OPINION AND ORDER
Stanceu, Chief Judge:
In this litigation, plaintiff Trade Associates Group, Ltd. (“Trade Associates”), a U.S. importer of candles, contested a 2011 “Final Scope Ruling” of the International Trade Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce (“Commerce” or the “Depart
ment”), which interpreted the scope of an antidumping duty order (the “Order”) on certain petroleum wax candles from the People’s Republic of China (“China” or the “PRC”).
Final Scope Ruling: Antidump-ing Duty Order on Petroleum Wax Candles from the People’s Republic of China
(Aug. 5, 2011), (Admin.R.Doe. No. 56)
(“Final Scope Ruling”).
In the Final Scope Ruling, Commerce rejected the position taken by Trade Associates in a 2009 request (“Scope Ruling Request”) that Commerce should determine various specialty-shaped or holiday-themed candles to be outside the scope of the Order.
Before the court is the Department’s decision on remand (“Remand Redetermi-nation”) issued in response to the court’s opinion and order in
Trade Assocs. Grp., Ltd. v. United States,
38 CIT -, 961 F.Supp.2d 1306 (2014)
(“Trade Associates I”). Results of Redetermination Pursuant to Trade Assocs. Grp., Ltd. v. United States
(June 16, 2014), ECF No. 66-1
(“Remand Redetermination ”).
The court orders a second remand, concluding that the Remand Redetermination is based on an unreasonable interpretation of the scope language of the Order.
I. Background
The court’s prior opinion in
Trade Associates I,
38 CIT at-, 961 F.Supp.2d at 1308-09, presents background information on this case, which is summarized briefly and supplemented herein with developments since the issuance of that opinion.
A. Administrative Proceedings Following Submission of the Scope Ruling Request
Trade Associates filed the Scope Ruling Request on June 11, 2009, in which it identified 261 Chinese-origin petroleum wax candles that Trade Associates described as having the shape of identifiable objects or as being associated with Christmas or other holidays.
Trade
Assocs.
Grp. Application for Scope Ruling on An-tidumping Duty Order A-570-50I on Petroleum Wax Candles from the People’s Republic of China 2
(June 11, 2009) (Admin.R.Doc. No. 1)
(“Scope Ruling Request ”).
After receiving the Scope Ruling Request, Commerce published, on August 21, 2009, a Federal Register notice seeking “comments from interested parties on the best method to consider whether novelty candles should or should not be included within the scope of the
Order
given the extremely large number of scope determinations requested by outside parties.”
Petroleum Wax Candles from the People’s Republic of China: Request for Comments on the Scope of the Antidumping Duty Order and the Impact on Scope Determinations,
74 Fed.Reg. 42,230, 42,230 (Int’l Trade Admin. Aug. 21, 2009)
(“Request for Comments”).
In the notice, Commerce defined the term “novelty candles” as “candles in the shape of an identifiable object or with holiday-specific design both being discernable from multiple angles.”
Id.
Commerce proposed two options. Under “Option A,” only candles in shapes identified in the Order, which were “tapers, spirals, and straight-sided dinner candles; rounds, columns, pillars, votives; and various wax-filled containers” would be within the scope of the Order.
Id.,
74 Fed.Reg. at 42,231. For purposes of Option A, candles in the specified shapes would be considered to be within the scope “regardless of etchings, prints, moldings or other artistic or decorative enhancements including any holiday-related art.”
Id.
Under “Option B,” Commerce would consider all candle shapes, including novelty candles, to be within the scope of the Order.
Id.
Approximately a year later, Commerce published preliminary results of its request for comments.
Petroleum Wax Candles From the People’s Republic of China: Preliminary Results of Request for Comments on the Scope of the Petroleum Wax
Candles from the People’s Republic of China Antidumping Duty Order,
75 Fed.Reg. 49,475 (Int’l Trade Admin. Aug. 13, 2010)
(“Preliminary Results”).
Approximately a year after that, on August 2, 2011, Commerce published the final results of its request for comments.
Petroleum Wax Candles From the People’s Republic of China: Final Results of Request for Comments on the Scope of the Antidumping Duty Order,
76 Fed.Reg. 46,277 (Int’l Trade Admin. Aug. 2, 2011)
{“Final Results”).
The Final Results incorporated by reference an “Issues and Decision Memorandum.”
