NOT PRECEDENTIAL
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT ______________
No. 17-3512 ______________
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Appellant
v.
ALEEM SHABAZZ ______________
APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF DELAWARE (D.C. No. 1-15-cr-00020-001) District Judge: Hon. Leonard P. Stark ______________
Submitted under Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a) October 3, 2019 ______________
Before: SHWARTZ, SCIRICA, and FUENTES, Circuit Judges. (Filed: November 5, 2019)
______________
OPINION * ______________
SHWARTZ, Circuit Judge.
* This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and, pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7, does not constitute binding precedent. The Government appeals Aleem Shabazz’s 47-month sentence for the illegal
possession of firearms and aiding and abetting false statements to a firearms dealer,
asserting that the District Court erred by holding that Shabazz’s prior burglary
convictions did not trigger the fifteen-year mandatory minimum sentence under the
Armed Career Criminal Act (“ACCA”), 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(1). For the reasons set forth
herein, we will vacate and remand.
I
Shabazz was prohibited from possessing firearms due to his prior felony
convictions. Despite this prohibition, Shabazz bought ammunition and caused his
girlfriend to purchase firearms for him. Shabazz was convicted for unlawfully possessing
a firearm and ammunition, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 922(g)(1) and 924(a)(2), and
aiding and abetting false statements to a firearms dealer, in violation of 18 U.S.C.
§§ 922(a)(6) and 924(a)(2).
At sentencing, the Government argued for application of the ACCA enhancement,
18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(1), based on Shabazz’s three prior Delaware convictions for second
degree burglary. 1 Shabazz objected, asserting that two of his three prior offenses did not
happen on “occasions different from one another” for ACCA purposes, id., and arguing
that the Delaware burglary statute, Del. Code Ann. tit. 11, § 825(a)(1), penalized a
broader swath of conduct than the generic federal definition of burglary, and thus did not
1 In 2010, Shabazz pled guilty to three counts of second-degree burglary in violation of Del. Code Ann. tit. 11, § 825(a)(1). 2 categorically match generic burglary and so could not serve as a predicate “crime of
violence” triggering the ACCA enhancement.
The District Court held that Shabazz committed his prior burglaries on separate
occasions, 2 United States v. Shabazz, No. 1:15-cr-00020-LPS, 2017 WL 4684180, at *6
(D. Del. Oct. 18, 2017), but that Delaware second degree burglary under § 825(a)(1) was
broader than generic burglary because, in addition to ordinary dwellings, the state law
also captured burglary of “vehicles that are functionally the same as fixed dwellings,” id.
at *9-10. Reasoning that “a statute having a locational element that includes vehicles
does not qualify as an ACCA predicate offense,” the Court declined to apply the ACCA
enhancement, id. at *10, and sentenced Shabazz to 47 months’ imprisonment and three
years’ supervised release.
The Government appealed. We stayed the appeal pending resolution of United
States v. Stitt, 139 S. Ct. 399 (2018). The Supreme Court decided Stitt in December
2018, holding that the locational element of generic burglary included “vehicles designed
or adapted for overnight use.” Id. at 407. During the stay and pendency of this appeal,
2 In so holding, the District Court appropriately relied on Shepard documents, see Shepard v. Unites States, 544 U.S. 13 (2005); United States v. Blair, 734 F.3d 218, 227- 28 (3d Cir. 2013), to establish that Shabazz and two co-defendants were charged with, and Shabazz pled guilty to, burgling two different locations on January 4, 2010, and a third on January 25, 2010, Shabazz, 2017 WL 4684180, at *5. The January 4 burglaries occurred 1.7 miles apart, and the modus operandi of the offenses involved one person serving as lookout while another carried out the burglary. Id. Because each burglary involved different locations and victims, the Court concluded that the Government carried its burden of establishing by a preponderance of the evidence that the prior burglaries occurred on separate occasions for ACCA purposes. Id. at *6. The record supports the Court’s findings and we will not disturb its conclusion that Shabazz committed his three prior burglary offenses on separate occasions. 3 Shabazz completed his term of incarceration, having served 41 months. He is now on
supervised release and participating in the District of Delaware’s reentry court program.
