Fairchild, J.
The petitioner applied to the commission for an amendment of its license as a contract motor carrier. Petitioner, while operating under a license authorizing it to transport merchandise for three Milwaukee department stores within the southeast corner of Wisconsin, claimed by petitioner to “constitute the normal retail trading area of the city
of Milwaukee,” purchased with the approval of the commission a contract carrier’s license issued to. one Johnson; this license allowed petitioner to transport “property in the city of Milwaukee and contiguous municipalities.” The department-store license, although authorizing petitioner to- serve a larger area, was limited to the three department stores named and was restricted in scope to the “transportation of retail merchandise between Milwaukee and the premises of retail customers of said contractors located within the boundaries [described in the license].” The Johnson license, though more limited as to area, authorized petitioner “to1 perform a general drayage service in the city of Milwaukee arid contiguous municipalities.” Under the Johnson license petitioner transported merchandise for seven or eight Milwaukee speciality shops, pursuant to “mutual bilateral contracts,” performing a service for them similar to1 that furnished the department stores, that is, acting as the delivery department of the stores.
The application sought to extend its delivery service for all retail speciality shops to the area covered by the department-store license, describing the requested authority'as :
“The transportation, under mutual bilateral contracts, of merchandise sold by department stores and retail speciality stores situated in the city of Milwaukee between Milwaukee and the premises of the retail customers of such contracting department stores and retail specialty stores located within the boundaries hereinafter described or within incorporated municipalities located on said boundaries, including the transportation of merchandise between any such department store or retail speciality store and its warehouse or branch store situated in the city of Milwaukee.”
It is contended by the commission that the judgment of the circuit court is invalid because of the lack of formal findings of fact required by the provisions of sec. 270.33, Stats. The trial court did dictate into the record a memorandum opinion. In this opinion the court stated: “The order denying the ap
plication is clearly both unreasonable and unlawful.” In support of this conclusion the following statements appear in the opinion: (1) That petitioner had met the burden of proof placed on it by the provisions of sec. 196.46, Stats.,' — -“In fact, the proof is almost entirely on the side of the [petitioner] (2) that the service is convenient, — “It is self-evident that it, must be not only convenient but also profitable for the merchant to be able to obtain [petitioner’s] service, or the merchant would not enter into a contract with the [petitioner]. That it is convenient for the customer no- sane person will gainsay;” (3) that the service is necessary,— “If the merchant considers it necessary for the selling of his wares and the customer considers it necessary for the purchasing of his necessities that the [petitioner] be their mutual delivery agent, and they are both willing to pay the freight, why should they not be permitted to have their mutual desires satisfied?” The opposition to the extension of the license raised by competitors and based upon the financial burden to them should not be of “sufficient consideration to deny this service.” The trial court further stated in the opinion that the order modifying the Johnson license “was both unreasonable and unlawful” for the reasons that, (1) the commission misconstrued the statement of counsel upon which it based this portion of the order; and (2) “in any event, the [petitioner] was entitled to a hearing on such an order by the express provisions of section 194.46 of the statutes.”- It may be conceded that these findings are not in exact compliance with the rule imposed by the statute. “Trial courts should not in making findings incorporate therein arguments, citations' of authority, and other extraneous matters.”
Petrus v. Pierick
(1929), 199 Wis. 147, 150, 225 N. W. 695. Assuming that the statute in question applies to a proceeding of this nature, nevertheless the failure, in so far as there is a failure* ■to comply with the rule in the present case does not require that the case be returned for specific findings. The opinion
of the trial court is capable of aiding us in determining what it found as facts.
Will of Daniels
(1937), 225 Wis. 502, 274 N. W. 435. And it further appears that the court has forcibly expressed its views on the essential questions.
White v. Machovec
(1934), 214 Wis. 458, 253 N. W. 389.
Although in a proceeding to set aside an order of the commission the burden of proof before the trial court rests upon the party adverse to the commission, sec. 196.46, Stats., nevertheless upon appeal to this court the findings of the trial court must be sustained unless they “are against the great weight and clear preponderance of the evidence.”