Issues & Decision Mem. for Final Results of Request for Comments on the Scope of the Petroleum Wax Candles from the People’s Republic of China Antidumping Duty Order,
A-570-504, (July 26, 2011) (Admin.R.Doe. No. 54),
available at
http://enforcement.trade.gov/ frn/summary/PRC/2011-19529-l.pdf (last visited Dec 18, 2015)
{“Final Results Decision Mem.”).
On August 5, 2011, Commerce issued a final determination on the scope request of Trade Associates
{“Final Scope Ruling”)
in which it incorporated by reference the final results of the request for comments. Final Scope Ruling 3 & n.10 (citation omitted). In the Final Scope Ruling, Commerce concluded that, as a general matter, “the scope of the Order includes candles of any shape, with the exception of birthday candles, birthday numeral candles, utility candles, and figurine candles.”
Final Scope Ruling
3. Commerce described its figurine candle exception as applying to “a candle that is in the shape of a human, animal, or deity.”
Id.
at 5.
B. Initiation of this Action and the Court’s First Remand Opinion and Order
In late 2011, Trade Associates commenced this action contesting the Final Scope Ruling. Summons (Oct. 5, 2011), ECF No. 1; Compl. (Nov. 2, 2011), ECF No. 13. Upon judicial review of the Final Scope Ruling, the court concluded that “the Final Scope Ruling applied an impermissible interpretation of the scope language in the Order.”
Trade Associates I,
38 CIT at -, 961 F.Supp.2d at 1322. The court ordered Commerce “to file a. remand redetermination comprising a new scope ruling that complies with this Opinion and Order and addresses the products in the Scope Ruling Request submitted by Trade Associates.”
Id.
at -, 961 F.Supp.2d at 1323.
C. The Remand Redetermination
In response to the court’s opinion and order in
Trade Associates I,
Commerce issued the Remand Redetermination on June 16, 2014.
Remand Redetermination
1, 3. Commerce included an attachment to the Remand Redetermination in which it ruled individually on 269 candles, as identified by product number and including a photographic illustration. Attach. 1 to
Remand Redetermination
(June 16, 2014), ECF No. 66-1
{“Department’s Candle Chart
”). Of the 261 product numbers in the plaintiff’s Scope Request, Commerce concluded that 120 are within the scope of the Order.
Remand Redetermination
20.
Plaintiff and defendant-intervenor National Candle Association (“NCA”), the petitioner in the antidumping investigation resulting in issuance of the Order, submitted comments to the court on July 23, 2014. PL’s Comments on Results of Rede-termination (July 23, 2014), ECF No. 69 (“PL’s Comments”); Def.-Int.’s Comments on Dep’t of Commerce Redetermination (July 23, 2014), ECF. No. 68 (“Def.-Int.’s Comments”). Defendant filed a response to the comments on September 5, 2014. Def.’s Reply to PL’s & Def.-Int.’s Respective Comments on the Remand Results (Sept. 5, 2014), ECF No. 73 (“Def.’s Reply”). Both plaintiff and defendant-inter-venor oppose aspects of the Remand Rede-termination.
II. Discussion
A. Jurisdiction and Standard of Review
The court exercises subject matter jurisdiction under section 201 of the Customs Courts Act of 1980, 28 U.S.C. § 1581(c), which grants jurisdiction over civil actions brought under section 516A of the Tariff Act of 1930 (“Tariff Act”). 19 U.S.C. § 1516a(a)(2)(B)(vi).
Section 516A provides for judicial review of a determination of “whether a particular type of merchandise is within the class or kind of merchandise described in an ... antidumping ... duty order.”
Id.
In conducting this review, the court must set aside “any determination, finding, or conclusion found ... to be unsupported by substantial evidence on the record, or otherwise not in accordance with law.”
Id.
§ 1516a(b)(l)(B).
B. The Department’s Shifting Interpretations of the Order
Commerce issued the Order in 1986.
Antidumping Duty Order: Petroleum Wax Candles from the People’s Republic of China,
51 Fed.Reg. 30,686 (Int’l Trade Admin. Aug. 28, 1986)
(“Order”).
The pertinent scope language of the Order consists of only two sentences, as follows:
The products covered by this investigation are certain scented or unscented petroleum wax candles made from petroleum wax and having fiber or paper-cored wicks. They are sold in the following shapes: tapers, spirals, and straight-sided dinner candles; rounds, columns, pillars, votives; and various wax-filled containers.
