6 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT WESTERN DISTRICT OF WASHINGTON 7 AT SEATTLE
8 THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, et CASE NO. C20-1652 RSM al., 9 ORDER GRANTING MOTION FOR Plaintiffs, DEFAULT JUDGMENT 10 v. 11 WESTERN REBAR CONSULTING, INC. 12 dba WESTERN INDUSTRIES, INC., et al.,
13 Defendants.
14 15 I. INTRODUCTION 16 This matter is before the Court on a Motion for Entry of Default Judgment Against 17 Defendant Western Rebar Consulting, Inc. dba Western Industries, Inc. Dkt. #16. Having 18 previously been granted an order of default against Defendant Western Rebar Consulting, Inc. 19 dba Western Industries, Inc. (“Defendant Western”), Plaintiff D.C.B. Industries, Inc. dba Bowers 20 Steel (“Plaintiff Bowers”) now seeks entry of a judgment in the amount of $25,489.19. Id. 21 Having considered the motion and the remainder of the record, the Court grants the motion. 22 II. BACKGROUND 23 Plaintiff Bowers supplied steel materials and supplies for a U.S. Army Corp of Engineers 24 construction project carried out by Defendant Kiewit Infrastructure West Co. (“Defendant 1 Kiewit”), the prime contractor.1 Dkt. #1 at ¶¶ 1, 9. Pursuant to the applicable contract Defendant 2 Kiewit, as principle, and Defendant Travelers Casualty and Surety Company of America 3 (“Defendant Travelers”), as surety, presented a payment bond2 to the Army Corp of Engineers. 4 Id. at ¶ 10. Defendant Western served as Defendant Kiewit’s subcontractor on the project and 5 Plaintiff Bowers “sold, delivered, and furnished steel materials and supplies (the “Materials”)”
6 to Defendant Western for use on the construction project. Id. at ¶ 13. Defendant Western failed 7 to pay invoices presented by Plaintiff Bowers, resulting in an unpaid balance of $194,550.23. Id. 8 at ¶ 14. Plaintiff Bowers therefore made a claim on the payment bond but was not paid either by 9 Defendant Kiewit or Defendant Travelers prior to filing this action. Id. at ¶ 18. 10 Plaintiff Bowers initiated this action seeking payment of the unpaid balance and 11 accumulated interest. Id. at ¶ 19. Plaintiff Bowers proceeds on claims for non-payment under 12 the payment bond, breach of contract, account stated, quantum meruit, and unjust enrichment. 13 Id. at ¶¶ 12–42. All three Defendants were served on November 13, 2020. Dkts. ##9–11. 14 Defendants Kiewit and Travelers have appeared in this action. Dkt. #8. Defendant Western has
15 not appeared and on December 9, 2020, the Clerk of Court entered an order finding Defendant 16 Western in default. Dkt. #15. 17 Prior to filing its motion, Plaintiff Bowers settled with Defendants Kiewit and Travelers 18 for the unpaid balances for the Materials. Dkt. #16 at 3. As such, Plaintiff Bowers has dismissed 19 Defendants Kiewit and Travelers. Dkt. #18. Plaintiff Bowers seeks default judgment against 20 Defendant Western for interest accumulated between the date on which each invoice became due 21 and the date on which Defendants Kiewit and Travelers satisfied the principal sums. 22
1 Plaintiff Bowers identifies the applicable contract as Contract No. W912DW18R0001, for the 23 Mud Mountain Dam Modifications/Fish Passage Facility project. Dkt. #1 at ¶ 9.
