TRQ Captain's Landing, L.P. and American Housing Foundation v. Galveston Central Appraisal District

• Court: Court of Appeals of Texas
• Decided: October 5, 2006
• Docket: 01-05-00496-CV
• Status: Published

Opinion

Opinion issued October 5, 2006

In The

Court of Appeals

For The

First District of Texas

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NO. 01-05-00496-CV

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TRQ CAPTAIN’S LANDING L.P., A TEXAS LIMITED PARTNERSHIP and AMERICAN HOUSING FOUNDATION, A TEXAS NON-PROFIT CORPORATION, Appellants

V.

GALVESTON CENTRAL APPRAISAL DISTRICT, Appellee

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On Appeal from the 10th District Court

Galveston County, Texas

Trial Court Cause No. 04CV0796

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O P I N I O N

          Appellants, TRQ Captain’s Landing, L.P. (“TRQ”) and American Housing Foundation (“AHF”), appeal from an order granting summary judgment in favor of appellee, Galveston Central Appraisal District (“Appraisal District”). As a result of the summary judgment entered against them, appellants were unable to claim an exemption from ad valorem taxes they sought for 2003 pursuant to section 11.182(b) of the Texas Tax Code. See Tex. Tax Code Ann. § 11.182(b) (Vernon 2001). In two issues on appeal, appellants contend that they were improperly denied the exemption because (1) section 11.182(b) extends to equitable owners of qualified property and (2) their application for the exemption was timely filed pursuant to an exception contained within section 11.436 of the Texas Tax Code. See id. § 11.436 (Vernon Supp. 2005).

          We reverse and render judgment.

BACKGROUND

          This dispute centers around the Captain’s Landing Apartments (“apartments”), an apartment complex located in Galveston. The apartments were constructed in the 1980s, and, in 1998, they were purchased by TRQ, who acquired them by special warranty deed from WHUD Real Estate, L.P. (“WHUD”). In December, 2003, AHF obtained ownership and control of TRQ. AHF’s acquisition of TRQ had the following structure and tax consequences:

1.TRQ is a Texas limited partnership. Any tax on TRQ’s income flows through to its partners under federal taxation principles.

2.AHF formed CD Captain’s Landing, LLC (“CD”) and became its sole member. Thus, CD is wholly owned by AHF.

3.CD purchased TRQ and obtained a 100% membership interest in TRQ’s sole general partner, TRQ Galveston, LLC.

4.CD’s purchase of TRQ was structured such that CD possessed a 99% limited partnership interest in TRQ. The remaining one percent interest in TRQ was held by TRQ Galveston, LLC, TRQ’s general partner in which CD possessed a 100% membership interest.

In sum, following the relevant December 2003 transactions, AHF possessed a 100% interest in CD, TRQ’s limited partner; CD owned 99% of TRQ and 100% of TRQ Galveston, LLC; TRQ Galveston, the general partner of TRQ, owned the remaining 1% interest in TRQ; and, at all times, TRQ, through the special warranty deed it acquired from WHUD, continued to hold legal title to the apartments.

          The transactions described above were completed on December 30, 2003. That same day, CD filed an application with the Appraisal District seeking a 2003 ad valorem tax exemption for the apartments pursuant to section 11.182 of the Texas Tax Code. See Tex. Tax Code Ann. § 11.182. Section 11.182 allows an organization qualifying as a Community Housing Development Organization (“CHDO”) to claim an exemption from ad valorem taxes that would otherwise be assessed against real property owned by the organization. See id. The pertinent provision for this dispute is subsection (b), which provides that:

(b) An organization is entitled to an exemption from taxation of improved or unimproved real property it owns if the organization:

(1) is organized as a community housing development organization;

(2)meets the requirements of a charitable organization provided by Sections 11.18(e) and (f);

(3)owns the property for the purposes of building or repairing housing on the property to sell without profit to a low-income or moderate-income individual or family satisfying the organization’s eligibility requirements or to rent without profit to such an individual or family; and

(4)engages exclusively in the building, repair, and sale or rental of housing as described in Subdivision (3) and related activities.