Order,
51 Fed.Reg. at 30,686.
The scope language at issue in this case has remained essentially unchanged since Commerce originally published the Order in 1986.
See Trade Associates I,
38 CIT at -, 961 F.Supp.2d at 1311. The same cannot be said for the Department’s interpretation of that language, which has undergone significant shifts over the long history of the Order.
According to background information it provided in its August 2009 request for comments, Commerce had a practice prior to November 2001, and apparently dating back to the 1986 issuance of the Order, of interpreting the scope to include only candles in the shapes identified in the second sentence of the scope language.
See Request for Comments,
74 Fed. Reg. at 42,-230-31. The practice, which Commerce apparently followed for fifteen years, ended when Commerce issued a scope ruling, the “JC Penney” scope ruling.
Id.,
74 Fed.Reg. at 42,230 (“In November 2001, the Department changed its practice on the issue of candle shapes.” (citing
Final Scope Ruling Antidumping Duty Order on Petroleum Wax Candles from the People’s Republic of China (A-570-50I); JC Penney Purchasing Corporation,
(November 9, 2001))). In the JC Penney scope ruling, Commerce concluded that the scope of the Order included, as a general matter, candles in any shape.
Id.,
74 Fed.Reg. at 42,231.
In the JC Penney scope ruling, Commerce recognized an exclusion from the scope of the Order for certain types of candles that Commerce had identified as outside of the scope in instructions (the “CBP Notice”) it provided in 1987 to the U.S. Customs Service, which was later re
named “Customs and Border Protection.”
Id.
The exclusion applied to “certain novelty candles, such as Christmas novelty candles” and “candles having scenes or symbols of other occasions (e.g., religious holidays or special events) depicted in their designs, figurine candles, and candles shaped in the form of identifiable objects
{e.g.,
animals or numerals).”
Id.,
74 Fed.Reg. at 42,230 (quoting CBP Notice). At the time it issued the CBP notice in July 1987, Customs apparently was adhering to an interpretation under which the scope included only candles in the specific shapes identified in the second sentence of the scope language.
In the request for comments, Commerce summarized its current practice, which began with the issuance of the JC Penney scope ruling, as follows: “Since 2001, the Department has determined that if the candle is made from petroleum wax and has a fiber or paper-cored wick it falls within the scope of the Order regardless of shape unless the candle possesses the characteristics set out in the CBP notice, in which case a candle falls within the Department’s novelty candle exception and is not within the scope of the
Order.” Id.,
74 Fed.Reg. at 42,231.
In the preliminary results of its request for comments, published in August 2010, Commerce reached several conclusions. First, Commerce concluded that the intent of the petitioners, as expressed in the petition and as shown in other documentary evidence, was that Commerce limit any antidumping duty investigation to petroleum wax candles that were in the shapes that later were specified in the second sentence of the scope language.
Preliminary Results,
75 Fed.Reg. at 49,479. Second, Commerce concluded that, in promulgating the Order, it had sought to adhere to the original intent expressed by NCA as to the scope of the investigation.
Id.
Third, Commerce concluded that the scope language itself supports the interpretation that only candles of the shapes identified in the scope language are included within the scope.
Id.
Finally, Commerce concluded that it had erred when, upon issuing the JC Penney scope ruling in November 2001, it abandoned its practice of limiting the scope to the specified candle shapes in favor of a position that the scope of the Order included, as a general matter, candles of any shape.
Id.
As to the first conclusion, Commerce stated in the preliminary results that “[a] thorough review of the record clearly illustrates that NCA did not intend for the scope of the candles
Order
to include all candles” and that “[a]t the time of the LTFV [less-than-fair-value] investigation and the concomitant setting of the scope, NCA advocated a scope where only the enumerated shapes would be, covered.”
Id.
The August 2010 publication analyzed, in particular, the petition by which the NCA sought an antidumping duty investigation (the “Petition”), concluding that “[t]he
Petition
illustrates that, contrary to its current assertions, NCA advocated for an exhaustive scope where those candles not specifically enumerated in the scope language, as well as figurine candles, ‘household,’ ‘utility,’ or ‘emergency’ candles, were to be excluded from the investigation.”
