Case: 18-13935 Date Filed: 07/12/2019 Page: 1 of 11
[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT ________________________
No. 18-13935 Non-Argument Calendar ________________________
D.C. Docket No. 0:18-cr-60061-FAM-1
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff - Appellee,
versus
ANTHONY CHARLES DWIGHT BOX,
Defendant - Appellant.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida _______________________
(July 12, 2019)
Before TJOFLAT, JORDAN, and BRANCH, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM: Case: 18-13935 Date Filed: 07/12/2019 Page: 2 of 11
Anthony Charles Dwight Box appeals his 36-month sentence imposed
pursuant to a guilty plea for theft of government money in violation of 18 U.S.C.
§ 641.1 Box argues that the sentence is unreasonable because, in imposing an
upward variance from the sentencing Guideline range of 24 to 30 months, the
district court erred in relying upon (1) his education level, (2) his 1989 conviction
for possession of counterfeit currency with the intent to defraud, and (3) his failure
to pay restitution. We affirm.
I. BACKGROUND
A federal grand jury indicted Box on one count of theft of government
money in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 641 and five counts of money laundering in
Whoever embezzles, steals, purloins, or knowingly converts to his use or the use of another, or without authority, sells, conveys or disposes of any record, voucher, money, or thing of value of the United States or of any department or agency thereof, or any property made or being made under contract for the United States or any department or agency thereof; or Whoever receives, conceals, or retains the same with intent to convert it to his use or gain, knowing it to have been embezzled, stolen, purloined or converted— Shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than ten years, or both; but if the value of such property in the aggregate, combining amounts from all the counts for which the defendant is convicted in a single case, does not exceed the sum of $1,000, he shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than one year, or both. The word “value” means face, par, or market value, or cost price, either wholesale or retail, whichever is greater.
18 U.S.C. § 641.
2 Case: 18-13935 Date Filed: 07/12/2019 Page: 3 of 11
violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1957. Box pleaded guilty to the theft of government
money count in exchange for the dismissal of the other counts.
According to the Presentence Investigation Report, Box falsely reported on
his 2011 tax return that he had gross gambling winnings of $3,775,000 from a
poker tournament, $1,057,000 in tax withholdings, and $3,525,266 in gambling
losses, resulting in a claimed refund of over $900,000. The IRS approved payment
of the refund, applied $250,000 to Box’s 2005 and 2006 tax liabilities, and issued a
check to Box for the remaining $735,463.69.
Box’s base offense level pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1(a)(2) was six.
Pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1(b), a 14-level increase was imposed because the loss
amount was greater than $550,000 but less than $1,500,000. After a 3-level
decrease for acceptance of responsibility, the total offense level was 17. Box’s
criminal history reflected a 1989 conviction for possession of counterfeit federal
reserve notes with the intent to defraud that had resulted in a sentence of two years
of probation. The PSI did not add any criminal history points for the conviction,
resulting in a criminal history category of I. Based on the total offense level and
criminal history category, the Guideline range was 24 to 30 months. The PSI also
reflected that pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3663A and U.S.S.G. § 5E1.1, Box owed
mandatory restitution to the IRS in the amount of $988,175.
3 Case: 18-13935 Date Filed: 07/12/2019 Page: 4 of 11
At the sentencing hearing, the court asked what happened to the money that
Box had received from the IRS. Box explained that, due to offsets, the check Box
received from the IRS was in the amount of $735,000, $260,000 went to the person
who helped Box file the tax return, $200,000 went to a broker, $120,000 was
invested in a business that failed, and $150,000 was “just spent on, you know,
living life.” Box explained that he had not paid any money toward restitution. Box
requested a Guideline sentence, and the government recommended a sentence at
the low end of the guidelines range.
