Bailey, J.
The deceased, at the time of his death, was upon the defendant’s land without any invitation from the defendant, either express or implied, and without legal right. Many other persons, it is true, were in the habit of passing over said land of their own motion and for their own convenience, and it does not appear that any objection to their so doing was ever raised by the defendant, but these facts, at the utmost, only raise an implication of a license to the deceased, to do the same thing, but gave him no right beyond that of a mere licensee.
The hole, chasm or trap, if it may be so called, into which he fell, was not constructed by the defendant, nor was it the result of any affirmative act on its part. The excavation was made by other parties without its procurement or .consent. The refuse matter which formed the scum or crust on the surface of the water came from the packing houses of other parties, in which the defendant had no interest, and over which it had no control. If the defendant was chargeable with negligence at all, it was in failing to abate the nuisance, after it had been created by others, or to surround it with such protections or warnings as would have been sufficient to ward off such persons as might see fit to traverse that portion of its grounds. . In-other words, its negligence, if any, was mere passive negligence.
It is a general rule of law, that the owner of private grounds is under no obligation to keep them in a safe condition for the benefit of trespassers, idlers, bare licensees, or others who come upon them, not by any invitation, either express or implied, but for their own convenience or pleasure, or to gratify their curiosity, however innocent or laudable their purpose may be. See. 1 Thomp. on Neg. 303, where all the cases on this subject. are collected and disc issed. Many of these authorities are.re-
viewed in Sweeney v. Old Colony and Newport R. R. Co. 10 Allen, 368, and the court, in laying down the rule applicable to cases like the present, say: “ The owner of land is not bound to protect- or provide safeguards for wrong-doers. So a licensee, who enters on premises by permission only, without any enticement, allurement or inducement being held out to him by the owner or occupant, can not recover damages for injuries caused by obstructions or pitfalls. He goes there at his. own risk, and enjoys the license subject to its concomitant perils. No duty is imposed by law on the owner or occupant to keep his premises in a suitable condition for those who come there solely for their own convenjgnce or pleasure, and who are not expressly invited to enter or induced to come upon them by. the purpose for which the premises are appropriated and occupied, or by some preparation or adaptation of the place for the usé of customers or passengers, which might naturally and reasonably lead them to suppose that they might properly and safely enter thereon.” To the same effect see Hargreaves v. Deacon, 25 Mich. 1, and cases there cited.
This rule is doubtless subject to some qualifications. Thus various cases are found where it is held that the owner who has setjpring-guns or other instruments of destruction upon his own grounds for the defense of. his property, is liable to trespassers who, without notice of such contrivances, have entered upon such grounds and received injury. Ilott v. Wilkins, 3 Barn. & Ald. 304; Bird v. Holbrook, 4 Bing. 628; Hooker v. Miller, 37 Iowa, 613.
Another exception is where the owner permits dangerous pitfalls or obstructions to remain on his land, so near a Mgh^ way, that, combined with the ordinary incidents of travel, they result in injury to persons or animals passing along the highway. Thus, a person who had made an excavation on his own land abutting upon a highway, and. left it unfenced, was held liable to a traveler, who, without fault on his part, fell into it and was injured. Barnes v. Ward, 9 C. B. 392. The same rule was applied where the excavation was fourteen inches from the line of the highway. Hadley v. Taylor, L. R. 1 C. P. 53. It was held otherwise, however, when the excavation was twenty-four feet from the highway. Binks v. South Yorkshire R. W. Co. 3 Best & Smith, 244. In that case the defendant had constructed a canal parallel with an ancient footway, and about twenty-four feet distant therefrom. Along the bank of che canal was a tow path, aud it appeared that the intermediate space between that and the footway had been obliterated by travel thereon, and other uses authorized by the defendant.