Id.,
75 Fed.Reg. at 49,476-77 (footnote omitted). Among the reasons Commerce cited for reaching this conclusion was that “the
Petition’s
like product definition itself indicates exclusivity.”
Id.,
75 Fed.Reg. at 49,477. The August 2010 issuance quoted text from the petition that was presented as a description of the imported merchandise. That text, as presented in the August 2010 issuance, reads as follows:
The imported PRC candles are made from petroleum wax and contain fiber or paper-coated wicks. They
are
{emphasis added} sold in the following shapes:
tapers, spirals, and straight-sided dinner candles; rounds, columns, pillars, vo-tives; and various wax-filled containers. These candles may be scented or unscented. While manufactured in the PRC, these candles are marketed in the United States and are generally used by retail customers in the home or yard for decorative or lighting purposes.
Id.
(quoting
Petition
at 6-7 (emphasis in original)). In the August 2010 issuance, Commerce also described various scope clarifications Commerce issued to the U.S. Customs Service, both before and after the August 28, 1986 publication of the Order, concluding that communications with NCA indicating NCA’s apparent concurrence with those clarifications “further indicate[s] that the scope was originally intended to include only those candle shapes described in the scope____”
Id.,
75 Fed. Reg. at 49,479.
According to the August 2010 issuance, Commerce intended to promulgate scope language in the Order that reflected NCA’s intent that the investigation include only candles in the specified shapes. As noted above, Commerce stated in the issuance that “[a]t the time of the LTFV investigation
and the concomitant setting of the scope,
NCA advocated a scope where only the enumerated shapes would be covered.”
Id.
(emphasis added). Commerce added that “[f]or instance, NCA’s agreement in the Memorandum Dated April 80, 1986, that ‘figurine’ candles were not within the scope of the
Order
indicates that candles' in shapes other than those enumerated in the scope language were not included within the scope of the investigation.”
Id.
In addition to the petitioner’s intent, the Department’s August 2010 issuance relied on the scope language of the Order in defending the Department’s previous, fifteen-year practice of confining the scope to the shapes mentioned therein. Quoting the two operative sentences of the scope language, Commerce concluded that “the language of the scope is overt in its exclusivity.”
Id.
(“For instance, the scope of the
Orders
covers ‘{c}ertain scented or unscented petroleum wax candles’ that
‘are
sold in the following shapes: tapers, spirals, and straight-sided dinner candles; rounds, columns, pillars, votives; and various wax-filled containers’ (emphasis added).”)
The scope language in the Order and the intent of the petitioner, NCA, as shown in the record of the investigation were the bases for the Department’s conclusion that the JC Penney ruling was incorrect. The August 2010 issuance concluded as follows:
However, a close review of the investigation record shows that, although addressing a key enforcement concern, the
JC Penney
methodology did not fully take into account record evidence from the investigation. While
JC Penney
stated that the scope of the
Order
was inclusive, the language of the
Order
indicates that the scope is exclusive, whereby only those candles in the enumerated shapes are considered inside the scope.
Id.
Based on the petitioner’s original intent, as shown in “a close review of the investigation record,” and its construction of the scope language to exclude candles in other than the specified shapes, Commerce concluded that it had erred in changing its practice in November 2001.
Id.
The August 2010 issuance proposed, for a second round of public comments, a scope interpretation that reversed the position taken in the JC Penney scope ruling in favor of one similar to the practice the Department had followed from the inception of the Order until that scope ruling was issued. Under this new interpretation, only candles of the specific shapes and types identified in the Order (which the August 2010 issuance defined in a series of footnotes) would be considered to be within the scope
of the Order.
Id.,
75 Fed.Reg. at 49,480 & nn. 12-21. The proposal was basically the scope interpretation of “Option A” as set forth in the request for comments. Consistent with Option A, Commerce proposed that candles in the identified shapes and types would be considered to be within the scope “regardless of etchings, prints, texture, moldings or other artistic or decorative enhancements including any holiday-related art.”
Id.,
75 Fed.Reg. at 49,480. Finally, the proposal was that two types of candles would be excluded: candles identified as “household,” “emergency,” or “utility” candles (which the issuance defined and grouped under the term “utility” candles), and “birthday” and “birthday numeral” candles (also defined and grouped under the term “birthday” candles).
Id.
