GOODRICH, Circuit Judge.
This suit is to recover overpayment of estate tax-upon the estate of Melissa Stewart McKee Carnahan who died on December 22, 1936. The collector concedes the overpayment but resists recovery on the grounds that there was a failure to include in the gross estate the value of property in a trust created by decedent in her lifetime. From a judgment in the court below in favor of the plaintiff the collector has taken this appeal.
In 1918 the decedent created by oral declaration a trust in the name of herself and her husband as trustees for four children of her brother. In 1931 the terms of the orally expressed trust were put in writing and signed by decedent and her husband. The trust was irrevocable by its terms. It fixed the shares the beneficiaries were to receive upon final distribution but reserved to the “Trustees the right to change or vary the relative proportions to be distributed to said beneficiaries upon final distribution as in their judgment said Trustees shall deem best.” If prior to termination of the trust one of the trustees died, the rights and duties were to devolve upon the survivor.
The appellant contends that the power of the decedent and her husband to change the proportional interests of the named beneficiaries requires the inclusion: of the trust property in her gross estate under § 302(d) of the Revenue Act of 1926 as amended.1 That provision makes a part of the gross estate property transferred by decedent by trust or otherwise “where the enjoyment thereof was subject at the date of his death to any change through the exercise of a power, either by the decedent [154]*154alone or in conjunction with any person, to alter, amend, or revoke, * * If the property comes within § 302(d), there is no constitutional barrier to its application whether the trust dates from 1918, the date of its oral declaration, or 1931, the year in which it was expressed by formal writing. Porter v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, 1933, 288 U.S. 436, 53 S.Ct. 451, 77 L.Ed. 880; Millard v. Maloney, 3 Cir., 1941, 121 F.2d 257, certiorari denied 1941, 314 U.S. 636, 62 S.Ct. 100, 86 L.Ed. 511; Witherbee v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, 2 Cir., 1934, 70 F.2d 696, certiorari denied 1934, 293 U.S. 582, 55 S.Ct. 96, 79 L.Ed. 678.2 The reservation of the power to shift the interests of the beneficiaries is an attribute of the ownership of the property and is substantially equivalent to that power of disposal with respect to his property possessed by any decedent which renders his property subject to an estate tax. See 1 Paul, Federal Estate and Gift Taxation (1942) § 7.09. The principle is equally applicable, and has been held controlling where the power retained is merely to vary the proportions of the trust estate within a specified group. Chickering v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, 1 Cir., 1941, 118 F.2d 254, 139 A.L.R. 508, certiorari denied 1941, 314 U.S. 636, 62 S.Ct. 70, 86 L.Ed. 511; Guggenheim v. Helvering, 2 Cir., 1941, 117 F.2d 469, certiorari denied Guggenheim’s Estate v. Com’r, 1941, 314 U.S. 621, 62 S.Ct. 66, 86 L.Ed. 499. If we had here a stranger as trustee, with the power to alter the interests of the named beneficiaries within the group reserved to the settlor, there would be no question that the trust corpus was within the gross estate of the settlor. The instant case, however, presents an additional factor which is claimed to make a difference.
The contention made by the plaintiff on this point is that upon the creation of the trust, the power to alter the beneficial interests of the beneficiaries was vested in the decedent in her capacity as trustee, not merely as grantor. The effect of this, it is said, is the same as if the donor were another person. There was no right in the donor as an individual, therefore, to make any change. This argument was lejected by the First Circuit and the Board of Tax Appeals on a similar set of facts. Welch v. Terhune, 1942, 126 F.2d 695, certiorari denied 1942, 317 U.S. 644, 63 S.Ct. 37, 87 L.Ed.-; Moir v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, 1942, 47 B.T.A. 765. Contra: Nicholson v. United States, D.C. S.D.Cal.1938, 25 F.Supp. 424.