The court expressed concern over the government’s recommendation
because of Box’s 1989 conviction, which meant that “he should have known
better.” Further, the court noted that the crime of conviction was a fraud-related
offense similar to that at issue here and that “[p]eople who commit fraud have a
tendency to repeat their fraud.” The court also explained that Box’s law degree and
master’s degree counseled in favor of a harsher sentence “because [he’s] been
given opportunities.” In sum, the court explained that it was imposing an upward
variance because of the 1989 conviction, Box’s educational background, and the
fact that no restitution had been paid. The court sentenced Box to 36 months
imprisonment and 3 years of supervised release and imposed restitution in the
amount of $988,175. The court gave Box an opportunity to object to the
reasonableness of the sentence, but he did not do so.
4 Case: 18-13935 Date Filed: 07/12/2019 Page: 5 of 11
II. DISCUSSION
Box says that he is challenging his sentence on the grounds of
reasonableness without specifying whether he means procedural or substantive
reasonableness. The government reads his brief as raising only substantive
reasonableness. We agree with that assessment. 2
This Court generally reviews the substantive reasonableness of a sentence
for abuse of discretion. United States v. Cubero, 754 F.3d 888, 892 (11th Cir.
2014). However, in this case, Box failed to object to the substantive reasonableness
of his sentence, which raises the issue of whether we should review his sentence
for plain error. The Supreme Court recently granted certiorari to decide whether
abuse of discretion or plain error review applies when the defendant has failed to
object to the substantive reasonableness of the sentence, Holguin-Hernandez v.
United States, -- S. Ct. --, 2019 WL 429919 (June 3, 2019). Accordingly, in an
abundance of caution, and because Box’s arguments fail under either standard of
review, we apply the more lenient standard of abuse of discretion.
2 To the extent Box challenges his sentence on grounds of procedural reasonableness, because he did not so object at the time of sentencing, this Court reviews for plain error. United States v. Vandergrift, 754 F.3d 1303, 1307 (11th Cir. 2014).
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Case: 18-13935 Date Filed: 07/12/2019 Page: 1 of 11
[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT ________________________
No. 18-13935 Non-Argument Calendar ________________________
D.C. Docket No. 0:18-cr-60061-FAM-1
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff - Appellee,
versus
ANTHONY CHARLES DWIGHT BOX,
Defendant - Appellant.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida _______________________
(July 12, 2019)
Before TJOFLAT, JORDAN, and BRANCH, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM: Case: 18-13935 Date Filed: 07/12/2019 Page: 2 of 11
Anthony Charles Dwight Box appeals his 36-month sentence imposed
pursuant to a guilty plea for theft of government money in violation of 18 U.S.C.
§ 641.1 Box argues that the sentence is unreasonable because, in imposing an
upward variance from the sentencing Guideline range of 24 to 30 months, the
district court erred in relying upon (1) his education level, (2) his 1989 conviction
for possession of counterfeit currency with the intent to defraud, and (3) his failure
to pay restitution. We affirm.
I. BACKGROUND
A federal grand jury indicted Box on one count of theft of government
money in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 641 and five counts of money laundering in
Whoever embezzles, steals, purloins, or knowingly converts to his use or the use of another, or without authority, sells, conveys or disposes of any record, voucher, money, or thing of value of the United States or of any department or agency thereof, or any property made or being made under contract for the United States or any department or agency thereof; or Whoever receives, conceals, or retains the same with intent to convert it to his use or gain, knowing it to have been embezzled, stolen, purloined or converted— Shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than ten years, or both; but if the value of such property in the aggregate, combining amounts from all the counts for which the defendant is convicted in a single case, does not exceed the sum of $1,000, he shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than one year, or both. The word “value” means face, par, or market value, or cost price, either wholesale or retail, whichever is greater.
18 U.S.C. § 641.
2 Case: 18-13935 Date Filed: 07/12/2019 Page: 3 of 11
violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1957. Box pleaded guilty to the theft of government
money count in exchange for the dismissal of the other counts.
According to the Presentence Investigation Report, Box falsely reported on
his 2011 tax return that he had gross gambling winnings of $3,775,000 from a
poker tournament, $1,057,000 in tax withholdings, and $3,525,266 in gambling
losses, resulting in a claimed refund of over $900,000. The IRS approved payment
of the refund, applied $250,000 to Box’s 2005 and 2006 tax liabilities, and issued a
check to Box for the remaining $735,463.69.