24 2 Plaintiff Bowers identifies the applicable payment bond as Bond No. 041-SB-106867969. 1 III. DISCUSSION 2 A. Jurisdiction 3 The Court has authority to enter a default judgment against Defendant Western based on 4 the Court’s order prior order (Dkt. #15) granting Plaintiff Bowers’ motion for default (Dkt. #13) 5 and pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 55 and Local Civil Rule 55. The Court has
6 subject matter jurisdiction over Plaintiff Bowers’ claims on the basis of a federal question. See 7 28 U.S.C. § 1331; 40 U.S.C. § 3133(b)(2); 28 U.S.C. § 1367(a). The Court has personal 8 jurisdiction over Defendant Western as it is a Washington corporation and because this case 9 arises from construction activities Defendant Western performed in Washington. See Dkt. #1. 10 B. Legal Standard for Default Judgment 11 Prior to entering default judgment, district courts must determine whether the well- 12 pleaded allegations of a plaintiff’s complaint establish a defendant’s liability. Eitel v. McCool, 13 782 F.2d 1470, 1471–72 (9th Cir. 1986). In making this determination, courts must accept the 14 well-pleaded allegations of a complaint, except those related to damage amounts, as established
15 fact. Televideo Sys., Inc. v. Heidenthal, 826 F.2d 915, 917–18 (9th Cir. 1987). If those facts 16 establish liability the court may, but has no obligation to, enter a default judgment against a 17 defendant. Alan Neuman Prods. Inc. v. Albright, 862 F.2d 1388, 1392 (9th Cir. 1988) (“Clearly, 18 the decision to enter a default judgment is discretionary.”). Plaintiff must provide the court with 19 evidence to establish the propriety of the damages sought. Televideo, 826 F.2d at 917–18. 20 C. Liability 21 Here, Plaintiff Bowers seeks default judgment on breach of contract, account stated, and 22 unjust enrichment/quantum meruit claims. The Court finds that, on the whole, Plaintiff Bowers 23 establishes Defendant Western’s liability. 24 1 To establish Defendant Western’s liability for breach of contract, Plaintiff Bowers must 2 establish the existence of a contractual duty, (2) defendant’s breach of that duty, and that (3) 3 defendant’s breach damaged plaintiff. Nw. Indep. Forest Mfrs. v. Dep’t of Labor & Indus., 78 4 Wash. App. 707, 712, 899 P.2d 6 (1995). Plaintiff Bowers alleges that Defendant Western agreed 5 to pay for materials delivered within thirty days of invoice, that Plaintiff Bowers delivered the
6 Materials and invoiced Defendant Western, and that Defendant Western did not pay those 7 invoices within thirty days, as required by their agreement. Dkt. #1 at ¶¶ 24–30. Plaintiff Bowers 8 further alleges that the parties agreed that amounts outstanding thirty days after invoicing would 9 accrue interest at the statutory rate of 12% per annum. Id. at ¶¶ 25, 28. Taken as true, these 10 allegations establish Plaintiff Bowers’ entitlement to prejudgment interest on the amounts 11 invoiced under the parties’ agreement.3 12 To establish Defendant Western’s liability under the legal doctrine of account stated, 13 Plaintiff Bowers must establish “some form of assent to the account, that is, a definite 14 acknowledgement of an indebtedness in a certain sum.” Sunnyside Valley Irr. Dist. v. Roza Irr.
15 Dist., 124 Wash. 2d 312, 315, 877 P.2d 1283, 1284–85 (1994) (citation omitted). Here, Plaintiff 16 Bowers establishes Defendant Western’s liability by alleging that it delivered the Materials to 17 Defendant Western, invoiced Defendant Western for the full price of those materials and the rate 18 at which interest would accrue on unpaid invoices, and ultimately stated the amount Defendant 19 Western owed it. Dkt. #1 at ¶¶ 32–34. Despite Plaintiff Bowers stating the account, Defendant 20 21
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6 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT WESTERN DISTRICT OF WASHINGTON 7 AT SEATTLE
8 THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, et CASE NO. C20-1652 RSM al., 9 ORDER GRANTING MOTION FOR Plaintiffs, DEFAULT JUDGMENT 10 v. 11 WESTERN REBAR CONSULTING, INC. 12 dba WESTERN INDUSTRIES, INC., et al.,
13 Defendants.
14 15 I. INTRODUCTION 16 This matter is before the Court on a Motion for Entry of Default Judgment Against 17 Defendant Western Rebar Consulting, Inc. dba Western Industries, Inc. Dkt. #16. Having 18 previously been granted an order of default against Defendant Western Rebar Consulting, Inc. 19 dba Western Industries, Inc. (“Defendant Western”), Plaintiff D.C.B. Industries, Inc. dba Bowers 20 Steel (“Plaintiff Bowers”) now seeks entry of a judgment in the amount of $25,489.19. Id. 21 Having considered the motion and the remainder of the record, the Court grants the motion. 22 II. BACKGROUND 23 Plaintiff Bowers supplied steel materials and supplies for a U.S. Army Corp of Engineers 24 construction project carried out by Defendant Kiewit Infrastructure West Co. (“Defendant 1 Kiewit”), the prime contractor.1 Dkt. #1 at ¶¶ 1, 9. Pursuant to the applicable contract Defendant 2 Kiewit, as principle, and Defendant Travelers Casualty and Surety Company of America 3 (“Defendant Travelers”), as surety, presented a payment bond2 to the Army Corp of Engineers. 4 Id. at ¶ 10. Defendant Western served as Defendant Kiewit’s subcontractor on the project and 5 Plaintiff Bowers “sold, delivered, and furnished steel materials and supplies (the “Materials”)”
