Mackenzie, J.
On August 10, 1982, defendant Michael Boughton fatally shot his estranged wife, Joni. The criminal prosecution of Boughton re-[255]*255suited in a directed verdict of not guilty by reason of insanity.
At the time of the fatal shooting, the Boughtons were covered by plaintiffs standard homeowner’s liability policy which provided coverage for any claim against the insured for damages because of bodily injury, personal injury, or property damage. Coverage included plaintiff’s obligation to provide a defense. Section n of the policy excluded from coverage a claim for bodily injury, personal injury, or property damage "which is expected or intended by the insured.”
Plaintiff filed the instant declaratory judgment action after the estate of Joni Boughton instituted a wrongful death action against Boughton. Plaintiff requested a determination that the homeowner’s insurance policy issued by plaintiff to Bough-ton did not provide coverage to Boughton for any liability established in the wrongful death action and that plaintiff had no duty to defend Boughton in the wrongful death suit.
At the conclusion of a bench trial on plaintiffs declaratory judgment action, the trial court ruled that the "intentional and expected” acts exclusion in the homeowner’s policy relieved plaintiff of the duty to defend and provide coverage to Boughton in the wrongful death action. Defendants appeal as of right from the judgment entered in favor of plaintiff. We affirm.
Defendants argue that, because Boughton was adjudicated to be insane at the time of the shooting, he could not intend or expect to cause his wife’s death. Cases involving a policy which excludes both intentional and expected injuries hold that, in order to avoid liability through the exclusion for expected injury, the insurer must show that the injury was the natural, foreseeable, expected, and anticipatory result of an intentional [256]*256act. State Farm Fire & Casualty Co v Groshek, 161 Mich App 703, 708-709; 411 NW2d 480 (1987); Allstate Ins Co v Freeman, 160 Mich App 349, 356; 408 NW2d 153 (1987), lv gtd 430 Mich 857 (1988); State Farm Fire & Casualty Co v Jenkins, 147 Mich App 462, 467-468; 382 NW2d 796 (1985). Under these cases, acts by the insured which have unexpectedly severe consequences fall within the exclusion, even when the insured has an affirmative defense or justification for his actions. Thus, in Groshek, supra, when the insured believed that he was justified in assaulting another to prevent the rape of a friend, the resultant injuries to the assault victim were excluded from coverage as the expected result of an intentional act. This Court has drawn the same conclusion when the insured asserted that his actions were justifiable self-defense. Yother v McCrimmon, 147 Mich App 130; 383 NW2d 126 (1985).
This Court has also held that the insured’s guilty plea or conviction in a criminal prosecution for a specific intent crime is conclusive on the issue of intent in the subsequent civil action for purposes of invoking the policy exclusion. Groshek, 161 Mich App 711; Jenkins, 147 Mich App 468-469; Yother, 147 Mich App 134. In Aetna Casualty & Surety Co v Sprague, 163 Mich App 650; 415 NW2d 230 (1987), the insured was found guilty but mentally ill of murder. This Court held that his insurer had no duty to defend or provide coverage in a subsequent wrongful death action since his mental illness did not negate the specific intent element of the murder conviction.
In the present case, unlike those cases where the insured’s intent was established as a matter of law by a guilty plea or conviction, defendant Boughton was found not guilty of murder by reason of insanity. At first glance, under Groshek, Jenkins, [257]*257Yother, and Sprague, it would thus appear that defendants could demonstrate, as a matter of law, that Joni Boughton’s death was not "expected or intended by the insured.” We conclude, however, that where an insured is found not guilty by reason of insanity the insurer is not precluded from proving at trial that the insured’s conduct falls within an "intentional and expected” acts exclusion in a homeowner’s policy.