See id. § 11.182(b).

          AHF, as the attachments demonstrate, is a CHDO, and it is therefore eligible under section 11.182(b) for ad valorem exemptions on property it owns. CD, against whom the taxes were assessed, is not a CHDO, nor is either AHF or CD the holder of legal title to the apartments (as noted, legal title remains in TRQ’s name). Recognizing this, CD’s application for the exemption included attachments indicating that CD was the sole limited partner in TRQ and held a 100% membership interest in TRQ’s general partner, TRQ Galveston, and that AHF possessed a 100% membership interest in CD. Thus, CD’s application effectively asserted that because (1) AHF would be entitled to an exemption for the apartments if it held legal title to them and (2) AHF owned a full interest in CD, the taxpayer, (3) which owned a full interest in TRQ, the holder of legal title to the apartments, (4) CD was entitled to the exemption. In essence, then, the application contended that the exemption should be imputed through the partnership chain and back to AHF.

          On April 5, 2004, the Appraisal District denied CD’s application for an exemption. The Appraisal District’s letter of denial stated that CD’s application had been rejected because the “applicant does not own the property.” On April 19, 2004, appellants filed a notice of protest with the Appraisal District challenging its decision to deny the application. The Appraisal District, after a hearing, denied appellant’s protest on July 6, 2004. Appellants then brought suit in district court seeking judicial review of the Appraisal District’s denial of their application. Appellants’ original petition asserted that the Appraisal District erred in concluding that AHF did not own the apartments, and it sought a declaratory judgment delineating appellants’ rights under section 11.182 of the Texas Tax Code.

          The Appraisal District moved for summary judgment in October 2004, contending that it was entitled to judgment as a matter of law because (1) CD was not a CHDO and did not own the apartments and (2) CD’s application for the exemption was not timely filed. Appellants filed an amended cross-motion for partial summary judgment in February 2005. Appellant’s cross-motion asked the trial court to enter judgment finding (1) that the exemption application was timely filed pursuant to Texas Tax Code 11.436 and (2) that AHF was the owner of the apartments for the purposes of section 11.182. See id. § 11.182. In April 2005, the trial court granted the Appraisal District’s motion for summary judgment and denied appellant’s cross-motion for partial summary judgment. This appeal followed. DISCUSSION

          Appellants present two issues on appeal: (1) whether equitable owners of property may obtain ad valorem tax exemptions pursuant to section 11.182(b) of the Texas Tax Code and (2) whether section 11.436 of the Texas Tax Code provides an exception extending the filing deadline for organizations which acquire property that qualifies for a section 11.182 exemption to file an application for the exemption.

          Standard of Review

1. Summary Judgment

            Summary judgment is a question of law. Provident Life & Accident Ins. Co. v. Knott, 128 S.W.3d 211, 216 (Tex. 2003). Thus, we review a trial court’s summary judgment decisions de novo. Id. at 215. The standard of review for a traditional summary judgment motion is threefold: (1) the movant must show that there is no genuine issue of material fact and that it is entitled to judgment as a matter of law; (2) in deciding whether there is a disputed material fact issue precluding summary judgment, the court must take evidence favorable to the nonmovant as true; and (3) the court must indulge every reasonable inference in favor of the nonmovant and resolve any doubts in the nonmovant’s favor. Tex. R. Civ. P. 166a(c); Pustejovsky v. Rapid-Am. Corp., 35 S.W.3d 643, 645–46 (Tex. 2000); Nixon v. Mr. Prop. Mgmt. Co., 690 S.W.2d 546, 548–49 (Tex. 1985). A defendant seeking summary judgment must as a matter of law negate at least one element of each of the plaintiff’s theories of recovery or plead and prove each element of an affirmative defense. Missouri Pac. R.R. v. Lely Dev. Corp., 86 S.W.3d 787, 790 (Tex. App.—Austin 2002, pet. dism’d). If a trial court’s order granting summary judgment does not specify the basis for the court’s ruling, as is the case here, the summary judgment will be affirmed if any of the theories advanced by the movant is meritorious. Carr v. Brasher, 776 S.W.2d 567, 569 (Tex. 1989).