6 to Defendant Western for use on the construction project. Id. at ¶ 13. Defendant Western failed 7 to pay invoices presented by Plaintiff Bowers, resulting in an unpaid balance of $194,550.23. Id. 8 at ¶ 14. Plaintiff Bowers therefore made a claim on the payment bond but was not paid either by 9 Defendant Kiewit or Defendant Travelers prior to filing this action. Id. at ¶ 18. 10 Plaintiff Bowers initiated this action seeking payment of the unpaid balance and 11 accumulated interest. Id. at ¶ 19. Plaintiff Bowers proceeds on claims for non-payment under 12 the payment bond, breach of contract, account stated, quantum meruit, and unjust enrichment. 13 Id. at ¶¶ 12–42. All three Defendants were served on November 13, 2020. Dkts. ##9–11. 14 Defendants Kiewit and Travelers have appeared in this action. Dkt. #8. Defendant Western has
15 not appeared and on December 9, 2020, the Clerk of Court entered an order finding Defendant 16 Western in default. Dkt. #15. 17 Prior to filing its motion, Plaintiff Bowers settled with Defendants Kiewit and Travelers 18 for the unpaid balances for the Materials. Dkt. #16 at 3. As such, Plaintiff Bowers has dismissed 19 Defendants Kiewit and Travelers. Dkt. #18. Plaintiff Bowers seeks default judgment against 20 Defendant Western for interest accumulated between the date on which each invoice became due 21 and the date on which Defendants Kiewit and Travelers satisfied the principal sums. 22
1 Plaintiff Bowers identifies the applicable contract as Contract No. W912DW18R0001, for the 23 Mud Mountain Dam Modifications/Fish Passage Facility project. Dkt. #1 at ¶ 9.
24 2 Plaintiff Bowers identifies the applicable payment bond as Bond No. 041-SB-106867969. 1 III. DISCUSSION 2 A. Jurisdiction 3 The Court has authority to enter a default judgment against Defendant Western based on 4 the Court’s order prior order (Dkt. #15) granting Plaintiff Bowers’ motion for default (Dkt. #13) 5 and pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 55 and Local Civil Rule 55. The Court has
6 subject matter jurisdiction over Plaintiff Bowers’ claims on the basis of a federal question. See 7 28 U.S.C. § 1331; 40 U.S.C. § 3133(b)(2); 28 U.S.C. § 1367(a). The Court has personal 8 jurisdiction over Defendant Western as it is a Washington corporation and because this case 9 arises from construction activities Defendant Western performed in Washington. See Dkt. #1. 10 B. Legal Standard for Default Judgment 11 Prior to entering default judgment, district courts must determine whether the well- 12 pleaded allegations of a plaintiff’s complaint establish a defendant’s liability. Eitel v. McCool, 13 782 F.2d 1470, 1471–72 (9th Cir. 1986). In making this determination, courts must accept the 14 well-pleaded allegations of a complaint, except those related to damage amounts, as established
15 fact. Televideo Sys., Inc. v. Heidenthal, 826 F.2d 915, 917–18 (9th Cir. 1987). If those facts 16 establish liability the court may, but has no obligation to, enter a default judgment against a 17 defendant. Alan Neuman Prods. Inc. v. Albright, 862 F.2d 1388, 1392 (9th Cir. 1988) (“Clearly, 18 the decision to enter a default judgment is discretionary.”). Plaintiff must provide the court with 19 evidence to establish the propriety of the damages sought. Televideo, 826 F.2d at 917–18. 20 C. Liability 21 Here, Plaintiff Bowers seeks default judgment on breach of contract, account stated, and 22 unjust enrichment/quantum meruit claims. The Court finds that, on the whole, Plaintiff Bowers 23 establishes Defendant Western’s liability. 24 1 To establish Defendant Western’s liability for breach of contract, Plaintiff Bowers must 2 establish the existence of a contractual duty, (2) defendant’s breach of that duty, and that (3) 3 defendant’s breach damaged plaintiff. Nw. Indep. Forest Mfrs. v. Dep’t of Labor & Indus., 78 4 Wash. App. 707, 712, 899 P.2d 6 (1995). Plaintiff Bowers alleges that Defendant Western agreed 5 to pay for materials delivered within thirty days of invoice, that Plaintiff Bowers delivered the
6 Materials and invoiced Defendant Western, and that Defendant Western did not pay those 7 invoices within thirty days, as required by their agreement. Dkt. #1 at ¶¶ 24–30. Plaintiff Bowers 8 further alleges that the parties agreed that amounts outstanding thirty days after invoicing would 9 accrue interest at the statutory rate of 12% per annum. Id. at ¶¶ 25, 28. Taken as true, these 10 allegations establish Plaintiff Bowers’ entitlement to prejudgment interest on the amounts 11 invoiced under the parties’ agreement.3 12 To establish Defendant Western’s liability under the legal doctrine of account stated, 13 Plaintiff Bowers must establish “some form of assent to the account, that is, a definite 14 acknowledgement of an indebtedness in a certain sum.” Sunnyside Valley Irr. Dist. v. Roza Irr.