Wisconsin P. & L. Co. v. Public Service Comm.
(1939) 232 Wis. 43, 58, 286 N. W. 581;
Wisconsin Telephone Co. v. Public Service Comm.
(1939) 232 Wis. 274, 320, 321, 287 N. W. 122, 287 N. W. 593. And the evidence is not seriously in dispute and the testimony before the commission is the same as that before the court and warrants but one conclusion under the law.
The commission contends that petitioner in seeking to serve a specified portion of the general public thereby sought to become a “public” carrier. Holding that it is a carrier recognized under the common law as a common carrier, the commission ruled that as a condition to the obtaining of a contract-carrier license under the provisions of ch. 194, Stats., petitioner was required to show that
public
convenience and necessity required the extension of its services as against the mere convenience and necessity of the shipper, carrier, and receiver.
But motor carriers are classified into three categories by sec. 194.01, Stats., namely, (1) “Common motor carrier,” that is “any person who holds himself out to the public as willing to undertake for hire to transport by motor vehicle between fixed termini or over a regular route upon the public highways, passengers or property,” sec. 194.01 (5) (petitioner is not in this classification) ; (2) “Contract motor carrier,” that is “any person engaged in the transportation by motor vehicle of property for hire and not included in the term ‘common motor carrier of property,’” sec. 194.01 (11) (it is in this classification that petitioner falls) ; and (3) “Private motor carrier” that is “any person except a common or contract motor carrier engaged in the transportation of property by motor vehicle other than an automobile or two-wheeled trailer used therewith,” sec. 194.01 (14). Different rules, regulations, and permit requirements are established by the law for the regulation of the various classes of carriers as therein defined.
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Fairchild, J.
The petitioner applied to the commission for an amendment of its license as a contract motor carrier. Petitioner, while operating under a license authorizing it to transport merchandise for three Milwaukee department stores within the southeast corner of Wisconsin, claimed by petitioner to “constitute the normal retail trading area of the city
of Milwaukee,” purchased with the approval of the commission a contract carrier’s license issued to. one Johnson; this license allowed petitioner to transport “property in the city of Milwaukee and contiguous municipalities.” The department-store license, although authorizing petitioner to- serve a larger area, was limited to the three department stores named and was restricted in scope to the “transportation of retail merchandise between Milwaukee and the premises of retail customers of said contractors located within the boundaries [described in the license].” The Johnson license, though more limited as to area, authorized petitioner “to1 perform a general drayage service in the city of Milwaukee arid contiguous municipalities.” Under the Johnson license petitioner transported merchandise for seven or eight Milwaukee speciality shops, pursuant to “mutual bilateral contracts,” performing a service for them similar to1 that furnished the department stores, that is, acting as the delivery department of the stores.
The application sought to extend its delivery service for all retail speciality shops to the area covered by the department-store license, describing the requested authority'as :
“The transportation, under mutual bilateral contracts, of merchandise sold by department stores and retail speciality stores situated in the city of Milwaukee between Milwaukee and the premises of the retail customers of such contracting department stores and retail specialty stores located within the boundaries hereinafter described or within incorporated municipalities located on said boundaries, including the transportation of merchandise between any such department store or retail speciality store and its warehouse or branch store situated in the city of Milwaukee.”
It is contended by the commission that the judgment of the circuit court is invalid because of the lack of formal findings of fact required by the provisions of sec. 270.33, Stats. The trial court did dictate into the record a memorandum opinion. In this opinion the court stated: “The order denying the ap
plication is clearly both unreasonable and unlawful.” In support of this conclusion the following statements appear in the opinion: (1) That petitioner had met the burden of proof placed on it by the provisions of sec. 196.46, Stats.,' — -“In fact, the proof is almost entirely on the side of the [petitioner] (2) that the service is convenient, — “It is self-evident that it, must be not only convenient but also profitable for the merchant to be able to obtain [petitioner’s] service, or the merchant would not enter into a contract with the [petitioner]. That it is convenient for the customer no- sane person will gainsay;” (3) that the service is necessary,— “If the merchant considers it necessary for the selling of his wares and the customer considers it necessary for the purchasing of his necessities that the [petitioner] be their mutual delivery agent, and they are both willing to pay the freight, why should they not be permitted to have their mutual desires satisfied?” The opposition to the extension of the license raised by competitors and based upon the financial burden to them should not be of “sufficient consideration to deny this service.” The trial court further stated in the opinion that the order modifying the Johnson license “was both unreasonable and unlawful” for the reasons that, (1) the commission misconstrued the statement of counsel upon which it based this portion of the order; and (2) “in any event, the [petitioner] was entitled to a hearing on such an order by the express provisions of section 194.46 of the statutes.”- It may be conceded that these findings are not in exact compliance with the rule imposed by the statute. “Trial courts should not in making findings incorporate therein arguments, citations' of authority, and other extraneous matters.”