The plaintiff’s intestate, while attempting to travel along the footway in a dark night, strayed therefrom, and fell into the canal and was drowned, and it was held that the defendant was not liable. In Hardcastle v. South Yorkshire R. W. Co. 4 Hurl. & Norm. 67, where the facts were nearly identical with those appearing in the case last cited, Chief Baron Pollock, in holding that there was no liability, said: “ When an excavation is made adjoining to a public way, so that a person walking upon it might, by making a false step, or being affected with sudden giddiness, or, in case of a horse or carriage way, might, by a sudden start of a horse, be thrown into the excavation, it is reasonable that the person making such excavation should be liable for the consequences; but when the excavation is made at some distance from the way, and the person falling into it would be a trespasser upon the defendant’s land before he reached it, the case seems to us to be different. We do not see where the liability is to stop. . A man getting off a road on a dark night, and losing his way, may wander to any extent; and if the question be for the jury, no one can tell whether he is liable for the consequences of his act upon his own land or not. We think the proper and true test of legal liability is, whether the excavation be substantially adjoining the way—and it would be very dangerousiYit vkire’Atheiwise;—if in every case it was to be left as a fact to the jury, whether the excavation were sufficiently near to the highway to be dangerous.” See also Hounsell v. Smith, 7 C. B. 731.
There is also a class of cases constituting a further exception to the rule above stated, where the owners of grounds are held liable for injuries resulting to children, although trespassing at the time, where, from the peculiar nature and exposed position of the dangerous defect or agent, the owner should reasonably anticipate such injury to flow therefrom as actually happened. InAuAicas:s it is held that the question of negligence is for the jury. Among cases of this class may be mentioned Birge v. Gardiner, 19 Conn. 507, where the defendant, having set up a gate on his own land, by the side of a lane through which the plaintiff, a child between six and seven years of age, and other children were accustomed to pass, and the plaintiff while going along the lane, without permission from any one, put his hand on the gate and shook it, in consequence of which it fell on him and broke his leg. Also Railroad Co. v. Stout, 17 Wal. 657. There the railroad company had a turn-table situated near two traveled roads in a small village. The latch by which it was fastened was broken, and children could easily turn it around. Three small boys went to it to play, and while two of them were turning it around, the foot of the third was caught in it and crushed. Whether there was negligence on the part of the railroad company, was held to have been properly left to the jury.
In Keffe v. Milwaukee & St. Paul R. W. Co. 21 Minn.
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Bailey, J.
The deceased, at the time of his death, was upon the defendant’s land without any invitation from the defendant, either express or implied, and without legal right. Many other persons, it is true, were in the habit of passing over said land of their own motion and for their own convenience, and it does not appear that any objection to their so doing was ever raised by the defendant, but these facts, at the utmost, only raise an implication of a license to the deceased, to do the same thing, but gave him no right beyond that of a mere licensee.
The hole, chasm or trap, if it may be so called, into which he fell, was not constructed by the defendant, nor was it the result of any affirmative act on its part. The excavation was made by other parties without its procurement or .consent. The refuse matter which formed the scum or crust on the surface of the water came from the packing houses of other parties, in which the defendant had no interest, and over which it had no control. If the defendant was chargeable with negligence at all, it was in failing to abate the nuisance, after it had been created by others, or to surround it with such protections or warnings as would have been sufficient to ward off such persons as might see fit to traverse that portion of its grounds. . In-other words, its negligence, if any, was mere passive negligence.
It is a general rule of law, that the owner of private grounds is under no obligation to keep them in a safe condition for the benefit of trespassers, idlers, bare licensees, or others who come upon them, not by any invitation, either express or implied, but for their own convenience or pleasure, or to gratify their curiosity, however innocent or laudable their purpose may be. See. 1 Thomp. on Neg. 303, where all the cases on this subject. are collected and disc issed. Many of these authorities are.re-
viewed in Sweeney v. Old Colony and Newport R. R. Co. 10 Allen, 368, and the court, in laying down the rule applicable to cases like the present, say: “ The owner of land is not bound to protect- or provide safeguards for wrong-doers. So a licensee, who enters on premises by permission only, without any enticement, allurement or inducement being held out to him by the owner or occupant, can not recover damages for injuries caused by obstructions or pitfalls. He goes there at his. own risk, and enjoys the license subject to its concomitant perils. No duty is imposed by law on the owner or occupant to keep his premises in a suitable condition for those who come there solely for their own convenjgnce or pleasure, and who are not expressly invited to enter or induced to come upon them by. the purpose for which the premises are appropriated and occupied, or by some preparation or adaptation of the place for the usé of customers or passengers, which might naturally and reasonably lead them to suppose that they might properly and safely enter thereon.” To the same effect see Hargreaves v. Deacon, 25 Mich. 1, and cases there cited.