In the final results of the request for comments, which Commerce issued approximately a year later (on August 2, 2011), Commerce abandoned its August 2010 proposal as to candle shapes and types and adopted essentially the position on candle shapes and types that it had taken in the November 2001 JC Penney scope ruling. Commerce stated its reasoning as follows: “[e]vidence on the record indicates that contrary to the Department’s position in the
Preliminary Results,
the
Order
is not limited only to the enumerated shapes/types listed in the scope of the
Order.” Final Results,
76 Fed.Reg. at 46,278 (footnote omitted). “Rather,” the final results continued, “the most reasonable interpretation pursuant to the factors established in 19 C.F.R. § 351.225(k)(l) is that the enumerated shapes/types serve as an illustrative, not exhaustive, list of candles included within the scope of the
Order.” Id.
(citing
Final Results Decision Mem.
at Comment 1). Commerce recognized specific exclusions for the birthday and utility candles addressed in the preliminary results and, further, recognized an exception for “figurine” candles, stating that “the term ‘figurine’ is narrowly defined as a candle in the shape of a human, animal, or deity.”
Id.
(citing
Final Results Decision Mem.
at Comment 3). The August 2011 final results of the request for comments announced, in conclusion, that “the Department hereby adopts an inclusive interpretation of the scope of the
Order,
whereby all candles are included within, with the exception of the three candle types that are excluded: Birthday, utility, and figurine
(i.e.,
human, animal, or deity shaped) candles.”
Id.
The Final Scope Ruling adopted the position taken in the final results of the request for comments, concluding “that the scope of the
Order
includes candles of any shape, with the exception of birthday candles, birthday numeral candles, utility candles, and figurine candles.”
Final Scope Ruling
3.
C. The Court’s Opinion and Order in Trade Associates I
Applying the principle established by the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit (“Court of Appeals”) in
Duferco Steel, Inc. v. United States,
296 F.3d 1087 (Fed. Cir.2002)
(“Duferco
”), the court rejected the Department’s conclusion that the scope of the Order included, as a general matter, candles of any shape, reasoning that “nothing in the scope language reasonably supports this interpretation.”
Trade Associates I,
38 CIT at-, 961 F.Supp.2d at 1312. The first sentence of the relevant scope language, the court noted, could not reasonably be so interpreted because “it provides that not all, but only ‘certain,’
i.e.,
unspecified, petroleum wax candles with fiber or paper-cored wicks are included in the scope.”
Id.
Nor could the second sentence, the court reasoned, because it identifies candles in specific shapes, not candles in any shape.
Id.
at -, 961 F.Supp.2d at 1313.
The court also found several faults with the Department’s construction of the word “certain” in the first sentence of the scope language. Addressing the Department’s explanation that Commerce had given effect to this word by excluding those types of candles for which there was evidence in the record of the investigation that the NCA had intended such exclusions,
Id.
at -, 961 F.Supp.2d at 1312-13, the court responded that “[b]ecause the relevant scope language consists of only the two sentences, any reasonable construction of the term ‘certain ... petroleum wax candles’ as used in the first sentence must find meaning in the second sentence,” which lists specific candle types and shapes.
Id.
at -, 961 F.Supp.2d at 1313. Having noted the Department’s construction of the second sentence as offering only an illustrative list of examples of common candle shapes rather than as limiting the scope,
Id.
at-, 961 F.Supp.2d at 1312, the court considered the Department’s construction of the word “certain” in the first sentence to be “impermissible not only in failing to give effect to one of the two sentences that comprise the scope language but also in leaving only the first sentence to function as the entire operative scope language.”
Id.
at -, 961 F.Supp.2d at 1313. The first sentence, according to the court’s reasoning, could not reasonably be so interpreted, because by such an interpretation “the Final Scope Ruling adopts an interpretation resulting in ‘scope’ language that makes no meaningful attempt to define the scope.”
Id. Trade Associates I
also concluded that Commerce unreasonably construed the term “certain” to refer to matters entirely outside the scope language, i.e., the “ ‘record evidence’ from which Commerce concludes that the petitioner intended that certain candle types would be outside the scope of the investigation.”
Id.
(citation omitted). The court viewed this not only as an unreasonable interpretation but also as an impermissible one in light of the statute, which charges Commerce, not the petitioner, with the responsibility for defining the scope of an antidumping duty order.
Id.
