UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
HOWARD T. TYSON, SR., : : Plaintiff, : Civil Action No.: 22-3715 (RC) : v. : Re Document Nos.: 25, 30, 32, 34 : UNITED STATES POSTAL SERVICE, : : Defendant. :
MEMORANDUM OPINION
GRANTING DEFENDANT’S MOTION TO DISMISS; DENYING PLAINTIFF’S MOTION TO STRIKE; DENYING PLAINTIFF’S MOTION TO INTERVENE; DENYING PLAINTIFF’S MOTION FOR LEAVE TO FILE A SUR-REPLY
I. INTRODUCTION
Plaintiff Howard T. Tyson Sr. (“Tyson” or “Plaintiff”), proceeding pro se, sues his
employer, the United States Postal Service (“USPS” or “Defendant”), alleging that USPS
discriminated against him based on his religion, in violation of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act
of 1964, 42 U.S.C. §§ 2000e–2000e-17 and—read liberally—that USPS violated the First
Amendment. See generally Compl., ECF No. 1. Tyson alleges that managers at USPS
discriminated against him on account of his Christian faith when, despite his seniority, he failed
to receive the benefit of a “retreat rights” letter in early 2014, which would have entitled him to a
superior position at USPS. Id. at 2–3. He seeks monetary relief in the amount of $675,000, both
to cover lost wages and as punitive damages for the alleged religious discrimination. Id. at 15,
18. Before the Court is USPS’s motion to dismiss. See Def.’s Mot. Dismiss (“Def.’s Mot.”),
ECF No. 25. Tyson has filed a memorandum in opposition, Pl.’s Opp’n to Def.’s Mot. (“Opp.”),
ECF No. 28, and USPS has filed a reply in support of its motion to dismiss, Def.’s Reply Supp. Def’s Mot., ECF No. 29. The case is now ripe for review. For the reasons explained below, the
Court grants USPS’s motion.
II. FACTUAL BACKGROUND
A. Underlying Incidents
As it must at this stage of the proceedings, the Court accepts all of the well-pleaded
factual allegations in the Complaint as true. See Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555–
56 (2007). Tyson alleges that in June of 2010, while employed at USPS’s Government Mail
Facility, or “GMF”, he was approached by a manager who asked him to “turn the radio down,
which [was] playing normal gospel music.” Compl. at 1. 1 This incident did not lead to any
disciplinary action at the time and Tyson states that the manager simply “dropped his head and
walked away.” Id. at 2. Tyson further alleges that two other managers at the plant did not
appear to have any issue with the volume of his music and that coworkers playing “secular
music” were never approached in a similar manner. Id. at 1–2.
Several months later, managers approached Tyson and informed him that “because of a
need, [he] would be sent” to work at a different plant, the Curseen-Morris Processing and
Distribution Center. Id. at 2. At the time of his reassignment, Tyson was also given a letter
informing him of his retreat rights, indicating that if a position reopened at the GMF, that he, as
the most senior employee, would be entitled to the position. Id.
According to Tyson, on February 1, 2014, he was supposed to receive a retreat letter due
to a position opening at the GMF on January 31, 2014. Id. at 2–3. After he received a retreat
letter in May of 2014, he was verbally informed two days later that the position had been
1 The complaint does not contain consistently numbered paragraphs, so the Court cites to the complaint using the number at the bottom of each page.
2 rescinded. Id. at 8. Tyson then called the “main union office” where he was advised that “if they
do not give a proof letter as evidence to you,” he should report to the assignment at the GMF on
June 16, 2014. Id. at 9. Tyson alleges that he did not receive a proper proof letter. Id. at 10–11.
Consequently, Tyson went to the GMF on June 16, 2014, where he was informed that there was
no job available for him. Id. at 12. Tyson claims that this action was the result of religious
discrimination, and that the GMF manager did not want him back at the facility playing gospel
music. Id. at 12–13.
B. Procedural History and Prior Litigation
Tyson filed a complaint for religious discrimination with the Equal Employment
Opportunity Commission (“EEOC”). See Def.’s Mot. at 2. An EEOC administrative judge
issued a decision in favor of USPS on Tyson’s EEOC complaint. See generally Def.’s Mot. Ex.