Box’s base offense level pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1(a)(2) was six.
Pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1(b), a 14-level increase was imposed because the loss
amount was greater than $550,000 but less than $1,500,000. After a 3-level
decrease for acceptance of responsibility, the total offense level was 17. Box’s
criminal history reflected a 1989 conviction for possession of counterfeit federal
reserve notes with the intent to defraud that had resulted in a sentence of two years
of probation. The PSI did not add any criminal history points for the conviction,
resulting in a criminal history category of I. Based on the total offense level and
criminal history category, the Guideline range was 24 to 30 months. The PSI also
reflected that pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3663A and U.S.S.G. § 5E1.1, Box owed
mandatory restitution to the IRS in the amount of $988,175.
3 Case: 18-13935 Date Filed: 07/12/2019 Page: 4 of 11
At the sentencing hearing, the court asked what happened to the money that
Box had received from the IRS. Box explained that, due to offsets, the check Box
received from the IRS was in the amount of $735,000, $260,000 went to the person
who helped Box file the tax return, $200,000 went to a broker, $120,000 was
invested in a business that failed, and $150,000 was “just spent on, you know,
living life.” Box explained that he had not paid any money toward restitution. Box
requested a Guideline sentence, and the government recommended a sentence at
the low end of the guidelines range.
The court expressed concern over the government’s recommendation
because of Box’s 1989 conviction, which meant that “he should have known
better.” Further, the court noted that the crime of conviction was a fraud-related
offense similar to that at issue here and that “[p]eople who commit fraud have a
tendency to repeat their fraud.” The court also explained that Box’s law degree and
master’s degree counseled in favor of a harsher sentence “because [he’s] been
given opportunities.” In sum, the court explained that it was imposing an upward
variance because of the 1989 conviction, Box’s educational background, and the
fact that no restitution had been paid. The court sentenced Box to 36 months
imprisonment and 3 years of supervised release and imposed restitution in the
amount of $988,175. The court gave Box an opportunity to object to the
reasonableness of the sentence, but he did not do so.
4 Case: 18-13935 Date Filed: 07/12/2019 Page: 5 of 11
II. DISCUSSION
Box says that he is challenging his sentence on the grounds of
reasonableness without specifying whether he means procedural or substantive
reasonableness. The government reads his brief as raising only substantive
reasonableness. We agree with that assessment. 2
This Court generally reviews the substantive reasonableness of a sentence
for abuse of discretion. United States v. Cubero, 754 F.3d 888, 892 (11th Cir.
2014). However, in this case, Box failed to object to the substantive reasonableness
of his sentence, which raises the issue of whether we should review his sentence
for plain error. The Supreme Court recently granted certiorari to decide whether
abuse of discretion or plain error review applies when the defendant has failed to
object to the substantive reasonableness of the sentence, Holguin-Hernandez v.
United States, -- S. Ct. --, 2019 WL 429919 (June 3, 2019). Accordingly, in an
abundance of caution, and because Box’s arguments fail under either standard of
review, we apply the more lenient standard of abuse of discretion.
2 To the extent Box challenges his sentence on grounds of procedural reasonableness, because he did not so object at the time of sentencing, this Court reviews for plain error. United States v. Vandergrift, 754 F.3d 1303, 1307 (11th Cir. 2014). To prevail on plain error review, the appellant must “demonstrate (1) that the district court erred; (2) that the error was ‘plain’; and (3) that the error ‘affect[ed his] substantial rights.’” Id. (quoting United States v. Olano, 507 U.S. 725, 732, 734 (1993)). A district court commits procedural error when it miscalculates the Guideline range, treats the Guidelines as mandatory, fails to consider the relevant § 3553(a) factors, selects a sentence based on erroneous facts, or fails to explain the sentence selected. Gall v. United States, 552 U.S. 38, 51 (2007). The district court did not commit any of these errors, and thus, did not plainly err. 5 Case: 18-13935 Date Filed: 07/12/2019 Page: 6 of 11
“The party challenging a sentence has the burden of showing that the
sentence is unreasonable in light of the entire record, the § 3553(a) factors, and the
substantial deference afforded sentencing courts.” United States v. Rosales-Bruno,
789 F.3d 1249, 1256 (11th Cir. 2015). “A district court abuses its considerable
discretion and imposes a substantively unreasonable sentence only when it
‘(1) fails to afford consideration to relevant factors that were due significant
weight, (2) gives significant weight to an improper or irrelevant factor, or
(3) commits a clear error of judgment in considering the proper factors.’” Id.