II 3
Under the ACCA, a defendant who violates 18 U.S.C. § 922(g) and has three prior
convictions for “a violent felony,” which includes burglary, id. § 924(e)(2)(B)(ii), must
receive a fifteen-year mandatory minimum sentence, id. § 924(e)(1). To qualify as an
ACCA predicate “violent felony” offense, a state crime’s elements must be “the same as,
or narrower than, those of the generic offense.” Mathis v. United States, 136 S. Ct. 2243,
2247 (2016); Descamps v. United States, 570 U.S. 254, 257 (2013). Prior to Stitt, the
Supreme Court defined generic burglary to include “an unlawful or unprivileged entry
into, or remaining in[4], a building or other structure, with intent to commit a crime.”
Taylor v. United States, 495 U.S. 575, 598 (1990). 5 Stitt clarified that the generic
definition also captures unlawful entry with intent to commit a crime in “a structure or
vehicle that has been adapted or is customarily used for overnight accommodation.” 139
S. Ct. at 404-05. The question in this case is whether subsection (a)(1) of Delaware’s
second degree burglary statute penalizes the same or a narrower class of conduct.
3 The District Court had jurisdiction under 18 U.S.C. § 3231. We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and 18 U.S.C. § 3742(a). Our review of the applicability of the ACCA enhancement, a question of law, is plenary. United States v. Gibbs, 656 F.3d 180, 184 (3d Cir. 2011). 4 The Supreme Court discussed the “remaining in” form of burglary in Quarles v. United States, 139 S. Ct. 1872 (2019).
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NOT PRECEDENTIAL
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT ______________
No. 17-3512 ______________
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Appellant
v.
ALEEM SHABAZZ ______________
APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF DELAWARE (D.C. No. 1-15-cr-00020-001) District Judge: Hon. Leonard P. Stark ______________
Submitted under Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a) October 3, 2019 ______________
Before: SHWARTZ, SCIRICA, and FUENTES, Circuit Judges. (Filed: November 5, 2019)
______________
OPINION * ______________
SHWARTZ, Circuit Judge.
* This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and, pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7, does not constitute binding precedent. The Government appeals Aleem Shabazz’s 47-month sentence for the illegal
possession of firearms and aiding and abetting false statements to a firearms dealer,
asserting that the District Court erred by holding that Shabazz’s prior burglary
convictions did not trigger the fifteen-year mandatory minimum sentence under the
Armed Career Criminal Act (“ACCA”), 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(1). For the reasons set forth
herein, we will vacate and remand.
I
Shabazz was prohibited from possessing firearms due to his prior felony
convictions. Despite this prohibition, Shabazz bought ammunition and caused his
girlfriend to purchase firearms for him. Shabazz was convicted for unlawfully possessing
a firearm and ammunition, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 922(g)(1) and 924(a)(2), and
aiding and abetting false statements to a firearms dealer, in violation of 18 U.S.C.
§§ 922(a)(6) and 924(a)(2).
At sentencing, the Government argued for application of the ACCA enhancement,
18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(1), based on Shabazz’s three prior Delaware convictions for second
degree burglary. 1 Shabazz objected, asserting that two of his three prior offenses did not
happen on “occasions different from one another” for ACCA purposes, id., and arguing
that the Delaware burglary statute, Del. Code Ann. tit. 11, § 825(a)(1), penalized a
broader swath of conduct than the generic federal definition of burglary, and thus did not
1 In 2010, Shabazz pled guilty to three counts of second-degree burglary in violation of Del. Code Ann. tit. 11, § 825(a)(1). 2 categorically match generic burglary and so could not serve as a predicate “crime of
violence” triggering the ACCA enhancement.
The District Court held that Shabazz committed his prior burglaries on separate
occasions, 2 United States v. Shabazz, No. 1:15-cr-00020-LPS, 2017 WL 4684180, at *6
(D. Del. Oct. 18, 2017), but that Delaware second degree burglary under § 825(a)(1) was
broader than generic burglary because, in addition to ordinary dwellings, the state law
also captured burglary of “vehicles that are functionally the same as fixed dwellings,” id.
at *9-10. Reasoning that “a statute having a locational element that includes vehicles
does not qualify as an ACCA predicate offense,” the Court declined to apply the ACCA
enhancement, id. at *10, and sentenced Shabazz to 47 months’ imprisonment and three
years’ supervised release.