Petrus v. Pierick
(1929), 199 Wis. 147, 150, 225 N. W. 695. Assuming that the statute in question applies to a proceeding of this nature, nevertheless the failure, in so far as there is a failure* ■to comply with the rule in the present case does not require that the case be returned for specific findings. The opinion
of the trial court is capable of aiding us in determining what it found as facts.
Will of Daniels
(1937), 225 Wis. 502, 274 N. W. 435. And it further appears that the court has forcibly expressed its views on the essential questions.
White v. Machovec
(1934), 214 Wis. 458, 253 N. W. 389.
Although in a proceeding to set aside an order of the commission the burden of proof before the trial court rests upon the party adverse to the commission, sec. 196.46, Stats., nevertheless upon appeal to this court the findings of the trial court must be sustained unless they “are against the great weight and clear preponderance of the evidence.”
Wisconsin P. & L. Co. v. Public Service Comm.
(1939) 232 Wis. 43, 58, 286 N. W. 581;
Wisconsin Telephone Co. v. Public Service Comm.
(1939) 232 Wis. 274, 320, 321, 287 N. W. 122, 287 N. W. 593. And the evidence is not seriously in dispute and the testimony before the commission is the same as that before the court and warrants but one conclusion under the law.
The commission contends that petitioner in seeking to serve a specified portion of the general public thereby sought to become a “public” carrier. Holding that it is a carrier recognized under the common law as a common carrier, the commission ruled that as a condition to the obtaining of a contract-carrier license under the provisions of ch. 194, Stats., petitioner was required to show that
public
convenience and necessity required the extension of its services as against the mere convenience and necessity of the shipper, carrier, and receiver.
But motor carriers are classified into three categories by sec. 194.01, Stats., namely, (1) “Common motor carrier,” that is “any person who holds himself out to the public as willing to undertake for hire to transport by motor vehicle between fixed termini or over a regular route upon the public highways, passengers or property,” sec. 194.01 (5) (petitioner is not in this classification) ; (2) “Contract motor carrier,” that is “any person engaged in the transportation by motor vehicle of property for hire and not included in the term ‘common motor carrier of property,’” sec. 194.01 (11) (it is in this classification that petitioner falls) ; and (3) “Private motor carrier” that is “any person except a common or contract motor carrier engaged in the transportation of property by motor vehicle other than an automobile or two-wheeled trailer used therewith,” sec. 194.01 (14). Different rules, regulations, and permit requirements are established by the law for the regulation of the various classes of carriers as therein defined.
At common law carriers were classified on the basis of their nature and character as private or common.
Standard Oil Co. v. Public Service Comm.
(1935) 217 Wis. 563, 259 N. W. 598; 9 Am. Jur. p. 429, § 2; 13 C. J. S. p. 25, § 1. We are concerned, however, with a statute regulating motor carriers. In determining the meaning and effect of the Motor Vehicle Transportation Act, it is well to bear in mind various principles governing the validity of such legislation and motivating its enactment. The power of the state to enact such statutes springs from two-sourtes, one, the power to regulate the use
of public highways,
Stephenson v. Binford
(1932), 287 U. S. 251, 53 Sup. Ct. 181, 77 L. Ed. 288, 87 A. L. R. 721; 37 Am. Jur.pp. 528, 533, 534, §§ 7,19;note (1933), 87 A. L. R. 736; note (1937), 109 A. L. R. 553
et seq.;
the other, the power to regulate common carriers,
Monroe v. Railroad Comm.