1, ECF No. 25-1. The administrative judge ruled that Tyson failed to prove he was unlawfully
discriminated against because he did not introduce evidence to show that he had been treated
differently from similarly situated peers or that his religion, rather than some other factor,
motivated the decision to rescind the position to which he had retreat rights. Id. at 16. The
EEOC went further, finding that USPS had “articulated legitimate nondiscriminatory reasons for
its action,” that USPS had posted the position by mistake and then rescinded it once the error was
discovered. Id. at 17. According to the administrative judge, the incident involving Tyson’s
manager asking him to reduce the volume of his gospel music was “not enough to establish a
basis for discrimination based on his religion.” Id. at 18.
Thereafter, Tyson sued USPS in federal district court in a case before then-District Court
Judge Pan. See Def.’s Mot. at 3. Tyson’s second amended complaint in that suit dealt with the
same event that is at issue in this case—i.e., the June 2010 incident where a manager asked
3 Tyson to turn down his gospel music, and the subsequent rescission of retreat rights in 2014. Id.
at 3–4. The court in that case issued an opinion granting USPS’s motion for summary judgment.
Tyson v. DeJoy, No. 16-cv-1678 (FYP), 2021 WL 5416628 (D.D.C. Nov. 19, 2021). The district
court concluded that the manager’s requests to turn down the gospel music, “though annoying
and inconvenient, do not constitute materially adverse action[s].” Id. at *8 (alteration in original)
(quoting Lewis v. District of Columbia, 885 F. Supp. 2d 421, 428 (D.D.C. 2012)). With respect
to the rescinded position, the court concluded that USPS had “legitimate business reasons for its
actions” and that there was “no evidence of pretext or discriminatory animus.” Id. at *9. The
court explained that Tyson’s argument was backed only by “his own unsubstantiated beliefs,”
and his allegations were “generalized, conclusory[,] and uncorroborated by any evidence other
than [his] own . . . testimony.” Id. (footnote and citation omitted) (quoting Akridge v. Gallaudet
Univ., 729 F. Supp. 2d 172, 183 (D.D.C. 2010)). The district court found “no evidence to
suggest illicit coordination among USPS employees and management to deny Tyson his earned
right of first refusal, and certainly not based on his religion.” Id. at *10.
Tyson appealed the district court’s decision, and on August 11, 2022, the D.C. Circuit
issued its decision granting USPS’s motion for summary affirmance and denying Tyson’s motion
for summary reversal. Tyson v. DeJoy, No. 21-cv-5279, 2022 WL 3568046 (D.C. Cir. Aug. 11,
2022). Afterwards, in December of 2022, Tyson filed the instant action, alleging religious
discrimination in violation of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 42 U.S.C. §§ 2000e–
2000e-17. See Compl.
4 III. LEGAL STANDARD
1. Rule 12(b)(6)
To state a claim, a plaintiff must provide a “short and plain statement of the claim,” Fed.
R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2), that “give[s] the defendant fair notice of what the . . . claim is and the grounds
upon which it rests,” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555 (omission in original) (citation omitted). To
survive a motion to dismiss, the “complaint must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as
true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678
(2009) (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570). While the Court must treat the complaint’s factual
allegations as true and draw all reasonable inferences in favor of the plaintiff, the Court need not
accept “inferences drawn by plaintiffs if such inferences are unsupported by the facts set out in
the complaint, nor legal conclusions cast in the form of factual allegations.” Browning v.
Clinton, 292 F.3d 235, 242 (D.C. Cir. 2002) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).
“When res judicata bars a claim, [that claim] is subject to dismissal under Rule 12(b)(6),”
as it no longer constitutes a claim upon which relief can be granted. Boling v. United States
Parole Comm’n, 290 F. Supp. 3d 37, 45 (D.D.C. 2017), aff’d per curiam, 2018 WL 6721354
(D.C. Cir. Dec. 19, 2018). Additionally, “[m]otions to dismiss for failure to exhaust Title VII
administrative remedies are generally resolved as motions to dismiss for failure to state a claim
under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6).” Augustus v. Locke, 699 F. Supp. 2d 65, 69 n.3
(D.D.C. 2010). In resolving such claims, the Court may consider “any documents either attached
to or incorporated in the complaint and matters of which [the Court] may take judicial notice.”