          When both sides move for summary judgment and the trial court grants one motion but denies the other, we review all of the evidence, determine all questions presented, and render the judgment the trial court should have rendered. Commissioners Court of Titus County v. Agan, 940 S.W.2d 77, 81 (Tex. 1997). However, “[b]efore an appellate court may reverse summary judgment for one party and render judgment for the other party, all parties must have sought final judgment relief in their cross-motions for summary judgment.” Montgomery v. Blue Cross & Blue Shield of Texas, Inc., 923 S.W.2d 147, 152 (Tex. App.—Austin 1996, writ denied).

2. Statutory Interpretation

          Resolving the issues on appeal requires interpreting sections 11.436 and 11.182 of the Texas Tax Code. Statutory interpretation is a question of law. In re Canales, 52 S.W.3d 698, 701 (Tex. 2001). Our primary goal is to ascertain and effectuate the legislature’s intent. Albertson’s, Inc. v. Sinclair, 984 S.W.2d 958, 960 (Tex. 1999). In doing so, we begin with the statute’s plain language because we assume that the legislature tried to say what it meant and, thus, that its words are the surest guide to its intent. Fitzgerald v. Advanced Spine Fixation Sys., Inc., 996 S.W.2d 864, 865–66 (Tex. 1999). In ascertaining legislative intent, we do not confine our review to isolated statutory words, phrases, or clauses, but we instead examine the entire act. Meritor Auto., Inc. v. Ruan Leasing Co., 44 S.W.3d 86, 90 (Tex. 2001). We may also consider, among other things, whether or not the statute is ambiguous, the statute’s objectives, the circumstances under which the statute was enacted, legislative history, common law, former law, similar provisions, and the consequences of the statutory construction. See Tex. Gov’t Code Ann. § 311.023(1)-(5) (Vernon 2005). A court of appeals should presume the legislature intended a just and reasonable result in enacting a statute. Segal v. Emmes Capital, L.L.C., 155 S.W.3d 267, 287 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2004, pet. denied). An appellate court should not construe a statute in a manner that will lead to a foolish or absurd result when another alternative is available. University of Tex. S.W. Med. Ctr. at Dallas v. Loutzenhiser, 140 S.W.3d 351, 356 n.20 (Tex. 2004) (quotations omitted). In addition, statutes conferring tax exemptions are to be strictly construed in favor of the taxing authority. North Alamo Water Supply Corp. v. Willacy County Appraisal Dist., 804 S.W.2d 894, 899 (Tex. 1991).

Whether an Equitable Title Holder May Claim a Tax Exemption Pursuant to Section 11.182(b)

          In their first issue on appeal, appellants contend the Texas Tax Code allows an equitable owner to claim the exemptions provided by section 11.182(b) of the Texas Tax Code. Flowing from this contention, appellants aver that (1) AHF equitably owns the apartments through its 100% membership interest in CD; (2) AHF meets the requirements of section 11.182(b); and, therefore, (3) the trial court erred by upholding the Appraisal District’s denial of CD’s application for an exemption. The Appraisal District, conversely, argues that the exemption may only be claimed when an organization holds legal title to the property for which the exemption is sought. According to the Appraisal District, (1) TRQ is the record owner of the apartments and is vested with legal title, and, therefore, (2) CD’s application was properly denied.

          Typically, ad valorem tax liabilities fall on the entity holding legal title to a given property. See Childress County v. State, 92 S.W.2d 1011, 1015 (Tex. 1936) (holding that the holder of legal title is owner of property for taxation purposes). Texas courts, however, recognize that, in certain instances, an entity “holding equitable title to the property may be the owner for taxation purposes.” Travis Cent. Appraisal Dist. v. Signature Flight Support Corp., 140 S.W.3d 833, 840 (Tex. App.—Austin 2004, no pet.); see Orange County Appraisal Dist. v. Agape Neighborhood Improvement, Inc., 57 S.W.3d 597, 602 (Tex. App.—Beaumont 2001, pet. denied) (holding that subordinate unit of qualified CHDO may be considered CHDO for tax purposes when subordinate unit owns and operates property for reasons and purposes that are consistent with the applicable eligibility requirements established for CHDOs).