We agree with the First Circuit and the Board. Although the power of alteration was by the terms of the trust vested in the “Trustees”, the settlor and one of the trustees were one and the same, the decedent. Describing the power possessed by her as a fiduciary one, if that it be, does not mean that she could not have exercised it, although its exercise would be restricted by the terms of the deed of settlement and the legal consequences of those terms as applied to the management of the trust estate. See Reinecke v. Smith, 1933, 289 U.S. 172, 176, 177, 53 S.Ct. 570, 77 L.Ed. 1109. But she could still change the enjoyment of the beneficial interests. Thus she still had a string attached to her beneficence, albeit that string was weaker than if she held it in the sole capacity of settlor. It was sufficient,we believe, to render the interests thus retained includable in her gross estate, under the provisions of the Act. , ■
Section 302(d) was enacted and repeatedly amended as the legislative response to tax avoidance attempts. 1 Paul, supra § 7.06. That manifest purpose could be easily frustrated if the scope of the section were made to depend upon the choice of a single word by the transferor. The title conferred by the settlor upon himself, not the extent of ownership retained, would become the dividing line between inclusion and exclusion of property for estate tax purposes. There is no room for such a construction; the Act itself provides the criterion of taxability. Section 302(d) of the 1926 and 1934 Acts makes no distinction between the capacity in which a settlor reserves unto himself any power to change the beneficial interests of his apparent grant. It merely requires that the decedent shall have made a transfer by trust which would be subject to such a power at the date of his death. And this, decedent did here.
The subsequent legislative history of the section to some extent confirms this conclusion. A 1936 amendment, operative prospectively only, made the capacity in which the power was exercisable, and the time when or the source from which the power was obtained, immaterial. The legis[155]*155lative notes (see 1 Paul, supra § 7.06, f.n. 18) concerning the amendment indicate that it was thought desirable by reason of the decision of the Supreme Court in White v. Poor, 1935, 296 U.S. 98, 56 S.Ct 66, 80 L.Ed. 80, and that to some extent the amendment was declaratory of existing law. In White v. Poor the settlor was an original trustee who had resigned and was later elected by the other trustees to fill a vacancy.
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GOODRICH, Circuit Judge.
This suit is to recover overpayment of estate tax-upon the estate of Melissa Stewart McKee Carnahan who died on December 22, 1936. The collector concedes the overpayment but resists recovery on the grounds that there was a failure to include in the gross estate the value of property in a trust created by decedent in her lifetime. From a judgment in the court below in favor of the plaintiff the collector has taken this appeal.
In 1918 the decedent created by oral declaration a trust in the name of herself and her husband as trustees for four children of her brother. In 1931 the terms of the orally expressed trust were put in writing and signed by decedent and her husband. The trust was irrevocable by its terms. It fixed the shares the beneficiaries were to receive upon final distribution but reserved to the “Trustees the right to change or vary the relative proportions to be distributed to said beneficiaries upon final distribution as in their judgment said Trustees shall deem best.” If prior to termination of the trust one of the trustees died, the rights and duties were to devolve upon the survivor.
The appellant contends that the power of the decedent and her husband to change the proportional interests of the named beneficiaries requires the inclusion: of the trust property in her gross estate under § 302(d) of the Revenue Act of 1926 as amended.1 That provision makes a part of the gross estate property transferred by decedent by trust or otherwise “where the enjoyment thereof was subject at the date of his death to any change through the exercise of a power, either by the decedent [154]*154alone or in conjunction with any person, to alter, amend, or revoke, * * If the property comes within § 302(d), there is no constitutional barrier to its application whether the trust dates from 1918, the date of its oral declaration, or 1931, the year in which it was expressed by formal writing. Porter v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, 1933, 288 U.S. 436, 53 S.Ct. 451, 77 L.Ed. 880; Millard v. Maloney, 3 Cir., 1941, 121 F.2d 257, certiorari denied 1941, 314 U.S. 636, 62 S.Ct. 100, 86 L.Ed. 511; Witherbee v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, 2 Cir., 1934, 70 F.2d 696, certiorari denied 1934, 293 U.S. 582, 55 S.Ct. 96, 79 L.Ed. 678.2 The reservation of the power to shift the interests of the beneficiaries is an attribute of the ownership of the property and is substantially equivalent to that power of disposal with respect to his property possessed by any decedent which renders his property subject to an estate tax. See 1 Paul, Federal Estate and Gift Taxation (1942) § 7.09. The principle is equally applicable, and has been held controlling where the power retained is merely to vary the proportions of the trust estate within a specified group. Chickering v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, 1 Cir., 1941, 118 F.2d 254, 139 A.L.R. 508, certiorari denied 1941, 314 U.S. 636, 62 S.Ct. 70, 86 L.Ed. 511; Guggenheim v. Helvering, 2 Cir., 1941, 117 F.2d 469, certiorari denied Guggenheim’s Estate v. Com’r, 1941, 314 U.S. 621, 62 S.Ct. 66, 86 L.Ed. 499. If we had here a stranger as trustee, with the power to alter the interests of the named beneficiaries within the group reserved to the settlor, there would be no question that the trust corpus was within the gross estate of the settlor. The instant case, however, presents an additional factor which is claimed to make a difference.