EEOC v. St. Francis Xavier Parochial Sch., 117 F.3d 621, 624 (footnote omitted) (D.C. Cir.
1997). In the exhaustion context, courts “rely upon administrative orders and administrative
complaints . . . when the documents are ‘referred to in the complaint, . . . are integral to [the
5 plaintiff’s] exhaustion of administrative remedies, and are public records subject to judicial
notice.’” Vasser v. McDonald, 228 F. Supp. 3d 1, 9–10 (D.D.C. 2016) (second omission and
alteration in original) (quoting Laughlin v. Holder, 923 F. Supp. 2d 204, 209 (D.D.C. 2013)).
The Court may take judicial notice of public EEOC documents. See Williams v. Chu, 641 F.
Supp. 2d 31, 35 (D.D.C. 2009).
As Tyson is representing himself in this matter, his complaint must “‘be liberally
construed,’ and ‘a pro se complaint, however inartfully pleaded, must be held to less stringent
standards than formal pleadings drafted by lawyers.’” Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 94,
(2007) (quoting Estelle v. Gamble, 429 U.S. 97, 106 (1976)). However, despite this less
stringent standard, “even a pro se complainant must plead ‘factual matter’ that permits the court
to infer ‘more than the mere possibility of misconduct.’” Atherton v. D.C. Off. of Mayor, 567
F.3d 672, 681–82 (D.C. Cir. 2009) (quoting Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 679).
IV. ANALYSIS
A. Res Judicata
USPS argues that Tyson’s case is barred by res judicata, otherwise known as claim
preclusion, and issue preclusion. See Def.’s Mot. at 8. Claim preclusion forecloses further
litigation of a cause of action, regardless of whether the later litigation raises the same or related
issues as the earlier suit. Taylor v. Sturgell, 553 U.S. 880, 892 (2008). In other words, claim
preclusion “bars relitigation not only of matters determined in previous litigation but also ones
that a party could have raised” in the earlier litigation. NRDC v. Thomas, 838 F.2d 1224, 1252
(D.C. Cir. 1988) (citation omitted). This contrasts with issue preclusion, which bars relitigation
of “an issue of fact or law actually litigated and resolved in a valid court determination essential
to the prior judgment, even if the issue recurs in the context of a different claim.” Taylor, 553
6 U.S. at 892 (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting New Hampshire v. Maine, 532 U.S. 742,
748–49 (2001)).
“By ‘preclud[ing] parties from contesting matters that they have had a full and fair
opportunity to litigate,’ these two doctrines protect against ‘the expense and vexation attending
multiple lawsuits, conserv[e] judicial resources, and foste[r] reliance on judicial action by
minimizing the possibility of inconsistent decisions.’” Id. (alterations in original) (quoting
Montana v. United States, 440 U.S. 147, 153–154 (1979)). “The objective of the doctrine . . . is
judicial finality; it fulfills ‘the purpose for which civil courts had been established, the conclusive
resolution of disputes within their jurisdiction.’” Yamaha Corp. of Am. v. United States, 961
F.2d 245, 254 (D.C. Cir. 1992) (quoting Kremer v. Chem. Constr. Corp., 456 U.S. 461, 467 n.6
(1982)).
Under D.C. Circuit precedents, a claim is barred by claim preclusion “if there has been
prior litigation (1) involving the same claims or cause of action, (2) between the same parties or
their privies, and (3) there has been a final, valid judgment on the merits, (4) by a court of
competent jurisdiction.” Capitol Hill Grp. v. Pillsbury, Winthrop, Shaw, Pittman, LLC, 569 F.3d
485, 490 (D.C. Cir. 2009) (quoting Smalls v. United States, 471 F.3d 186, 192 (D.C. Cir. 2006)).
Tyson does not dispute that his prior action—i.e., Tyson, 2021 WL 5416628—involved the same
parties and that the district court was a court of competent jurisdiction. See generally Opp.
Tyson also previously raised the same claims against USPS as he does here—that a USPS
manager’s request to turn down his gospel music, the failure to enforce his retreat rights in 2014,
and USPS’s decision to rescind a job posting, were discriminatory based on his religion, in
violation of Title VII. Compare Tyson, 2021 WL 5416628, at *1–4, with Compl. at 1–3, 8, 13–
14, 16. Claim preclusion therefore bars the current suit.