(quoting United States v. Irey, 612 F.3d 1160, 1189 (11th Cir. 2010) (en banc)).
When reviewing the reasonableness of an out-of-guidelines sentence, we
“may consider the extent of the deviation, but must give due deference to the
district court’s decision that the § 3553(a) factors, on a whole, justify the extent of
the variance.” Gall, 552 U.S. at 51. We will vacate a sentence “if, but only if, we
‘are left with the definite and firm conviction that the district court committed a
clear error of judgment in weighing the § 3553(a) factors by arriving at a sentence
that lies outside the range of reasonable sentences dictated by the facts of the
case.’” Irey, 612 F.3d at 1190 (quoting United States v. Pugh, 515 F.3d 1179, 1191
(11th Cir. 2008)).
Under § 3553(a), a sentencing court must impose a sentence that is
“sufficient, but not greater than necessary, to comply with the purposes” in
6 Case: 18-13935 Date Filed: 07/12/2019 Page: 7 of 11
§ 3553(a)(2), which include the need to reflect the seriousness of the offense,
promote respect for the law, provide just punishment for the offense, deter criminal
conduct, and protect the public from the defendant’s future criminal conduct. 18
U.S.C. § 3553(a)(2). The court must also consider other statutory factors,
including, as relevant here, the nature and circumstances of the offense and the
history and characteristics of the defendant; “the kinds of sentences available”; and
“the need to avoid unwarranted sentence disparities among defendants with similar
records who have been found guilty of similar conduct.” 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(1),
(3), (6). The court is not required to discuss or state each factor explicitly; it is
sufficient for the court to acknowledge that it has considered the defendant’s
arguments and the § 3553(a) factors. United States v. Gonzalez, 550 F.3d 1319,
1324 (11th Cir. 2008). Although the court must consider all applicable § 3553(a)
factors, the weight given to any specific factor is committed to the sound discretion
of the district court. Rosales-Bruno, 789 F.3d at 1254. A district court is permitted
to consider lack of remorse in its § 3553(a) analysis “as to several factors, such as
the characteristics of a defendant, the need to promote respect for the law, and the
need to protect society.” United States v. McNair, 605 F.3d 1152, 1231 (11th Cir.
2010).
Box has not met his burden of proving his sentence is substantively
unreasonable. We address each of Box’s three specific objections to his sentence in
7 Case: 18-13935 Date Filed: 07/12/2019 Page: 8 of 11
turn. The district court made an individualized assessment based on the facts
before it and the § 3553(a) factors. Although the court focused on Box’s history
and characteristics as well as deterrence, it was within its discretion to give great
weight to these factors. See Rosales-Bruno, 789 F.3d at 1254. The district court’s
upward variance resulting in a 36-month sentence that was 6 months more than the
Guideline range is significantly less than the statutory maximum of ten years, 18
U.S.C. § 641, which is another indicator of reasonableness. See Gonzalez, 550 F.3d
at 1324. For the reasons that follow, none of Box’s four specific objections to his
sentence persuade us that the sentence is nevertheless unreasonable.
First, Box argues that the sentence is unreasonable because the district court
relied on his failure to pay any money toward his $988,175 mandatory restitution.
This Court has recognized that a defendant’s “inability to pay restitution in full [is]
an impermissible factor in so far as it is not among the factors listed in § 3553(a).”