(1919) 170 Wis. 180, 174 N. W. 450, 9 A. L. R. 1007; 9 Am. Jur. 449, § 40; 13 C. J. S. pp. 44, 45, §§ 15, 16. Motor-carrier laws such as ch. 194, Stats., often reflect a threefold legislative purpose, namely, (1) the transportation business; (2) the act of transportation; and (3) the securing of a return for the use of public highways, 37 Am. Jur. 533, § 17; note, 109 A. L. R. 551, 552. This threefold purpose is apparent in the Wisconsin statute. Thus sec. 194.06 declares that common and contract carriers are affected with public interest; regulations are established prohibiting discrimination in rates or services by contract carriers, sec. 194.34 (5) ; licenses and certificates of convenience and necessity are required, secs. 194.34, 194.23; in some instances rates and regulations are subjected to the rule of reasonableness, sec. 194.19; the use of the highways is protected, secs. 194.18 (2), 194.36 (2), 194.43; and taxes for highway use are imposed, sec. 194.50. Under this statute the common-law distinction between private and common carriers is frequently blurred (see 37 Am. Jur. pp. 538, 539, § 26; note (1936), 103 A. L. R. 274, 278, collating authorities illustrating the modern tendency to obliterate the common-law distinction between common and private carriers in the field of motor transportation), and new distinctions are drawn. It is established that the state can properly impose upon private or contract carriers regulations similar to those governing common carriers,
Stephenson v. Binford, supra;
37 Am. Jur. pp. 536, 537, § 23; note, 109 A. L. R. 556; although it has been held that the state cannot go to the length of requiring a private carrier to become a common carrier,
Frost v. Railroad Comm.
(1926)
271 U. S. 583, 46 Sup. Ct. 605, 70 L. Ed. 1101, 47 A. L. R. 457; 37 Am. Jur. pp. 536, 540, §§ 23, 29. Whereas the earlier problem in respect to motor transportation was whether a public service commission had jurisdiction over a common carrier by bus or truck in the absence of á statute particularly referring to that form of transportation, notes (1927), 51 A. L. R. 820; (1936) 103 A. L. R. 273; the problem of today is generally one bearing upon the construction of the motor-transportation statute, note, 103 A. L. R. 274.
The differences and distinctions between the three classifications established by ch. 194, Stats., exist and must be reckoned with and, in dealing with matters that are as involved as these with general principles of regulation in the interest of fairness, they are not to be lost sight of in the attendant difficulties. Nor are we to overlook the fact that so far as individual rights may be permitted to prevail they are to be considered. It may be impossible to. attain the last degree of an equitable distribution of loss and advantage in each instance and the commission or the court may be of the opinion that a more effective method exists than the one outlined by the legislature but when the distinctions between' carriers are fixed by statute they must be followed. The power and authority of the commission to regulate contract carriers must be found within the statutes,
Monroe v. Railroad Comm.
(1919) 170 Wis. 180, 174 N. W. 450, 9 A. L. R.
1007; Wisconsin Telephone Co. v. Public Service Comm., supra,
p. 326.
The contract carrier within proper limits is protected as to its rights to enter into contracts. Competition when it could reasonably exist was to be permitted. One of the purposes of the Motor Vehicle Transportation Act, illustrated by the provisions of sec. 194.36, Stats., as of the Federal Motor Carrier Act (1 Motor Carrier Cases, I. C. C. Rep. (1937), 628), ryas to protect the common carrier from the contract carrier, and unfair competition as between common and contract car-
tier was sought to be eliminated. The statute requires the commission before granting a license to a contract motor carrier to take into consideration existing transportation facilities in the territory for which a license is sought, including
common motor carriers
and steam and electric railways. Sec. 194.34 (1). The commission is “to supervise and regulate ... in all matters directly or indirectly impairing the efficient public service of any authorized common carrier or common carriers by motor vehicles or by steam or electric railroad then adequately serving all or any part of the same territory, in conformity with the purposes of this chapter.” Sec. 194.36 (9). The statute does not attempt to fix at a common level existing conditions. Changes and improvements were tO' be expected. The prevention of rebates and unjust discrimination were objects of the legislation, not the unreasonable smothering of growth or the unnecessary deprivation of the energetic and enterprising of opportunity to grow and serve.
