FILED NOT FOR PUBLICATION APR 04 2012
MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, No. 11-10174
Plaintiff - Appellee, D.C. No. 4:09-cr-00905-DCB- JJM-5 v.
ABELARDO GRAJEDA-ENCINAS, MEMORANDUM* AKA Abelardo Grajeda,
Defendant - Appellant.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of Arizona David C. Bury, District Judge, Presiding
Argued and Submitted March 14, 2012 Berkeley, California
Before: NOONAN, McKEOWN, and M. SMITH, Circuit Judges.
Abelardo Grajeca-Encinas appeals his jury conviction and sentence for
conspiracy to possess with intent to distribute 100 kilograms of cocaine and
possession with intent to distribute one kilogram of cocaine. Because the parties
are familiar with the factual and procedural history of this case, we repeat only
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by 9th Cir. R. 36-3. those facts necessary to resolve the issues raised on appeal. We have jurisdiction
pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291.
Grajeda-Encinas raises a claim of sentencing entrapment, citing U.S.S.G.
§ 2D1.1 Application Note 12 (“Note 12”). Grajeda-Encinas failed to cite to or
object under Note 12 at sentencing, although he did file a “Motion to Reconsider
Sentence” and argued that Note 12 supported a much lower criminal history given
the amount of “fake cocaine” seized during the government sting operation. That
motion was denied without explanation. Because Grajeda-Encinas did not raise his
claim before the district court at the time of or prior to sentencing, it is forfeited,
and we review for plain error. Fed. R. Crim. P. 52(b); United States v. Olano, 507
U.S. 725, 732 (1993) (plain error standard permits an appellate court to reverse if
there was (a) an error, (b) that was plain, and (c) that affected substantial rights).
“Sentencing entrapment or ‘sentence factor manipulation’ occurs when ‘a
defendant, although predisposed to commit a minor or lesser offense, is entrapped
in[to] committing a greater offense subject to greater punishment.” United States
v. Staufer, 38 F.3d 1103, 1106 (9th Cir. 1994). When sentencing entrapment
occurs, “the amount of drugs used in calculating the defendant’s sentence should
be reduced by the amount that ‘flows from the entrapment.’” United States v.
Briggs, 623 F.3d 724, 729 (9th Cir. 2010). Under Note 12, if a defendant makes a
2 proper showing that he “was not reasonably capable of providing . . . the
agreed-upon quantity,” the court must exclude the quantity that he establishes he
was not reasonably capable of providing. U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1 App. n.12. Finally,
under our circuit precedent, “Application Notes 12 and 17 [now incorporated into
Note 12] clearly require the district court to determine whether sentencing
entrapment has occurred. Under Note 12, the district court ‘shall exclude’ from the
calculation the amount of drugs which flow from sentencing entrapment.” United
States v. Naranjo, 52 F.3d 245, 250 (9th Cir. 1995).
At sentencing, the district court rejected a similar argument made by a co-
defendant relating to sentencing entrapment because the court concluded that any
relief would require the court to invalidate the jury’s verdict. That conclusion was
erroneous, at odds with our precedent, and affected Grajeda-Encinas’s substantial
rights. The ultimate determination of sentencing entrapment is within the province
of the sentencing judge, and the mere fact of conviction does not trump this
obligation. Under Naranjo, Grajeda-Encinas’s inability to produce 100 kilograms
of cocaine—instead producing two kilograms of cocaine and fifty-nine kilograms
of building plaster—raises a significant issue. We vacate Grajeda-Encinas’s
sentence and remand for resentencing. We take no position on whether relief
should be granted, and, on remand, Grajeda-Encinas has the burden of proving
3 sentencing entrapment by a preponderance of the evidence. Naranjo, 52 F.3d at
250.
Grajeda-Encinas also contends that the district court violated his rights under
the Speedy Trial Act, 18 U.S.C. § 3161 et seq., by granting two motions to
continue. Although Grajeda-Encinas objected to both continuances, he did not
move to dismiss the indictment on that ground prior to trial, and his claim is thus