The issue whether an intentional acts exclusion in a homeowner’s policy precludes coverage for a person previously acquitted of criminal charges by reason of insanity is a question of first impression in this state.1 Courts which have considered the issue are split. One line of cases holds that, if an insured suffered from a mental illness or insanity, the insured’s act cannot be intentional for purposes of an exclusion. See Globe American Casualty Co v Lyons, 131 Ariz 337; 641 P2d 251 (1981), Congregation of Rodef Sholom of Marin v American Motorists Ins Co, 91 Cal App 3d 690; 154 Cal Rptr 348 (1979), Mangus v Western Casualty & Surety Co, 41 Colo App 217; 585 P2d 304 (1978), Arkwright-Boston Manufacturers Mutual Ins Co v Dunkel, 363 So 2d 190 (Fla App, 1978), Aetna Casualty & Surety Co v Freyer, 89 Ill App 3d 617; 411 NE2d 1157 (1980), Von Dameck v St Paul Fire & Marine Ins Co, 361 So 2d 283 (La App, 1978), Ruvolo v American Casualty Co, 39 NJ 490; 189 A2d 204 (1963), and Nationwide Mutual Fire Ins Co v Turner, 29 Ohio App 3d 73; 503 NE2d 212 (1986). See also Anno: Liability Insurance: Intoxi[258]*258cation or Other Mental Incapacity Avoiding Application of Clause in Liability Policy Speciñcally Exempting Coverage of Injury or Damage Caused Intentionally By or At Direction of Insured, 33 ALR4th 983. The rationale supporting this line of cases is generally that the purpose of the policy exclusion is to preclude insureds from benefitting financially when they cause injury, and this purpose will not deter a person who lacks mental capacity to conform his conduct to acceptable standards.
A second line of cases holds that an injury inflicted by a person who is mentally ill or insane may be intentional within the meaning of the exclusion. These decisions are usually based on the conclusion that the insured may have the purpose and volition to cause an injury, although he is mentally incapable of distinguishing whether his acts are right or wrong. See, e.g., Aetna Casualty & Surety v Dichtl, 78 Ill App 3d 970; 398 NE2d 582 (1979), Colonial Life & Accident Ins Co v Wagner, 380 SW2d 224 (Ky App, 1964), Kipnis v Antoine, 472 F Supp 215 (ND Miss, 1979), Rider v Preferred Acc Ins Co, 183 AD 42; 170 NYS 974 (1918), aff'd 230 NY 530; 130 NE 881 (1920), DeLoache v Carolina Life Ins Co, 233 SC 341; 104 SE2d 875 (1958), Pruitt v Life Ins Co of Va, 182 SC 396; 189 SE 649 (1937), and Johnson v Ins Co of North America, 232 Va 340; 350 SE2d 616 (1986). See also Rajspic v Nationwide Mutual Ins Co, 110 Idaho 729; 718 P2d 1167 (1986), and Rajspic v Nationwide Mutual Ins Co, 104 Idaho 662; 662 P2d 534 (1983). See generally 10 Couch on Insurance 2d, § 41:676 (revised 1982) and 33 ALR4th 983, supra.
We agree with the line of cases holding that the acts of a person deemed insane may be intentional within the meaning of an "intentional and ex[259]*259pected” acts exclusion. We find persuasive the reasoning of the Court in Johnson, supra:
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Mackenzie, J.
On August 10, 1982, defendant Michael Boughton fatally shot his estranged wife, Joni. The criminal prosecution of Boughton re-[255]*255suited in a directed verdict of not guilty by reason of insanity.
At the time of the fatal shooting, the Boughtons were covered by plaintiffs standard homeowner’s liability policy which provided coverage for any claim against the insured for damages because of bodily injury, personal injury, or property damage. Coverage included plaintiff’s obligation to provide a defense. Section n of the policy excluded from coverage a claim for bodily injury, personal injury, or property damage "which is expected or intended by the insured.”
Plaintiff filed the instant declaratory judgment action after the estate of Joni Boughton instituted a wrongful death action against Boughton. Plaintiff requested a determination that the homeowner’s insurance policy issued by plaintiff to Bough-ton did not provide coverage to Boughton for any liability established in the wrongful death action and that plaintiff had no duty to defend Boughton in the wrongful death suit.
At the conclusion of a bench trial on plaintiffs declaratory judgment action, the trial court ruled that the "intentional and expected” acts exclusion in the homeowner’s policy relieved plaintiff of the duty to defend and provide coverage to Boughton in the wrongful death action. Defendants appeal as of right from the judgment entered in favor of plaintiff. We affirm.
Defendants argue that, because Boughton was adjudicated to be insane at the time of the shooting, he could not intend or expect to cause his wife’s death. Cases involving a policy which excludes both intentional and expected injuries hold that, in order to avoid liability through the exclusion for expected injury, the insurer must show that the injury was the natural, foreseeable, expected, and anticipatory result of an intentional [256]*256act. State Farm Fire & Casualty Co v Groshek, 161 Mich App 703, 708-709; 411 NW2d 480 (1987); Allstate Ins Co v Freeman, 160 Mich App 349, 356; 408 NW2d 153 (1987), lv gtd 430 Mich 857 (1988); State Farm Fire & Casualty Co v Jenkins, 147 Mich App 462, 467-468; 382 NW2d 796 (1985). Under these cases, acts by the insured which have unexpectedly severe consequences fall within the exclusion, even when the insured has an affirmative defense or justification for his actions. Thus, in Groshek, supra, when the insured believed that he was justified in assaulting another to prevent the rape of a friend, the resultant injuries to the assault victim were excluded from coverage as the expected result of an intentional act. This Court has drawn the same conclusion when the insured asserted that his actions were justifiable self-defense. Yother v McCrimmon, 147 Mich App 130; 383 NW2d 126 (1985).