7 Tyson argues that claim preclusion does not apply here because the instant case involves
different claims from his earlier case. Tyson is incorrect. The district court’s opinion in Tyson v.
DeJoy explicitly stated that “Tyson’s allegations of religious discrimination based on disparate
treatment, arising from restrictions placed on his ability to play religious music at his
workstation, cannot constitute an adverse action under Title VII.” 2021 WL 5416628, at *8
(emphasis added). As the Court understands it, Tyson’s argument appears to be based on the fact
that in the earlier case, Tyson initially filed pro se complaints alleging religious discrimination,
and then retained counsel who filed a Second Amended Complaint “for employment
discrimination.” See Second Amended Complaint at 1, Tyson v. DeJoy, 16-cv-1678 (D.D.C.
Feb. 8, 2018), ECF No. 26. That Second Amended Complaint, however, states that “Plaintiff
Howard T. Tyson, Sr. . . . files this civil action to address unlawful religious discrimination
towards him by a USPS plant manager while working for the USPS,” along with many other
instances alleging religious discrimination. See id. ¶¶ 1–2, 65, 70, 73–74, 82 (emphasis added).
In other words, the Second Amended Complaint in Tyson’s prior case raised a religious
discrimination claim even if the complaint was broadly styled as a complaint for employment
discrimination. And to reiterate, Tyson’s claim in the instant case is also for religious
discrimination in the employment context. See generally Compl.
Moreover, regardless of the fact that Tyson did in fact raise a religious discrimination
claim in his earlier case, claim preclusion bars “parties or their privies from relitigating issues
that were or could have been raised in that action.” Drake v. FAA, 291 F.3d 59, 66 (D.C. Cir.
2002) (emphasis in original) (citation omitted). Because the prior case involved the same events
currently at issue, Tyson is barred from bringing another claim about those events just because
he would like to argue it differently. See SBC Commc'ns Inc. v. FCC, 407 F.3d 1223, 1230 (D.C.
8 Cir. 2005) (“[T]he purpose of claim preclusion is to prevent ‘litigation of matters that should
have been raised in an earlier suit.’” (emphasis omitted) (quoting Marrese v. Am. Acad. of
Orthopaedic Surgeons, 470 U.S. 373, 376 n.1 (1985))).
That analysis applies to Tyson’s First Amendment claim, 2 which is also precluded. As
explained above, a claim is precluded—even if not actually raised in an earlier suit—if it arises
from the “same nucleus of facts” adjudicated in the prior litigation, regardless of the legal theory
on which the plaintiff relied in the earlier suit. See Capitol Hill Grp., 569 F.3d at 490; see also
SBC Commc’ns Inc., 407 F.3d at 1229. This is so because two claims constitute “the same cause
of action” for the purposes of claim preclusion if they are “based on the same nucleus of facts.”
Page v. United States, 729 F.2d 818, 820 (D.C. Cir. 1984) (footnote and citations omitted)
(internal quotation marks omitted); see also Nat. Res. Def. Council v. EPA, 513 F.3d 257, 261
(D.C. Cir. 2008) (assessing whether two claims “share[d] the same nucleus of facts” to determine
that claim preclusion barred suit for second claim where second claim was based on different
legal theory but same nucleus of facts (citation omitted)). To the extent that Tyson brings a First
Amendment claim here, that claim is based on the very same facts that Tyson alleged in his
earlier suit and, therefore, his First Amendment claim could have been raised in that earlier suit.
Accordingly, Tyson’s claims in the instant action are barred by claim preclusion because
the same claims he brings here were either adjudicated in his earlier suit or could have been
raised in his earlier suit, and that suit terminated in a final, valid judgment on the merits. See
Tyson, 2021 WL 5416628, at *10. A merits decision, hinging on “whether the undisputed facts
2 The Court observes that, although Tyson’s complaint references the First Amendment, Compl. at 1, it is not clear whether Tyson actually intended to bring a First Amendment claim. Nevertheless, the Court addresses the application of res judicata to this potential claim.
9 established all the elements” of a claim, is precisely the sort of final judgment that triggers res
judicata. See Brownback v. King, 592 U.S. 209, 216 (2021).