          An entity holds equitable title when it possesses “the present right to [compel] legal title.” Harris County Appraisal Dist. v. Southeast Texas Hous. Fin. Corp., 991 S.W.2d 18, 23 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 1998, no pet.); see also Comerica Acceptance Corp. v. Dallas Cent. Appraisal Dist., 52 S.W.3d 495, 497–98 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2001, pet. denied). The right to compel legal title arises, for instance, under the following circumstances: (1) parent company A holds a full ownership interest in its subsidiary B; (2) B holds legal title to certain real property; (3) upon dissolution of B, legal title to its real property will revert to A; and (4) A has the power to dissolve B at anytime. Southeast Tex. Hous. Fin., 991 S.W.2d at 21–23. Significantly, “where a tax exempt entity holds equitable title to property, the property is tax exempt.” Id. at 23.

          Here, summary judgment evidence shows that AHF holds equitable title to the apartments. According to CD’s articles of organization: (1) AHF is CD’s sole member; (2) the members of CD can vote to dissolve CD at anytime; and (3) upon dissolution, CD’s assets shall revert to its members, namely, to AHF. Moreover, the boards of AHF and CD are comprised of the same directors. According to TRQ’s partnership agreement, its partners comprise CD, which holds a 99% limited partnership interest in TRQ, and TRQ Galveston, which holds a 1% general partnership interest in TRQ. TRQ Galveston’s partnership agreement lists CD as its sole partner. In the case of dissolution, TRQ and TRQ Galveston’s assets revert to their respective members, namely to CD, which in turn can be dissolved at any time by AHF, with the result that CD’s assets revert to AHF. Thus, reversion of legal title for the apartments can be effectively compelled from TRQ to AHF at AHF’s behest. As a result, we conclude that AHF has the present right to compel legal title to the apartments and thus holds equitable title to them.

          We next consider whether section 11.182(b) allows equitable title holders to claim the exemption from ad valorem taxes it provides.

          A plain reading of section 11.182 indicates that its purpose is to encourage the availability of affordable housing for low-income and moderate-income Texans by exempting qualified CHDOs from ad valorem taxes on certain properties they own. See Tex. Tax Code Ann. § 11.182. To ensure that the granting of such exemptions does not exert a deleterious effect on the tax revenue available to communities for social programs, the statute provides that an organization may not receive an exemption on a given property in the subsequent tax year unless it spent at “at least 40 percent of the total amount of taxes that would have been imposed on the property . . . on social, educational, economic development services, capital improvement projects, or rent reduction.” Tex. Tax Code Ann. § 11.182(d). Thus, the statute uses ad valorem tax exemptions as an incentive to encourage qualified organizations to invest in housing development for low-income persons while requiring those organizations to reinvest a portion of their tax savings in social welfare programs.

          The record before us indicates that AHF is a CHDO whose sole business purpose is the provision of affordable housing to low-income and moderate-income persons and that it spends at least 40% of the total amount of taxes that would have been imposed on the apartments on social, educational, and economic development services, capital improvements, or rent reduction. Thus, AHF is a tax exempt entity for the purposes of section 11.182(b). As it effectively owns and controls TRQ through the partnership arrangements discussed above, AHF bears ultimate responsibility for any tax burden placed upon TRQ, i.e., any tax placed on TRQ will flow back through the partnership chain to AHF. See 126 U.S.C. § 701, et seq.