waived. 18 U.S.C. § 3162(a)(2); United States v. Rodriguez-Preciado, 399 F.3d
1118, 1132 (9th Cir. 2005) (holding that defendant waived his Speedy Trial Act
claim by failing to move for dismissal before trial), amended on other grounds,
416 F.3d 939 (9th Cir. 2005).
Sufficient evidence supported Grajeda-Encinas’s conviction for conspiracy
to possess with intent to distribute 100 kilograms of cocaine. To establish a drug
conspiracy in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 846, the government must establish “(1) an
agreement to accomplish an illegal objective, and (2) the intent to commit the
underlying offense.” United States v. Herrera-Gonzalez, 263 F.3d 1092, 1095 (9th
Cir. 2001). Once a conspiracy is established, only a slight connection to the
conspiracy is necessary to support a conviction. Id. Though Grajeda-Encinas now
argues that he was merely the driver for a co-defendant in exchange for being able
to use his car, the jury was entitled to reject Grajeda-Encinas’s version of the
4 events. See United States v. Nevils, 598 F.3d 1158, 1164 (9th Cir. 2010) (en banc)
(“when faced with a record of historical facts that supports conflicting inferences a
reviewing court must presume—even if it does not affirmatively appear in the
record—that the trier of fact resolved any such conflicts in favor of the
prosecution, and must defer to that resolution” (internal quotation marks and
citation omitted)). Viewed in the light most favorable to the prosecution, the
evidence was sufficient to establish Grajeda-Encina’s involvement in the
conspiracy.
There was also sufficient evidence to support Grajeda-Encina’s conviction
for possession with intent to distribute one kilogram of cocaine. “Possession may
be either actual or constructive, with the latter concept encompassing a defendant’s
power to exercise dominion and control over the narcotics as well as his or her
participation in a ‘joint venture’ to possess a controlled substance.” United States
v.
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FILED NOT FOR PUBLICATION APR 04 2012
MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, No. 11-10174
Plaintiff - Appellee, D.C. No. 4:09-cr-00905-DCB- JJM-5 v.
ABELARDO GRAJEDA-ENCINAS, MEMORANDUM* AKA Abelardo Grajeda,
Defendant - Appellant.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of Arizona David C. Bury, District Judge, Presiding
Argued and Submitted March 14, 2012 Berkeley, California
Before: NOONAN, McKEOWN, and M. SMITH, Circuit Judges.
Abelardo Grajeca-Encinas appeals his jury conviction and sentence for
conspiracy to possess with intent to distribute 100 kilograms of cocaine and
possession with intent to distribute one kilogram of cocaine. Because the parties
are familiar with the factual and procedural history of this case, we repeat only
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by 9th Cir. R. 36-3. those facts necessary to resolve the issues raised on appeal. We have jurisdiction
pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291.
Grajeda-Encinas raises a claim of sentencing entrapment, citing U.S.S.G.
§ 2D1.1 Application Note 12 (“Note 12”). Grajeda-Encinas failed to cite to or
object under Note 12 at sentencing, although he did file a “Motion to Reconsider
Sentence” and argued that Note 12 supported a much lower criminal history given
the amount of “fake cocaine” seized during the government sting operation. That
motion was denied without explanation. Because Grajeda-Encinas did not raise his
claim before the district court at the time of or prior to sentencing, it is forfeited,
and we review for plain error. Fed. R. Crim. P. 52(b); United States v. Olano, 507
U.S. 725, 732 (1993) (plain error standard permits an appellate court to reverse if
there was (a) an error, (b) that was plain, and (c) that affected substantial rights).
“Sentencing entrapment or ‘sentence factor manipulation’ occurs when ‘a
defendant, although predisposed to commit a minor or lesser offense, is entrapped
in[to] committing a greater offense subject to greater punishment.” United States
v. Staufer, 38 F.3d 1103, 1106 (9th Cir. 1994). When sentencing entrapment
occurs, “the amount of drugs used in calculating the defendant’s sentence should
be reduced by the amount that ‘flows from the entrapment.’” United States v.
Briggs, 623 F.3d 724, 729 (9th Cir. 2010). Under Note 12, if a defendant makes a
2 proper showing that he “was not reasonably capable of providing . . . the
agreed-upon quantity,” the court must exclude the quantity that he establishes he
was not reasonably capable of providing. U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1 App. n.12. Finally,
under our circuit precedent, “Application Notes 12 and 17 [now incorporated into
Note 12] clearly require the district court to determine whether sentencing
entrapment has occurred. Under Note 12, the district court ‘shall exclude’ from the
calculation the amount of drugs which flow from sentencing entrapment.” United
States v. Naranjo, 52 F.3d 245, 250 (9th Cir. 1995).