Tyson further argues that his prior case was dismissed without prejudice and therefore
that claim preclusion should not apply, see Opp. at 7, but Tyson v. DeJoy was resolved after a
Rule 56 motion for summary judgment, 2021 WL 5416628, at *6. “Summary
judgment . . . constitute[s] [a] final judgments on the merits.” Ashbourne v. Hansberry, 894 F.3d
298, 302 (D.C. Cir. 2018); see also Johnson v. D.C., 04-cv-936 (RMC), 2005 WL 1903551, at *4
(D.D.C. July 20, 2005) (“For purposes of res judicata, summary judgment is considered a final
decision on the merits.”). Accordingly, claim preclusion applies and bars Tyson’s claims and the
Court grants USPS’s motion to dismiss Tyson’s claims. Although the Court’s analysis can end
here, the Court goes on to explain why Tyson’s Title VII claim fails for a second reason.
B. Failure to Timely Bring Complaint
As an alternative ground for dismissal, USPS argues that Tyson’s Title VII claim was
untimely. See Def.’s Mot. at 10. “Before a federal employee can file suit against a federal
agency for violation of Title VII, the employee must run a gauntlet of agency procedures and
deadlines to administratively exhaust his or her claims.” Crawford v. Duke, 867 F.3d 103, 105
(D.C. Cir. 2017). The first step of this gauntlet requires an aggrieved employee to “initiate
contact with a Counselor within 45 days of the date of the matter alleged to be discriminatory or,
in the case of personnel action, within 45 days of the effective date of the action.” 29 C.F.R.
§ 1614.105(a)(1). If the employee and Counselor cannot come to a resolution within 30 days,
the employee must be notified and then has the right “to file a discrimination
complaint . . . within 15 days of receipt of the notice.” Id. at § 1614.105(d).
10 After the employee has filed a complaint, the agency must “conduct an impartial and
appropriate investigation of the complaint within 180 days” of the filing. 29
C.F.R.§ 1614.106(e)(2). And an aggrieved employee may file a civil action in the United States
District Court within 90 days of receipt of the agency’s final decision, or, in the case that the
agency makes no final decision, after 180 days have elapsed since the filing of the complaint
with the agency. 29 C.F.R. § 1614.407(c)–(d).
The agency’s final determination in Tyson’s case was issued on April 21, 2016. See
Def.’s Mot. Ex. 1 at 1. Tyson filed the instant suit on December 13, 2022, well over ninety days
after Tyson’s receipt of the agency’s final determination. 3 Tyson’s filing in this case was
therefore untimely by several years, and Tyson’s claim is time-barred.
Tyson does not seriously contend with this argument in his responsive briefing.
Construing his statements liberally, Tyson appears to argue that since the appeal of his prior case
was resolved on August 11, 2022, it was reasonable to file “his new religious discrimination
claime [sic] on December 29, 2023.” Opp. at 14. 4 This argument is unpersuasive because the
instant action is a new case, and the proper filing deadline remains the 90-day period following
his receipt of the agency’s April 29, 2016 final decision. See 29 C.F.R. § 1614.407(c).
Tyson also argues that the agency’s decision was invalid because the “indisputable
evidence from the EEOC has been overlooked” and asserts his belief that during his hearing
“deciding pieces of evidence were shuned [sic]” and witnesses for USPS “spoke untruths.” Opp.
3 Tyson did file an earlier suit in federal district court on August 17, 2016, but for the reasons previously discussed the litigation that ensued from Tyson’s August 17, 2016, complaint bars the present litigation. See supra Part IV.A, at 6–10. Moreover, the Court observes that even Tyson’s earlier suit may have been untimely filed (there are 110 days between April 29, 2016 and August 17, 2016). 4 The actual date of the filing was December 13, 2022.
11 at 8. Whether these claims are true or not, they do nothing to rebut the argument that Tyson’s
complaint was untimely filed.
C. Motion to Strike
Tyson moves to strike “defendant’s motion of summary judgement [sic]” pursuant to
Rule 12(f) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, alleging that USPS failed “to file an answer
to plaints [sic] complaint.” Pl.’s Mot. Strike Def.’s Summ. J. at 1, ECF No. 34.