The Government appealed. We stayed the appeal pending resolution of United
States v. Stitt, 139 S. Ct. 399 (2018). The Supreme Court decided Stitt in December
2018, holding that the locational element of generic burglary included “vehicles designed
or adapted for overnight use.” Id. at 407. During the stay and pendency of this appeal,
2 In so holding, the District Court appropriately relied on Shepard documents, see Shepard v. Unites States, 544 U.S. 13 (2005); United States v. Blair, 734 F.3d 218, 227- 28 (3d Cir. 2013), to establish that Shabazz and two co-defendants were charged with, and Shabazz pled guilty to, burgling two different locations on January 4, 2010, and a third on January 25, 2010, Shabazz, 2017 WL 4684180, at *5. The January 4 burglaries occurred 1.7 miles apart, and the modus operandi of the offenses involved one person serving as lookout while another carried out the burglary. Id. Because each burglary involved different locations and victims, the Court concluded that the Government carried its burden of establishing by a preponderance of the evidence that the prior burglaries occurred on separate occasions for ACCA purposes. Id. at *6. The record supports the Court’s findings and we will not disturb its conclusion that Shabazz committed his three prior burglary offenses on separate occasions. 3 Shabazz completed his term of incarceration, having served 41 months. He is now on
supervised release and participating in the District of Delaware’s reentry court program.
II 3
Under the ACCA, a defendant who violates 18 U.S.C. § 922(g) and has three prior
convictions for “a violent felony,” which includes burglary, id. § 924(e)(2)(B)(ii), must
receive a fifteen-year mandatory minimum sentence, id. § 924(e)(1). To qualify as an
ACCA predicate “violent felony” offense, a state crime’s elements must be “the same as,
or narrower than, those of the generic offense.” Mathis v. United States, 136 S. Ct. 2243,
2247 (2016); Descamps v. United States, 570 U.S. 254, 257 (2013). Prior to Stitt, the
Supreme Court defined generic burglary to include “an unlawful or unprivileged entry
into, or remaining in[4], a building or other structure, with intent to commit a crime.”
Taylor v. United States, 495 U.S. 575, 598 (1990). 5 Stitt clarified that the generic
definition also captures unlawful entry with intent to commit a crime in “a structure or
vehicle that has been adapted or is customarily used for overnight accommodation.” 139
S. Ct. at 404-05. The question in this case is whether subsection (a)(1) of Delaware’s
second degree burglary statute penalizes the same or a narrower class of conduct.
3 The District Court had jurisdiction under 18 U.S.C. § 3231. We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and 18 U.S.C. § 3742(a). Our review of the applicability of the ACCA enhancement, a question of law, is plenary. United States v. Gibbs, 656 F.3d 180, 184 (3d Cir. 2011). 4 The Supreme Court discussed the “remaining in” form of burglary in Quarles v. United States, 139 S. Ct. 1872 (2019). 5 Taylor also provided examples of hypothetical state burglary statutes that would fall outside of this definition, including one that reached “places, such as automobiles and vending machines, other than buildings.” 495 U.S. at 599. 4 Delaware’s second degree burglary statute provides that “[a] person is guilty of
burglary in the second degree when the person knowingly enters or remains unlawfully
[i]n a dwelling with intent to commit a crime therein.” Del. Code Ann. tit. 11,
§ 825(a)(1). The Delaware Code defines a “dwelling” as “a building which is usually
occupied by a person lodging therein at night,” id. § 829(b), and in turn defines a
“building” to include “any structure, vehicle or watercraft,” id. § 222(1).
Without Stitt’s guidance, the District Court held that the Delaware statute captured
more conduct than generic burglary, as it explicitly reached any “vehicle or watercraft,”
id., “usually occupied by a person lodging therein at night,” id. § 829(b). Stitt’s
clarification that “buildings” include “vehicles designed or adapted for overnight use,”
139 S. Ct. at 407, extends generic burglary to capture “vehicles that are functionally the
same as fixed dwellings,” Shabazz, 2017 WL 4684180, at *10, casting doubt on the
District Court’s reasoning. We will therefore vacate and remand to allow the Court to
apply Stitt and to consider any other matters relevant to sentencing, including Shabazz’s
current status.
III
For the foregoing reasons, we will vacate and remand for resentencing.