At sentencing, the district court rejected a similar argument made by a co-
defendant relating to sentencing entrapment because the court concluded that any
relief would require the court to invalidate the jury’s verdict. That conclusion was
erroneous, at odds with our precedent, and affected Grajeda-Encinas’s substantial
rights. The ultimate determination of sentencing entrapment is within the province
of the sentencing judge, and the mere fact of conviction does not trump this
obligation. Under Naranjo, Grajeda-Encinas’s inability to produce 100 kilograms
of cocaine—instead producing two kilograms of cocaine and fifty-nine kilograms
of building plaster—raises a significant issue. We vacate Grajeda-Encinas’s
sentence and remand for resentencing. We take no position on whether relief
should be granted, and, on remand, Grajeda-Encinas has the burden of proving
3 sentencing entrapment by a preponderance of the evidence. Naranjo, 52 F.3d at
250.
Grajeda-Encinas also contends that the district court violated his rights under
the Speedy Trial Act, 18 U.S.C. § 3161 et seq., by granting two motions to
continue. Although Grajeda-Encinas objected to both continuances, he did not
move to dismiss the indictment on that ground prior to trial, and his claim is thus
waived. 18 U.S.C. § 3162(a)(2); United States v. Rodriguez-Preciado, 399 F.3d
1118, 1132 (9th Cir. 2005) (holding that defendant waived his Speedy Trial Act
claim by failing to move for dismissal before trial), amended on other grounds,
416 F.3d 939 (9th Cir. 2005).
Sufficient evidence supported Grajeda-Encinas’s conviction for conspiracy
to possess with intent to distribute 100 kilograms of cocaine. To establish a drug
conspiracy in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 846, the government must establish “(1) an
agreement to accomplish an illegal objective, and (2) the intent to commit the
underlying offense.” United States v. Herrera-Gonzalez, 263 F.3d 1092, 1095 (9th
Cir. 2001). Once a conspiracy is established, only a slight connection to the
conspiracy is necessary to support a conviction. Id. Though Grajeda-Encinas now
argues that he was merely the driver for a co-defendant in exchange for being able
to use his car, the jury was entitled to reject Grajeda-Encinas’s version of the
4 events. See United States v. Nevils, 598 F.3d 1158, 1164 (9th Cir. 2010) (en banc)
(“when faced with a record of historical facts that supports conflicting inferences a
reviewing court must presume—even if it does not affirmatively appear in the
record—that the trier of fact resolved any such conflicts in favor of the
prosecution, and must defer to that resolution” (internal quotation marks and
citation omitted)). Viewed in the light most favorable to the prosecution, the
evidence was sufficient to establish Grajeda-Encina’s involvement in the
conspiracy.
There was also sufficient evidence to support Grajeda-Encina’s conviction
for possession with intent to distribute one kilogram of cocaine. “Possession may
be either actual or constructive, with the latter concept encompassing a defendant’s
power to exercise dominion and control over the narcotics as well as his or her
participation in a ‘joint venture’ to possess a controlled substance.” United States
v. Delgado, 357 F.3d 1061, 1065 (9th Cir. 2004) (citation omitted). A defendant
also may be guilty of possession if he aids and abets another. Id. Grajeda-Encinas
indicated that he was “the boss” and that his relatives were the suppliers of the
cocaine. On at least one occasion, he was observed giving an authoritative nod to a
co-conspirator regarding the amount of cocaine in their possession. The jury was
5 entitled to conclude that he exercised dominion or control over the cocaine or that
he participated in a “joint venture” to possess the drugs.
Grajeda-Encinas also challenges the district court’s failure to apply a minor
role reduction pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 3B1.2(b). Whether a defendant is a minor or
minimal participant is reviewed for clear error. United States v. Cantrell, 433 F.3d
1269, 1282 (9th Cir. 2006). The defendant bears the burden of proving that he is
entitled to a downward adjustment. Id. Because Grajeda-Encinas claimed to be
“the boss” before any dealings began, was observed nodding to a co-conspirator as
if he were the boss, dropped off and picked up participants during the one kilogram
deal, and was present at the final deal which precipitated the defendants’ arrest, the
district court did not clearly err in denying a minor participant reduction.
Finally, because we remand for resentencing on the issue of sentencing
entrapment, we need not address whether the district court erred by failing to sua
sponte consider Grajeda-Encinas’s eligibility for safety valve relief. Though we
express no opinion on whether Grajeda-Encinas is entitled to such relief, we note
that “[a conviction] by a jury . . . does not necessarily foreclose relief pursuant to
§ 3553(f), even if the defendant continues through and beyond sentencing to
maintain his innocence as to one or more of the elements of the underlying
offense.” United States v. Sherpa, 110 F.3d 656, 660 (9th Cir. 1996). On remand,
6 the district court may consider Grajeda-Encina’s eligibility for relief under the
safety valve provision.
REVERSED IN PART, AFFIRMED IN PART, AND REMANDED.