United States v. Plate, 839 F.3d 950, 957 (11th Cir. 2016). However, that is not to
say that restitution is irrelevant as § 3553 requires the district court to consider “the
need to provide restitution to any victims of the offense.” Id. at n.6 (quoting 18
U.S.C. § 3553(a)(7).
Here, the context shows that district court did not consider restitution in
terms of Box’s inability to pay but with respect to the appropriate factor of the
nature and circumstances of the offense and the characteristics of the defendant.
8 Case: 18-13935 Date Filed: 07/12/2019 Page: 9 of 11
The court asked Box how much money he received from the IRS to which Box
responded that he received $735,000. The court then asked where the money went.
Box responded that $260,000 went to the person who helped him file the tax
return, $200,000 went to a broker, $120,000 was invested in a business that failed,
and $150,000 was “just spent on, you know, living life.” The district court then
asked how much Box had paid back to which he responded “zero.” The district
court then said that it was imposing an upward variance based on the fact that “no
amount of restitution has been paid,” Box’s educational background, and Box’s
previous conviction.
The district court could within its discretion, and as one factor in the
analysis, consider Box’s lack of remorse and callous disregard for the
consequences of his actions in stealing money from the government, failing to give
an accounting of where a substantial amount of that money went, and failing to pay
any of it back or develop a plan to do so. See McNair, 605 F.3d at 1231. Although
the district court did not state explicitly that it was considering restitution in this
light, it is clear from the court’s discussion that it was. See United States v.
Kuhlman, 711 F.3d 1321, 1326 (11th Cir. 2013) (“the district court should set forth
enough information to satisfy the reviewing court [that it] has considered the
parties’ arguments and has a reasoned basis for making its decision” but need not
state that it has explicitly considered each of the § 3553(a) factors).
9 Case: 18-13935 Date Filed: 07/12/2019 Page: 10 of 11
Second, Box argues the district court abused its discretion in considering his
level of education, including his master’s degree and law degree. The district court
explained that it thought a more severe sentence appropriate for someone who is
more highly educated because that person has had more opportunities than
someone who is less educated. The government expressed that it did not
necessarily agree with this general proposition but that in Box’s case, his level of
education showed that he “knew better.” One of the § 3553(a) factors is the history
and characteristics of the defendant, which could include the defendant’s education
level. See 18 U.S.C. § 3661 (“[n]o limitation shall be placed on the information
concerning the background, character, and conduct of a person convicted of an
offense” for sentencing purposes).
Third, Box argues the district court abused its discretion in considering his
1989 conviction for possession of counterfeit currency with the intent to defraud.
He argues that the court should not have considered the conviction because it was
25 years old and it would not have increased his Guidelines range even if it had
been counted toward his criminal history. The conviction was nevertheless an
appropriate consideration for the court as it relates to “the history and
characteristics of the defendant.” See United States v. Williams, 526 F.3d 1312,
1324 (11th Cir. 2008) (explaining that consideration of previous fraud-related
crimes “fits squarely into one of the § 3553(a) factors, the history and
10 Case: 18-13935 Date Filed: 07/12/2019 Page: 11 of 11
characteristics of the offender”). Further, the court explained that its specific
concern with the conviction was that it was another fraud-related conviction, and
thus it was appropriate for the court to consider Box’s previous conviction in order
“to afford adequate deterrence to criminal conduct.” 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(2)(B).
Finally, Box argues that the court should have considered his involvement in
civic organizations as a mitigating factor. However, the court is not required to
discuss every mitigating factor, and here, Box’s involvement in civic organizations
does not “compel the conclusion that the sentence crafted in accordance with the
18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) factors was substantively unreasonable.” United States v.
Snipes, 611 F.3d 855, 873 (11th Cir. 2010).
In sum, Box failed to meet his burden of showing that the district court
abused its discretion by imposing an unreasonable sentence. Because the district
court did not abuse its discretion, Box has also failed to show plain error.
AFFIRMED.