          As we read the statute, it would be inconsistent with the intent of the Legislature to interpret section 11.182(b) in such a way that AHF, which holds equitable title to the apartments, is ultimately responsible for paying any taxes associated with them, and spends at least 40% of the amount that would be paid in taxes on social services and improvements to the apartments, is ineligible to receive a tax exemption that it would otherwise qualify for if it held legal title to the apartments. The Legislature enacted section 11.182(b) in 1997 to promote the availability of low-income housing through the provision of tax exemptions for certain charitable organizations. See House Comm. on Finance, Bill Analysis, Tex. H.B. 137, 75th Leg., R.S. (1997). To tax TRQ separately, even though it is wholly owned and controlled by an exempt entity (AHF), would defeat the Legislature’s purpose in enacting section 11.182. See Southeast Tex. Hous. Fin., 991 S.W.2d at 22–23.

          Our conclusion is supported by Southeast Texas Housing Finance in which the Amarillo Court of Appeals reached a similar conclusion in a case involving section 394.905 of the Texas Local Government Code, a statutory provision that provides tax exemptions to publicly owned property used for public purposes. See id. at 22 (“[T]o hold that the [appellant’s] wholly owned subsidiaries are separately taxable while the [appellant] is exempt would defeat that [L]egislature’s purpose . . .” in enacting the tax exemption provided for by section 394.905 of the Local Government Code). Our conclusion is further supported by the fact that Texas courts have found that CHDO status, a necessary condition to receiving an exemption under section 11.182(b), can be imputed to non-CHDO subsidiaries that are wholly owned and controlled by an organization qualifying as a CHDO. See Agape Neighborhood Improvement, Inc., 57 S.W.3d at 602. Thus, for the purposes of section 11.182(b), AHF’s CHDO status may be imputed to TRQ.

          The Appraisal District cites American Housing Foundation v. Brazos County Appraisal District in support of its position that only legal title holders can claim section 11.182(b) ad valorem exemptions. 166 S.W.3d 885 (Tex. App.—Waco 2005, pet. denied). Although the Appraisal District reads Brazos County as holding that an equitable owner cannot qualify for an exemption under section 11.182(b), the Waco court did not specifically address that question. Rather, it assumed that the term “owner” in subsection 11.182(b) referred only to a legal owner, not to an equitable owner. It then reasoned that (1) AHF was not the legal owner as required by subsection 11.182(b); (2) the legal owner, as here a partnership, was not a CHDO; and, therefore, (3) the exemption was not available.

          The court then went on to construe subsection 11.182(e), which was added to section 11.182 in 2001. Subsection 11.182(e) requires that “[i]n addition to meeting the applicable requirements of subsections (b) and (c),” an organization seeking an exemption under subsection (b) for property constructed after December 31, 2001, must “control 100% of the interest in the general partner if the project is owned by a limited partnership.” Tex. Tax. Code Ann. § 11.182(e) (emphasis added). The court held that the addition of subsection 11.182(e) expanded the tax exemption available to CHDOs in section 11.182 to include organizations with equitable ownership, like AHF, that were previously barred from ownership for exemption purposes. Brazos County, 166 S.W.3d at 889. We disagree with this construction of the statute for two reasons.

          First, Brazos County’s construction of section 11.182 is internally inconsistent. New subsection 11.182(e) requires that an organization seeking an exemption under section 11.182 meet the requirements in subsection 11.182(b), which Brazos County construes as requiring legal ownership of the property for which an exemption is sought. But subsection 11.182(e) provides that “if the project is owned by a limited partnership,” the organization seeking the exemption must “control 100 percent of the interest in the general partner.” Tex. Tax. Code Ann. § 11.182(e). Subsection 11.182(e) clearly provides for an exemption for a CHDO that is only the equitable owner of property whose legal owner is a partnership, as here. But if the owner must be the legal owner in order to satisfy subsection 11.182(b), then no CHDO which owns property indirectly can ever qualify for the exemption under subsection 11.182(e) because, by definition, it is not the legal owner. But if that is so, subsection 11.182(e) is meaningless because it assumes that a CHDO which controls a limited partnership that owns taxable property can be the owner of the property for purposes of obtaining the exemption, so long as it controls 100% of the general partner of the partnership.