Tyson’s motion to strike lacks merit. Contrary to his assertion, USPS filed an answer to
Tyson’s complaint within the time allotted by the Court. On June 6, 2023—and within the 60-
day period established for filing an answer by Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(a)(2)—USPS
filed a Motion for Extension of Time to File Answer. See Def.’s Mot. Ext. Time, ECF No. 20.
The Court granted this motion, extending the time to file until July 13, 2023. See Minute Order
(June 6, 2023); see also Fed. R. Civ. P. 6(b)(1) (“When an act may or must be done within a
specified time, the court may, for good cause, extend the time . . . with or without motion or
notice if the court acts, or if a request is made, before the original time or its extension expires.”).
USPS filed another motion for an extension on July 11, 2023, which the Court also granted,
extending the time to file a response to the complaint to August 18, 2023. See Def.’s Mot.
Enlargement. Time, ECF No. 21; Minute Order (July 11, 2023). On August 18, 2023, USPS
filed its motion to dismiss. See Def.’s Mot. Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 6(b)(1) authorizes
the Court to extend the time to file under such circumstances. The Court extended the time,
USPS filed within the new time frame, and therefore, USPS’s answer was not untimely. Fed. R.
Civ. P. 6(b)(1)(A). Accordingly, the Court denies Tyson’s motion to strike.
12 D. Motion to Intervene
Tyson has filed what he refers to as a motion to intervene pursuant to Rule 24 of the
Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. See Pl.’s Mot. Intervene, ECF No. 30. The rule governing
intervention provides a mechanism by which non-parties who believe they have an interest in a
case can assert their rights. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 24. Tyson is already a party to this case, so a
motion to intervene is not necessary for him to assert his interests.
However, construed liberally, Tyson’s motion instead appears to request that the Court
enter a default judgment in his favor. See Pl.’s Mot. Intervene at 4, ECF No. 30 (“Plaintiff ask
[sic] this Court to find [for] the Plaintiff in default”). Rule 55 of the Federal Rules of Civil
Procedure governs default judgments, stating “[w]hen a party against whom a judgment for
affirmative relief is sought has failed to plead or otherwise defend . . . the clerk must enter the
party’s default.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 55(a). For the reasons discussed above concerning Tyson’s
Motion to Strike, USPS was not in default, having timely filed its answer to Tyson’s complaint
within the period allotted by the Court. See supra Part IV.B, at 10–12; see also Minute Order
(Aug. 25, 2023) (denying entry of default because Defendant did not default). Thus, the Court
denies Tyson’s motion to intervene.
E. Motion for Leave to File a Sur-Reply
Tyson additionally moves for leave to file a sur-reply to USPS’s reply brief in support of
its motion to dismiss. See Pl.’s Mot. Leave to File, ECF No. 32. Sur-replies are generally
disfavored, see Doe v. Exxon Mobil Corp., 69 F. Supp. 3d 75, 85 (D.D.C. 2014), but may be
granted when the party seeking to file a sur-reply is replying to arguments made for the first time
in the opposing party’s reply brief, see Canning v. U.S. Dep't of Just., 251 F. Supp. 3d 74, 77
(D.D.C. 2017).
13 Here, Tyson’s proposed sur-reply does not respond to any new arguments presented by
USPS in its reply brief. See generally Pl.’s Mot. Leave to File Ex. 1, ECF No. 32-1. Tyson
instead reiterates the same arguments addressed above with respect to USPS’s res judicata
defense and re-asserts that this case involves a different claim because it involves religious
discrimination as opposed to employment discrimination. Id. at ¶¶ 1–2. This Court has
discretion when deciding whether to grant a party leave to file a sur-reply brief. See Canning,
251 F. Supp. 3d at 77. Here, Tyson’s sur-reply does not respond to any new arguments. Hence,
the Court denies Tyson’s motion for leave to file a sur-reply.
V. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, Defendant’s motion to dismiss (ECF No. 25) is GRANTED.
Plaintiff’s motion to strike (ECF No. 34), motion to intervene (ECF No. 30), and motion for
leave to file a sur-reply (ECF No. 32) are DENIED. An order consistent with this Memorandum
Opinion is separately and contemporaneously issued.
Dated: March 29, 2024 RUDOLPH CONTRERAS United States District Judge