A common motor carrier is required to obtain a certificate from the commission. And “before granting a certificate or amendment the commission shall take into consideration existing transportation facilities in the territory proposed to be served, including common and contract motor carriers and steam and electric railways,” sec. 194.23 (1), Stats. The commission is authorized to grant or refuse such certificate “as the public interest may require, upon a finding of public convenience and necessity.”
A contract carrier is required to obtain a license and such license may be issued or denied “as the public interest may require, upon a finding of convenience and necessity.” Sec. 194.34 (1), Stats. In ascertaining whether such license should issue the commission must take into account “existing transportation facilities in the territory for which a license is sought, including common motor carriers and steam and electric railways,” but no consideration is given to other contract carriers with respect to competition.
In denying the license here sought the commission held that:
“The applicant seeks to serve any such [specialty] shop or [department] store in the city of Milwaukee which desires to avail itself of its services and which will comply with its terms. Such a general service could be offered only on terms and conditions open to all persons similarly situated and subject to regulation as a common-law common carrier. This is in effect a holding out to the public of a definite service and in our judgment such an application places upon the applicant the burden of showing by affirmative evidence that the proposed operation is in the public interest and is required by public convenience and necessity. We are of the opinion that the testimony fails to make such a showing.”
It is clear from the opinion of the commission, from the argument in support thereof on this appeal, and from previous practice and administrative interpretation that the denial of the license to petitioner was based on the theory that as a “public” carrier, that is a “common” carrier within the common-law meaning of the term, the petitioner was required to meet the standard of “public convenience and necessity” rather than the less stringent standard of mere “convenience and necessity.” But the legislature made no express sub-classification within the class of contract carriers, nor can such subclassification be inferred in respect to the basis established for the issuance of a license. This leaves open all questions relating to discrimination and duty to serve under sec. 194.34 (5), Stats., created by ch. 215, Laws of 1941, passed subsequently to the filing of the application herein and therefore not involved in this proceeding. There is a valid distinction provided for in the statutes between the “public convenience and necessity” to be looked for in the case of a common motor carrier and the “convenience and necessity” to be considered in licensing a contract motor carrier. The reasons therefor appear in the law as written and the trial court’s interpretation of the rule of convenience and necessity in the case of the contract carrier as against the rule of public convenience and necessity in the case of the common motor carrier is correct. If there is a reasonable need apparent for the use of the service
and if the common carrier is not unduly interfered with nor the public highways unduly burdened, a case of convenience and necessity exists.
Central Truck Lines, Inc., v. Florida State Railroad Comm.
(1941) 146 Fla. 521, 1 So. (2d) 470; see also
Matter of Village of Bronxville v. Maltbie
(1940), 284 N. Y. 206, 30 N. E. (2d) 475. .The statutory scheme is whole and complete as drawn and although perhaps experience may suggest the advisability of the distinction made by the commission, as yet no basis for it appears in the statutes to which the' commission owes its existence and its authority.
We agree with the trial court therefore that the order of the commission upon the evidence in the case is arbitrary and unreasonable and was properly set aside on the ground that the evidence warranted only a finding in favor of petitioner as to the existence of “convenience and necessity.”
In view of these conclusions regarding the allowance of the amendment to the license, it is unnecessary to consider the reasonableness of the order in respect to the modification of the existing license, since it is clear that petitioner consented to a modification upon the granting of the authority applied for.
It is considered that the judgment below is correct except that it should contain a direction to the commission to allow the amendment as prayed for and to modify the license as stipulated by petitioner.
By the Court.
— Judgment modified so as to direct the commission to amend the license as prayed for and to modify the license as stipulated by petitioner, and as so- modified affirmed.