          The only way that subsection 11.182(e) makes sense is if it is understood not as expanding the tax exemption available under section 11.182 to CHDOs that control limited partnerships which own taxable property, but as limiting an exemption already available to equitable owners under section 11.182 to only those CHDOs which control 100% of the general partner of a limited partnership that owns taxable property committed to non-profit housing. This natural reading of the statute is supported by the legislative history of the amendment.

          As stated above, the Legislature enacted section 11.182(b) in 1997 to promote the availability of low-income housing through the provision of tax exemptions for certain charitable organizations. See House Comm. on Finance, Bill Analysis, Tex. H.B. 137, 75th Leg., R.S. (1997). Subsection 11.182(b) did not define “owner” or “owns,” but existing Texas common law had long recognized that an equitable title holder may be considered an owner for taxation purposes. See Texas Turnpike Co. v. Dallas County, 271 S.W.2d 400, 401–02 (Tex. 1954). In 2001, the Legislature became concerned that organizations were too easily qualifying for tax exemptions under subsection 11.182(b), thereby depleting community tax revenues without an equivalent return to the low-income housing market. To counteract this, the Legislature enacted subsection 11.182(d), which required organizations receiving exemptions to reinvest a portion of the exemption into social welfare programs, and subsection 11.182(e), which added requirements that an organization must satisfy to qualify for an exemption on any property constructed after December 31, 2001. See House Comm. on Finance, Bill Analysis, Tex. H.B. 3383, 77th Leg., R.S. (2001). One of the additional requirements is that an organization can receive a tax exemption for a project owned by a limited partnership only if it controls a 100% interest in the general partner of that partnership. Tex. Tax Code Ann. § 11.182(e). But this requirement specifically applies only to properties built after December 31, 2001. See id. Recognizing the former abuse and the purpose of the reform, Senator Eddie Lucio, Jr., a sponsor of the 2001 amendments to subsection 11.182, stated, “I am pleased that the accountability provisions of this bill will result in lower rents, cleaner properties, and a stronger accountability standard for community housing projects. It is not uncommon for abuses to occur when tax exemptions are not backed by rigorous measures, so this bill tightens regulations and enhances the reinvestment program.”

          This review of the statute’s language, origins and amendments yields only one conclusion, namely, that by enacting subsection 11.182(e) the Legislature sought to restrict exemptions available to property owners under section 11.182, not to expand them. Thus, a natural reading of the statute, taking account of its plain language and legislative history, demonstrates that: (1) subsection 11.182(b) enabled qualifying organizations to obtain ad valorem tax exemptions on properties of which they were either the legal owner or the equitable “owner”; (2) a determination was made that exemptions were being granted too liberally; (3) the Legislature enacted subsection 11.182(e) to require that an organization seeking an exemption for a property owned by a limited partnership must control a 100% interest in the limited partnership’s general partner; and (4) the requirements of subsection 11.182(e) were applied only prospectively, i.e., to properties built after December 31, 2001. Therefore, we interpret subsection 11.182(b) to mean that an organization seeking an exemption on a property owned by a limited partner and built before December 31, 2001 need not show that it controls a 100% interest in the limited partnership’s general partner. Rather, it need only show that it “owns” the property, be it equitably or legally. Consequently, we reject the Appraisal District’s contention that an equitable owner of a property built before December 31, 2001 cannot qualify for an exemption under subsection 11.182(b).

          Because we conclude that an otherwise qualified equitable property owner may obtain an exemption from ad valorem taxes pursuant to subsection 11.182(b) of the Texas Tax Code, we sustain appellant’s first issue on appeal.

Does section 11.436 of the Texas Tax Code provide an exception extending the filing deadline for 11.182 exemptions?

          Appellant’s second issue on appeal requires us to consider whether section 11.436 of the Texas Tax Code extends the deadline for filing applications for tax exemptions pursuant to section 11.182.