(citing 19 U.S.C. §§ 1673(1), 1673e(a)(2) and
Duferco,
296 F.3d at 1096).
Due to the Department’s unreasonable interpretation of the scope language of the Order as including, in general, candles of any shape, under which Commerce subjected to the Order candles in the shapes of various identifiable objects,
Trade Associates I
remanded the Final Scope Ruling to Commerce for reconsideration.
Id.
at -, 961 F.Suppüd at 1322-23.
D. In Applying the Term “Common Candle Shapes and Types,” the Remand Redetermination Unlawfully Defines, Rather than Interprets, the Scope of the Order and Must Be Remanded
Commerce stated in the Remand Rede-termination that it “respectfully disagrees with the Court’s
Remand Opinion and Order
and is conducting this remand under protest.”
Remand Redetermination
3 (citing
Viraj Group Ltd. v. United States,
343 F.3d 1371 (Fed.Cir.2003)). In the Remand Redetermination, Commerce, under protest, took an approach to the scope of the Order that differs markedly from any it has followed previously.
To summarize briefly the past history, for the first fifteen years under the Order, Commerce followed a practice of interpreting the outer boundary of the scope as defined by the candle shapes and types listed in the second sentence of the scope language. Beginning with the JC Penney scope ruling in November 2001, Commerce abandoned that practice and interpreted the outer boundary as encompassing, in general, candles in any shape, subject to specific and limited exclusions not mentioned in the scope language of the Order itself. In the August 2010 preliminary response to comments, Commerce pro
posed returning to its prior, fifteen-year practice upon concluding that its analysis in the JC Penney scope ruling was inconsistent with the scope language itself and the investigative record. In the August 2011 final response to comments and the Final Scope Ruling contested in this litigation, Commerce reversed its preliminary position, reverted to an interpretation under which the outer boundary of the scope encompassed generally candles in any shape, and recognized specific exclusions for three categories of candles (nowhere mentioned in the scope language) that it identified as “birthday,” “utility,” and “figurine” candles.
In contrast to either of the two approaches to the general scope of the Order that Commerce took previously, the Remand Redetermination places the outer boundary of the scope of the Order in the term “common candle shapes or types.”
See Remand Redetermination
3-4. This is a term or concept that is not found anywhere within the scope language of the Order. Instead, the scope language Commerce actually chose when it formulated the Order refutes any contention that Commerce, in formulating the language of the scope in 1986, intended to base the decision as to whether a particular candle is within, or outside of, the scope of the Order on whether that candle is described by the term “common candle shape or type.” The Remand Redetermination, however, would now make individual scope decisions according to that very inquiry. In this way, the Remand Redetermination
defines,
rather than interprets, the scope of an Order that Commerce formulated nearly three decades ago.
The Court of Appeals repeatedly has held that once Commerce has issued an antidumping or countervailing duty order, it may interpret the scope of the order but, absent resort to its anticircumvention authority, may not modify it.
Duferco,
296 F.3d at 1095;
see also Fedmet Resources Corp. v. United States,
755 F.3d 912, 921-22 (Fed.Cir.2014);
Tak Fat Trading Co. v. United States,
396 F.3d 1378, 1382-83 (Fed.Cir.2005). As the court stated in
Trade Associates I,
“[t]he logic of the rule in
Duferco
is straightforward: were Commerce empowered in a scope ruling to place merchandise within the scope of an order that cannot reasonably be interpreted to include that merchandise, Commerce would be altering the scope, not interpreting it.”
Trade Associates I,
38 CIT at -, 961 F.Supp.2d at 1321 (citing
Duferco,
296 F.3d at 1097). In this litigation, Commerce has attempted to use a remand proceeding as the mechanism for adopting a new definition of the scope of an existing antidumping duty order, even though the new definition bears no relationship to the scope language it used in promulgating the Order.
According to the Remand Redetermination, the scope of the Order includes a candle, “even if it is not one of the enumerated candle shapes or types in the second sentence,” if “it is a common candle shape or type.”
Remand Redetermination
4. The Remand Redetermination explains that “[f|or example, if a candle is in the shape of a cone, we considered that to be a common candle shape or type.”
Id.
It also states that “we find that the list of shapes and types in the second sentence of the scope of the
Order
is illustrative, because it does not specify that only those specifically enumerated are covered by the scope language.”
Id.
In reaching that conclusion, the Remand Redetermination echoes the Final Results.