This Court has also held that the insured’s guilty plea or conviction in a criminal prosecution for a specific intent crime is conclusive on the issue of intent in the subsequent civil action for purposes of invoking the policy exclusion. Groshek, 161 Mich App 711; Jenkins, 147 Mich App 468-469; Yother, 147 Mich App 134. In Aetna Casualty & Surety Co v Sprague, 163 Mich App 650; 415 NW2d 230 (1987), the insured was found guilty but mentally ill of murder. This Court held that his insurer had no duty to defend or provide coverage in a subsequent wrongful death action since his mental illness did not negate the specific intent element of the murder conviction.
In the present case, unlike those cases where the insured’s intent was established as a matter of law by a guilty plea or conviction, defendant Boughton was found not guilty of murder by reason of insanity. At first glance, under Groshek, Jenkins, [257]*257Yother, and Sprague, it would thus appear that defendants could demonstrate, as a matter of law, that Joni Boughton’s death was not "expected or intended by the insured.” We conclude, however, that where an insured is found not guilty by reason of insanity the insurer is not precluded from proving at trial that the insured’s conduct falls within an "intentional and expected” acts exclusion in a homeowner’s policy.
The issue whether an intentional acts exclusion in a homeowner’s policy precludes coverage for a person previously acquitted of criminal charges by reason of insanity is a question of first impression in this state.1 Courts which have considered the issue are split. One line of cases holds that, if an insured suffered from a mental illness or insanity, the insured’s act cannot be intentional for purposes of an exclusion. See Globe American Casualty Co v Lyons, 131 Ariz 337; 641 P2d 251 (1981), Congregation of Rodef Sholom of Marin v American Motorists Ins Co, 91 Cal App 3d 690; 154 Cal Rptr 348 (1979), Mangus v Western Casualty & Surety Co, 41 Colo App 217; 585 P2d 304 (1978), Arkwright-Boston Manufacturers Mutual Ins Co v Dunkel, 363 So 2d 190 (Fla App, 1978), Aetna Casualty & Surety Co v Freyer, 89 Ill App 3d 617; 411 NE2d 1157 (1980), Von Dameck v St Paul Fire & Marine Ins Co, 361 So 2d 283 (La App, 1978), Ruvolo v American Casualty Co, 39 NJ 490; 189 A2d 204 (1963), and Nationwide Mutual Fire Ins Co v Turner, 29 Ohio App 3d 73; 503 NE2d 212 (1986). See also Anno: Liability Insurance: Intoxi[258]*258cation or Other Mental Incapacity Avoiding Application of Clause in Liability Policy Speciñcally Exempting Coverage of Injury or Damage Caused Intentionally By or At Direction of Insured, 33 ALR4th 983. The rationale supporting this line of cases is generally that the purpose of the policy exclusion is to preclude insureds from benefitting financially when they cause injury, and this purpose will not deter a person who lacks mental capacity to conform his conduct to acceptable standards.
A second line of cases holds that an injury inflicted by a person who is mentally ill or insane may be intentional within the meaning of the exclusion. These decisions are usually based on the conclusion that the insured may have the purpose and volition to cause an injury, although he is mentally incapable of distinguishing whether his acts are right or wrong. See, e.g., Aetna Casualty & Surety v Dichtl, 78 Ill App 3d 970; 398 NE2d 582 (1979), Colonial Life & Accident Ins Co v Wagner, 380 SW2d 224 (Ky App, 1964), Kipnis v Antoine, 472 F Supp 215 (ND Miss, 1979), Rider v Preferred Acc Ins Co, 183 AD 42; 170 NYS 974 (1918), aff'd 230 NY 530; 130 NE 881 (1920), DeLoache v Carolina Life Ins Co, 233 SC 341; 104 SE2d 875 (1958), Pruitt v Life Ins Co of Va, 182 SC 396; 189 SE 649 (1937), and Johnson v Ins Co of North America, 232 Va 340; 350 SE2d 616 (1986). See also Rajspic v Nationwide Mutual Ins Co, 110 Idaho 729; 718 P2d 1167 (1986), and Rajspic v Nationwide Mutual Ins Co, 104 Idaho 662; 662 P2d 534 (1983). See generally 10 Couch on Insurance 2d, § 41:676 (revised 1982) and 33 ALR4th 983, supra.