This rule is doubtless subject to some qualifications. Thus various cases are found where it is held that the owner who has setjpring-guns or other instruments of destruction upon his own grounds for the defense of. his property, is liable to trespassers who, without notice of such contrivances, have entered upon such grounds and received injury. Ilott v. Wilkins, 3 Barn. & Ald. 304; Bird v. Holbrook, 4 Bing. 628; Hooker v. Miller, 37 Iowa, 613.
Another exception is where the owner permits dangerous pitfalls or obstructions to remain on his land, so near a Mgh^ way, that, combined with the ordinary incidents of travel, they result in injury to persons or animals passing along the highway. Thus, a person who had made an excavation on his own land abutting upon a highway, and. left it unfenced, was held liable to a traveler, who, without fault on his part, fell into it and was injured. Barnes v. Ward, 9 C. B. 392. The same rule was applied where the excavation was fourteen inches from the line of the highway. Hadley v. Taylor, L. R. 1 C. P. 53. It was held otherwise, however, when the excavation was twenty-four feet from the highway. Binks v. South Yorkshire R. W. Co. 3 Best & Smith, 244. In that case the defendant had constructed a canal parallel with an ancient footway, and about twenty-four feet distant therefrom. Along the bank of che canal was a tow path, aud it appeared that the intermediate space between that and the footway had been obliterated by travel thereon, and other uses authorized by the defendant.
The plaintiff’s intestate, while attempting to travel along the footway in a dark night, strayed therefrom, and fell into the canal and was drowned, and it was held that the defendant was not liable. In Hardcastle v. South Yorkshire R. W. Co. 4 Hurl. & Norm. 67, where the facts were nearly identical with those appearing in the case last cited, Chief Baron Pollock, in holding that there was no liability, said: “ When an excavation is made adjoining to a public way, so that a person walking upon it might, by making a false step, or being affected with sudden giddiness, or, in case of a horse or carriage way, might, by a sudden start of a horse, be thrown into the excavation, it is reasonable that the person making such excavation should be liable for the consequences; but when the excavation is made at some distance from the way, and the person falling into it would be a trespasser upon the defendant’s land before he reached it, the case seems to us to be different. We do not see where the liability is to stop. . A man getting off a road on a dark night, and losing his way, may wander to any extent; and if the question be for the jury, no one can tell whether he is liable for the consequences of his act upon his own land or not. We think the proper and true test of legal liability is, whether the excavation be substantially adjoining the way—and it would be very dangerousiYit vkire’Atheiwise;—if in every case it was to be left as a fact to the jury, whether the excavation were sufficiently near to the highway to be dangerous.” See also Hounsell v. Smith, 7 C. B. 731.
There is also a class of cases constituting a further exception to the rule above stated, where the owners of grounds are held liable for injuries resulting to children, although trespassing at the time, where, from the peculiar nature and exposed position of the dangerous defect or agent, the owner should reasonably anticipate such injury to flow therefrom as actually happened. InAuAicas:s it is held that the question of negligence is for the jury. Among cases of this class may be mentioned Birge v. Gardiner, 19 Conn. 507, where the defendant, having set up a gate on his own land, by the side of a lane through which the plaintiff, a child between six and seven years of age, and other children were accustomed to pass, and the plaintiff while going along the lane, without permission from any one, put his hand on the gate and shook it, in consequence of which it fell on him and broke his leg. Also Railroad Co. v. Stout, 17 Wal. 657. There the railroad company had a turn-table situated near two traveled roads in a small village. The latch by which it was fastened was broken, and children could easily turn it around. Three small boys went to it to play, and while two of them were turning it around, the foot of the third was caught in it and crushed. Whether there was negligence on the part of the railroad company, was held to have been properly left to the jury.