          Generally, eligibility for a tax exemption is determined on January 1 of the year in which the exemption is sought. See Tex. Tax. Code Ann. § 11.42(a). Moreover, “To receive an exemption the eligibility for which is determined by the claimant’s qualifications on January 1 of the tax year, a person required to claim an exemption must file a completed application before May 1.” See id. § 11.43(d). Thus, to claim an exemption for the apartments in 2003 under section 11.43(d), appellants would have had to file their application prior to May 1, 2003. Section 11.436(a), however, provides an exception to the general filing deadline. According to the version of section 11.436(a) in effect in 2003:

(a) An organization that acquires property that qualifies for an exemption under Section 11.181(a) or 11.182(a) may apply for the exemption for the year of acquisition not later than the 30th day after the date the organization acquires the property, and the deadline provided by Section 11.43(d) does not apply to the application for that year.

Act of June 17, 1997, 75th Leg., R.S., ch. 715, 1997 Tex. Gen. Laws 2358, 2361.

          Here, appellants filed their application on December 30, 2003, and thus would be disqualified from obtaining a 2003 exemption if the filing deadlines stated in section 11.43 applied. Appellants contend, however that they are entitled to the 30-day exception provided by section 11.436 because (1) they acquired the apartments on December 30, 2003 and (2) the apartments did not qualify for an exemption under section 11.182 until they were acquired by appellants. Conversely, the Appraisal District argues that section 11.436 does not apply in appellant’s case because the apartments have not been acquired by anyone since TRQ purchased them from WHUD in 1998. In effect, the Appraisal District reasserts the argument it used in claiming that AHF could not receive an exemption under section 11.182(b)—legal title was never transferred to AHF, and hence AHF never acquired the apartments, as required by section 11.436.

          We agree with appellants. Having held that AHF equitably owns the apartments, we similarly hold that AHF acquired the apartments for the purposes of section 11.436 when AHF obtained an effective controlling interest in TRQ. It was not until the apartments were acquired by AHF that AHF qualified for an exemption under section 11.182. Therefore, we conclude that, pursuant to section 11.436, AHF had 30 days from December 30, 2003, in which to file its application for an exemption.

          As its application was filed on December 30, 2003, we sustain appellant’s second issue on appeal.

RESPONSE TO THE DISSENT

          We respectfully disagree with the dissent’s reasoning and conclusions.

          The dissent asserts that “[a]n equitable title holder is not an owner for taxation purposes unless the legal title holder is legally encumbered, or a dispute as to the legal title holder’s identity exists.” It cites Texas Turnpike Co., 271 S.W.2d at 401–02, as authority for this proposition, and then states: “‘Equitable title’ for property tax purposes thus does not exist absent uncertainty as to actual, legal title, or legal encumbrance (as, for example, between trustees and beneficiaries or estate administrators and heirs).” With all due respect to the dissent, this is not the proposition for which Texas Turnpike and its progeny stand. Texas Turnpike states:

Undoubtedly the equitable title is the taxable title in those situations in which the grantee takes possession under a deed in which a vendor’s lien is reserved or under a contract of sale by which the vendee is obligated to pay the purchase price. . . . Undoubtedly, also, this court has said that the grantee in a conveyance held in escrow is the owner of the equitable title to the property conveyed. . . . But in the latter cases taxable ownership was not the issue. Moreover, in such cases delivery of the conveyance by the escrow agent was dependent upon performance of certain conditions by the grantee; the grantee had it in his power to perform the conditions to compel the delivery of the conveyance transferring legal title.

Id. at 402 (citations omitted) (emphasis added). The court then went on to distinguish the facts in the case at bar, holding that the state, under the circumstances of that case, was not the equitable owner of land for tax purposes because “the right of the state, as grantee, to acquire the deeds and the legal title they convey is entirely dependent upon performance of conditions by the grantors.” Id. Thus, the state’s interest in the property was not a vested interest, but purely contingent. Id.

