 478, 481 n.2, 132 S. Ct. 1166,
1171 n.2 (2012). Because the terms “deportation” and “removal” may be used
interchangeably, id., we see no reason why “deported,” as it is used in §
2L2.2(b)(1), would not encompass removals. The fact that Badiane did not appear
before an immigration judge in his 2001 removal proceeding is of no moment, nor
is it relevant that the notice of intent to remove did not mention any ban on his
return to the country.
The district court likewise did not err in imposing an obstruction of justice
enhancement. To assess an obstruction of justice enhancement based on perjured
testimony, the testimony must be (1) under oath or affirmation, (2) false,
(3) material, and (4) “given with the willful intent to provide false testimony and
not as a result of a mistake, confusion, or faulty memory.” United States v. Singh,
291 F.3d 756, 763 & n.4 (11th Cir. 2002). Here, Badiane testified under oath that
he had not submitted any passport applications prior to 2013. In light of Arauz-
Figueroa’s testimony regarding the facial recognition software and her statement
that Badiane’s twin was not identical, the district court did not clearly err in finding
that Badiane’s testimony was false. Badiane’s testimony was also material
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because whether he had previously applied for U.S. passports was relevant to the
question of whether he knew that a passport applicant must use identifying
documents belonging to a real person. Finally, no evidence suggests that
Badiane’s false testimony was the result of a mistake, confusion, or a faulty
memory, especially given that he was confronted with prior passport applications
containing his pictures, yet still denied submitting them.
III. CONCLUSION
The district court did not abuse its discretion in denying Badiane’s motions
for a continuance and a new trial because he was put on notice of the relevant
contents of his alien file approximately four months prior to trial. Likewise, it was
not an abuse of discretion to admit evidence of Badiane’s prior passport
applications, given that the government gave notice of its intent to introduce this
Rule 404(b) evidence and the evidence was relevant to the key issue in the case.
Because the government provided more than sufficient evidence of guilt, the
district court did not err in denying his motion for judgment of acquittal. Finally,
the district court properly imposed both Guidelines enhancements.
AFFIRMED.