In Keffe v. Milwaukee & St. Paul R. W. Co. 21 Minn. 207, the facts were very similar to the last preceding case, and the same rule was adopted. In Mullaney v. Spence, 15 Abb. Prac. (N. S.) 319, the owner of a coal yard had an elevator worked by steam, close to the sidewalk. During an intermission of work, the, sliding door by which it was usually shut off from the street was left open and unguarded, in consequence of which a child got under it, and was crushed by a descending car. The question of negligence was held to be for the jury. In Hydraulic Works Co. v. Orr, 83 Penn. St. 332, the defendant had, in a private alley, about twenty-four feet from the street, a heavy platform on hinges, so that when in use it could be thrown across the alley or cart way, and when not in use could be thrown back against the wall of a building. At the time of the accident it was in the latter position, and was kept in place only by a slight inclination towards the wall, and was liable to be tilted over when touched. The deceased, a boy about six years old, was playing in the street, and the gates being open strayed with several companions of about his ■ own age into the alley, and while at play there, received an injury by a fall of the platform, of which he died. The question of negligence having been submitted to the jury and a verdict found for the plaintiff, judgment thereon was affirmed. See, also, Whirley v. Whitman, 1 Head, 610.
The distinguishing principle upon which all these cases rest is that the persons injured were mere children, without judgment or discretion, and likely to be drawn by childish curiosity, or by the instincts and impulses of childhood, into places of danger. It is therefore held to be negligence to leave traps oiypitfalls exposed on private grounds in the vicinity of public high way For other places where children are likely to be found.
As was said in Keffe v. Milwaukee & St. Paul R. W. Co., supra, where the plaintiff was injured while playing with the defendant’s turn-table, “ What an express invitation would be to an adult, the temptation of an attractive plaything is to a child of tender years.” The principle is somewhat analogous to that applied in Townsend v. Wathen, 9 East. 277, where it was held to be unlawful for a man to tempt his neighbor’s dogs by setting traps on his land baited with strong-scented meat, by which the dogs were allured to come upon his land and into his traps. There the appeal to the natural instincts of those animals was regarded as equivalent to the use of manual force. The instincts of childhood may be regarded as being, to a certain degree, analogous in their operation to those of domestic animals, and to that degree governed by the same rules. Where the person injured, however, is an adult, capable of knowing and presumed to know the limits of those places where he may go as of right, and the fact that when he transcends those limits he is a trespasser, the duty of a proprietor of private grounds towards him rests upon a totally different foundation.
It is apparent from what we have said that the present case falls within neither of the exceptions above mentioned. The deceased was a man of mature years; the chasm into which he fell was neither adjoining nor in the vicinity of a public highway, and the defendant was in no way responsible for its original existence, but merely for passively allowing it to remain without protection or warning. Such being the facts, we know' of no authority or principle upon which the defendant can be held liable. The Supreme Court of Michigan, in the very well considered case of Hargreaves v. Deacon, supra, in discussing the right of protection against pitfalls in both highways and upon private grounds, says: “If in a highway or sidewalk, the duty of protection extends to all persons who have a legal right to go there, or, in other words, to the whole public, and it depends upon that right; if on private property, not open to the public, it applies less generally, and only to those who have a legal right to be there, and to claim the care of the occupant for their security while on the premises against negligence, or to those who are directly injured by some positive act involving more than passive negligence.”
We are referred by counsel for the appellee to the case of Young v. Harvey, 16 Ind. 314, as establishing a different rule. There the defendant had commenced to dig a well on his uninclosed lot, in the suburbs of Indianapolis, without the corporate limits, near the line of a street, and after sinking it to the depth of six feet, abandoned it. In this condition it was left a long time but partially covered with loose boards, and most of the time not covered at all. A horse lawfully grazing on the commons, fell into it, and was killed, and it was held that an action for damages could be sustained. It will thus be seen that that case differs from the present one, in two very essential particulars, viz.: that the excavation was near the highway, and that the horse was lawfully grazing upon the defendant’s uninclosed land; and while the remarks of the court in that case, as applied to those facts, seem tobe entirely unobjectionable, we are unable to regard them as authority in the case at bar.
Exception is taken to a number of the instructions given to the jury at the instance of the plaintiff, but as we are of the opinion that the verdict is not supported by the evidence, we need not take time to consider them, but for the reason stated; the judgment will be reversed and the cause remanded.
Judgment reversed.