          Here, by contrast, the dissent admits that AHF owns 100% of CD Captain’s Landing, which in turn owns 100% of TRQ Galveston, the taxpayer and legal title holder of TRQ Captain’s Landing. As the 100% owner of both intervening entities, AHF does have ‘the present right to compel legal title’ to TRQ Captain’s Landing—there being no one there to stop the exercise of that power. Thus, AHF satisfies Texas Turnpike Co.’s definition of an equitable owner of property for tax purposes and that of its progeny. See Texas Turnpike Co., 271 S.W.2d at 402 (defining equitable owner as one who has it “within his power to perform the conditions and compel the delivery of the conveyance transferring legal title”); Signature Flight Support Corp., 140 S.W.3d at 840 (observing that “a person holding ‘equitable title’ to property may be owner for taxation purposes; equitable title is defined as the present right to compel legal title”); Comerica Acceptance Corp., 52 S.W.3d at 497 (construing “owner” as used in section 32.07 of Texas Tax Code, imposing property taxes on owner of property, as “a person or entity holding legal title to the property, or holding an equitable right to obtain legal title to the property”); Southeast Tex. Hous. Fin., 991 S.W.2d at 23 (defining “equitable title” as “the present right to legal title” and holding that subsidiary corporations created by housing finance corporation to hold and operate low income housing were entitled to tax exemption for that property because owner of subsidiary corporations had present right to legal title and stating, “Where a tax exempt entity holds equitable title to property, the property is tax exempt”); Tex. Dept. of Corrections v. Anderson County Appraisal Dist., 834 S.W.2d 130, 131 (Tex. App.—Tyler 1992, writ denied) (holding that state had taxable title to improvements to prison unit based on equitable title held by state); Carmichael v. Delta Drilling Co., 243 S.W.2d 458, 460 (Tex. Civ. App.—Texarkana 1951, writ ref’d) (stating, “An equitable title is the present right to the legal title”). This Court’s adoption of the dissent’s refusal to recognize the concept of equitable title as distinct from legal title for taxation purposes when the person claiming equitable title has the present right to compel the transfer of legal title to itself would set up a conflict between this Court and each of the foregoing courts.

          In addition, the dissent’s reading of the scope of our opinion is far too broad. It is simply incorrect to claim, as the dissent does, that “TRQ and AHF seek to expand the principle of equitable title ‘owners’ to included classes of investors: i.e., partners, limited partners, and limited liability company members (and, by implication, corporate shareholders).” Rather, TRQ and AHF seek to avail themselves of a tax benefit clearly contemplated by the plain language of section 11.182—which expressly provides that “[i]n addition to meeting the requirements of Subsection [] (b) . . . to receive an exemption under Subsection (b) for improved real property that includes a housing project constructed after December 31, 2001, and financed with qualified 501(c)(3) bonds issued under Section 145 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, tax-exempt private activity bonds subject to volume cap, or low-income housing tax credits, [a CHDO] must: (1) control 100 percent of the interest in the general partner if the project is owned by a limited partnership. . . .” Tex. Tax Code Ann. § 11.182(e). And they seek this tax benefit under established principles of state law that recognize the Legislature’s right to confer property tax benefits on an indirect owner of property used for statutorily prescribed public purposes as an “equitable owner” of the property when the indirect owner has a present right to compel legal title to the property.

          Interpreting section 11.182 as the dissent urges us to do—to exclude a CHDO which controls 100% of the general partner of a limited partnership that holds legal title to non-profit low and moderate income housing from the tax exemption available to the owner of such property under section 11.182—not only would generate a conflict with the plain language of section 11.182, with established law construing the concept of equitable title for tax purposes, and with federal law governing similar arrangements, it would also undermine the express legislative purpose of section 11.182, which is to promote the availability of low-income housing through the provision of tax exemptions for certain charitable organizations, namely CHDO’s, in return for the investment of at least 40% of that lost tax revenue in legislatively approved public purposes. Therefore, we cannot agree that this Court should adopt the dissent’s construction of section 11.182.

CONCLUSION

          We reverse the summary judgment granted in favor of the Appraisal District, grant appellant’s cross-motion for partial summary judgment, and render judgment that, as the equitable owner of TRQ, AHF qualifies for the exemption in section 11.182(b) of the Texas Tax Code and that its application for the exemption was timely filed pursuant to section 11.436 of the Code.

                                                             Evelyn V. Keyes

                                                             Justice

Panel consists of Justices Keyes, Alcala, and Bland.

Justice Bland, dissenting.