15 Dist., 124 Wash. 2d 312, 315, 877 P.2d 1283, 1284–85 (1994) (citation omitted). Here, Plaintiff 16 Bowers establishes Defendant Western’s liability by alleging that it delivered the Materials to 17 Defendant Western, invoiced Defendant Western for the full price of those materials and the rate 18 at which interest would accrue on unpaid invoices, and ultimately stated the amount Defendant 19 Western owed it. Dkt. #1 at ¶¶ 32–34. Despite Plaintiff Bowers stating the account, Defendant 20 21
3 Having concluded that Defendant Western is liable for breach of contract, the Court does not 22 need to address Plaintiff Bowers’ quasi-contractual claims. See Young v. Young, 164 Wash.2d 477, 484–485, 191 P.3d 1258 (Wash. 2008) (“Unjust enrichment is the method of recovery for 23 the value of the benefit retained absent any contractual relationship because notions of fairness and justice require it” and quantum meruit “is the method of recovering the reasonable value of 24 services provided under a contract implied in fact.”). 1 Western never paid the sum nor contested the account stated. See Sunnyside Valley Irr. Dist., 2 124 Wash. 2d 312, 316, 318, 877 P.2d 1285–1286 (assent can be implied from lack of objection). 3 D. Eitel Factors 4 Having determined Defendant Western’s liability, the Court considers whether to 5 exercise its discretion to enter default judgment. In making this determination, many courts find
6 it helpful to consider the following factors set forth in Eitel: 7 (1) the possibility of prejudice to the plaintiff, (2) the merits of plaintiff’s substantive claim, (3) the sufficiency of the complaint, (4) the sum of money at 8 stake in the action; (5) the possibility of a dispute concerning material facts; (6) whether the default was due to excusable neglect, and (7) the strong policy 9 underlying the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure favoring decisions on the merits.
10 Eitel, 782 F.2d at 1471–72. 11 With only cursory consideration of the Eitel factors, the Court finds it clear that most of 12 the factors weigh in favor of the entry of default judgment against Defendant Western. See also 13 Dkt. #16 at 4. Plaintiff Bowers would be prejudiced should the Court refuse to enter default 14 judgment. Plaintiff Bowers’ claims appear strong and from the simplicity of the facts involved, 15 material factual disputes appear unlikely. While it would be preferable to resolve the matter on 16 the merits, Plaintiff should not be prejudiced by Defendant Western’s failure to appear and 17 defend itself. Accordingly, the Court grants default judgment. 18 E. Damages 19 The Court has determined that Defendant Western is liable for the amounts invoiced by 20 Plaintiff Bowers and accumulated interest. As noted, the interest accrued on invoiced amounts 21 that were unpaid after thirty days at a rate of 12% per annum. Defendants Kiewit and Travelers 22 settled the principal amounts of the invoices on December 17, 2020, leaving only interest 23 24 1 accumulated prior to that date.4 Dkt. #16 at 3; Dkt. #17 at ¶ 4. Plaintiff Bowers sets forth the 2 relevant calculations as an exhibit to the declaration of Andrea R. Meyer. See Dkt. #17, Exhibit 3 1 (p. 3). Plaintiff demonstrates that the total accrued interest is $25,489.19. Id. 4 IV. CONCLUSION 5 Accordingly, and having reviewed Plaintiff’s motion, the declarations and exhibits
6 submitted in support, and the remainder of the record, the Court finds and ORDERS: 7 1. Plaintiff’s Motion for Entry of Default Judgment Against Defendant Western Rebar 8 Consulting, Inc. dba Western Industries, Inc. (Dkt. #16) is GRANTED. 9 2. The Clerk shall enter judgment in favor of Plaintiff D.C.B. Industries, Inc. dba Bowers 10 Steel and against Western Rebar Consulting, Inc. dba Western Industries, Inc. in the 11 amount of $25,489.19. 12 Dated this 20th day of January, 2021. 13 14 A 15 RICARDO S. MARTINEZ 16 CHIEF UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE
17 18 19 20 21 22 23
4 Plaintiff Bowers indicates that the settlement agreements specifically excluded settlement of 24 accrued prejudgment interest. Dkt. #16 at 3, 6 n.1.