We agree with the line of cases holding that the acts of a person deemed insane may be intentional within the meaning of an "intentional and ex[259]*259pected” acts exclusion. We find persuasive the reasoning of the Court in Johnson, supra:
On the surface, there appears to be a blatant inconsistency in concluding, as we do, that a person may be criminally insane when shooting another, and thus avoid full criminal sanctions, and yet that same individual can be denied insurance coverage because he "intended” to shoot his victim. A more careful analysis, however, will reveal there is no inconsistency at all.
In the law, there are many situations in which a person may intentionally injure or kill another and not be subject to criminal punishment. For example, an individual may kill in self-defense. The executioner may kill with the sanction of the State. A soldier may injure or kill under rules of combat. This conduct is intentional, but it is also excusable. Likewise, an individual may be excused from penalty if he is insane at the time he commits a criminal act. As here, he may do the act with every intention of consummating it, but when it is shown that he was mentally ill, he is excused from the imposition of the usual sanctions. "The absence of punishment, however, does not retrospectively expunge the original intention.” Colonial Life & Accident Ins Co, 380 SW2d at 226. [232 Va 348],
This analysis is consistent with that used by this Court in other cases involving intentional but justifiable acts that fall within policy exclusions for intentional or expected injuries. See, e.g., Groshek, supra. Moreover, it is not in conflict with those decisions holding that a conviction or plea of guilty establishes intent as a matter of law. See, e.g., Sprague. A conviction represents a positive finding of criminal intent beyond a reasonable doubt. An acquittal by reason of insanity on the other hand is not an adjudication of lack of intent, but is a determination that the prosecution failed [260]*260to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that a defendant was capable of forming the intent necessary to be convicted of a crime. Compare Aetna Casualty v Dichtl, supra. Failure to prove sanity beyond a reasonable doubt and ability to prove by a preponderance of the evidence that an insured intended and expected injury are not necessarily contradictory propositions. We recognize that there will be cases where insanity manifests itself such that the insured cannot intend or expect to cause an injury; an actor may believe, for example, that he is peeling a banana rather than pointing a pistol. See Johnson, supra at 232 Va 347. However, a broad holding that a criminal adjudication of insanity of the insured as a matter of law prevents application of policy exclusions, such as the one in the instant case, is inappropriate.
Here, the court, after a bench trial in the declaratory judgment action, found that Boughton’s act caused an intentional or expected injury, the death of his wife. MCR 2.613(C) provides that findings of fact made by a trial court in a bench trial may not be set aside unless clearly erroneous. Great regard must be given to the special opportunity of the trial court to judge the credibility of the witnesses it viewed. A finding is clearly erroneous when, although there is evidence to support it, the reviewing court on the entire evidence is left with a definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been committed. Tuttle v Dep’t of State Highways, 397 Mich 44, 46; 243 NW2d 244 (1976).
We find no clear error. Ron Boersma, Joni Boughton’s boyfriend who witnessed the shooting, testified that Boughton entered her residence with a shotgun and informed the couple that he was going to kill them both, alternately pointing the shotgun at either Boersma or Joni. When one of the Boughton children ran into the living room, [261]*261Boughton told Joni to put their son back to bed because he did not want the child to see what was happening. While the testimony was somewhat contradictory, the trial court was well within its power to judge the credibility of the witnesses and decide that Joni Boughton’s death was not caused by an accidental discharge of the gun as claimed by her husband, but by an intentional shooting by Boughton. There was also some expert evidence that defendant was capable of formulating the intent to kill his wife and understood the consequences of discharging a gun into a human body. Additionally, a friend of Boughton’s testified that the night before the fatal shooting Boughton said that if he saw Joni and Boersma together he would have to kill them. The evidence on the record supports the trial court’s conclusion that Boughton intended and expected bodily injury. Given the lower standard of proof in the civil case, there was no contradiction in acquitting Boughton on grounds of insanity at his criminal trial and subsequently finding in the civil action that Joni Boughton’s death was intentional and expected.
Affirmed.
Sullivan, P.J., concurred.