The contention made by the plaintiff on this point is that upon the creation of the trust, the power to alter the beneficial interests of the beneficiaries was vested in the decedent in her capacity as trustee, not merely as grantor. The effect of this, it is said, is the same as if the donor were another person. There was no right in the donor as an individual, therefore, to make any change. This argument was lejected by the First Circuit and the Board of Tax Appeals on a similar set of facts. Welch v. Terhune, 1942, 126 F.2d 695, certiorari denied 1942, 317 U.S. 644, 63 S.Ct. 37, 87 L.Ed.-; Moir v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, 1942, 47 B.T.A. 765. Contra: Nicholson v. United States, D.C. S.D.Cal.1938, 25 F.Supp. 424.
We agree with the First Circuit and the Board. Although the power of alteration was by the terms of the trust vested in the “Trustees”, the settlor and one of the trustees were one and the same, the decedent. Describing the power possessed by her as a fiduciary one, if that it be, does not mean that she could not have exercised it, although its exercise would be restricted by the terms of the deed of settlement and the legal consequences of those terms as applied to the management of the trust estate. See Reinecke v. Smith, 1933, 289 U.S. 172, 176, 177, 53 S.Ct. 570, 77 L.Ed. 1109. But she could still change the enjoyment of the beneficial interests. Thus she still had a string attached to her beneficence, albeit that string was weaker than if she held it in the sole capacity of settlor. It was sufficient,we believe, to render the interests thus retained includable in her gross estate, under the provisions of the Act. , ■
Section 302(d) was enacted and repeatedly amended as the legislative response to tax avoidance attempts. 1 Paul, supra § 7.06. That manifest purpose could be easily frustrated if the scope of the section were made to depend upon the choice of a single word by the transferor. The title conferred by the settlor upon himself, not the extent of ownership retained, would become the dividing line between inclusion and exclusion of property for estate tax purposes. There is no room for such a construction; the Act itself provides the criterion of taxability. Section 302(d) of the 1926 and 1934 Acts makes no distinction between the capacity in which a settlor reserves unto himself any power to change the beneficial interests of his apparent grant. It merely requires that the decedent shall have made a transfer by trust which would be subject to such a power at the date of his death. And this, decedent did here.
The subsequent legislative history of the section to some extent confirms this conclusion. A 1936 amendment, operative prospectively only, made the capacity in which the power was exercisable, and the time when or the source from which the power was obtained, immaterial. The legis[155]*155lative notes (see 1 Paul, supra § 7.06, f.n. 18) concerning the amendment indicate that it was thought desirable by reason of the decision of the Supreme Court in White v. Poor, 1935, 296 U.S. 98, 56 S.Ct 66, 80 L.Ed. 80, and that to some extent the amendment was declaratory of existing law. In White v. Poor the settlor was an original trustee who had resigned and was later elected by the other trustees to fill a vacancy. The property was held not includable in her estate because she acquired power to terminate the trust not by any reservation of her own but by the action of the trustees. The fair inference is that the legislators deemed the parenthetical insertion they made, “(in whatever capacity exercisable)”, declaratory of existing law. This was the construction placed upon the amendment by T.D. 4729, 1937-1 Cum.Bull. 284, and approved in Welch v. Terhune, supra, and it appears highly tenable to us.
The plaintiff makes one additional point. Since the trust continued after the decedent’s demise and since the power to alter passed on to the succeeding and/or surviving trustee, her death, it is argued, did not finally terminate the power of the trustees to alter the beneficial interests. Granted that this is true in fact, we are not quite sure where this is supposed to lead us to as a legal conclusion. It certainly does not show that the decedent could not change the beneficial interests in her lifetime. Only upon death did that power come to an end. What took place when her successors assumed control cannot affect the questions of taxation as to her estate.3
The judgment of the District Court is reversed and the case remanded with directions to enter judgment for the defendant.