See Trade Associates I,
38 CIT at -, 961 F.Supp.2d at 1312 (“Regarding the second sentence, Commerce further reasoned that ‘the shapes listed in the scope of the
Order
’ do not constitute ‘an exhaustive list of shapes, but simply an illustrative list of common can-
die shapes.’ ” (quoting
Final Results,
76 Fed.Reg. at 46,278)).
As the court has discussed, the Final Results and the Final Scope Ruling interpreted the second sentence of the scope language as merely “illustrative,” i.e., in such a way as to give it no effect. But the Remand Redetermination goes beyond the Final Scope Ruling in placing upon the second sentence the definition of the entire general scope of the Order. The language of the second sentence will not bear this construction. Instead of speaking of “common” candle shapes, the second sentence speaks of
specific
candle shapes: “tapers, spirals, and straight-sided dinner candles; rounds, columns, pillars, votives; and various wax-filled containers.”
Order,
51 Fed.Reg. at 30,686. The sentence prefaces the list with an introductory clause:
“[t]hey
are sold in the following shapes.”
Id.
(emphasis added). The subject of the second sentence, the pronoun “[tjhey,” must be read to have as its antecedent the subject of the first sentence: “[t]he products covered by this investigation.” The second sentence contains no language connoting an intent to provide a list of candle shapes that are “illustrative” of those candle shapes that are “common.” Instead, the plain meaning of the second sentence is that the identified shapes are “shapes” in which the subject merchandise “is sold.”
In summary, the Remand Redetermination adopts an unreasonable, and therefore impermissible, interpretation of the scope language. By placing the outer boundary of the scope according to a concept that Commerce describes using the term “common candle shapes and types,” Commerce impermissibly attempts to use its redeter-mination upon remand to establish a new definition of the scope of the Order. This new definition lacks any foundation in the scope language that Commerce is charged to interpret.
E. Trade Associates I Did Not Hold that Commerce Permissibly Could Construe the Second Sentence of the Scope Language as Illustrative of “Common Candle Shapes or Types”
The Remand Redetermination bases the Department’s decision, at least in part, on the premise that
Trade Associates I
held that the second sentence of the scope language permissibly may be interpreted as an illustrative list of common candle shapes that the Order includes. The court did not so hold. In part B.l of the Opinion and Order, under the title “The Final Scope Ruling Unreasonably Interprets the Scope Language of the Order,” the court held, instead, that the scope language of the Order may not reasonably be interpreted to include generally all petroleum wax candles without regard to shape.
See Trade Associates I,
38 CIT at-, 961 F.Supp.2d at 1311-13. As summarized earlier, the court gave several reasons for so holding.
Were the court to have ruled that an interpretation such as that adopted by the Remand Redetermination were permissible, it necessarily would have ruled that the scope language need not be interpreted to confine the scope to the candle shapes specified in the second sentence of the scope language. But in deciding
Trade Associates I,
the court declined to decide that question.
See Id.
at -, 961 F.Supp.2d at 1318 (“The court need not decide, and does not decide, whether the second sentence of the scope language at issue in this case expressly limits the scope of the Order to the specified candle shapes and types.”). It was not necessary for the court to decide that question in order to resolve the issue of whether the Final Scope Ruling was based on a reasonable interpretation of the scope language, for before the court was a decision under which Commerce had interpreted the Order to include, as a general matter, candles
in any shape. That was the only general interpretation of the scope language that was before the court, and the court rejected it.
Trade Associates I
did not approve any alternate interpretation of the scope language, leaving it to Commerce to reconsider the Final Scope Ruling in the entirety and submit a new decision that, unlike the Final Scope Ruling, interprets the scope language reasonably.
The court’s discussion in
Trade Associates I
of a “common candle shape” interpretation was in a hypothetical context. In short, the court posited that even if,
arguendo,
it were presumed that the second sentence of the scope language reasonably could be interpreted as an illustrative list of common candle shapes, the court still could not sustain the interpretation adopted by the Final Scope Ruling.
See Trade Associates I,
38 CIT at -, 961 F.Supp.2d at 1315-16. The discussion was in the context of the court’s explaining why the Final Scope Ruling could not be sustained on the basis of ambiguity in the scope language.
Id.
at -, 961 F.Supp.2d at 1315-17. Another reference to a hypothetical “common candle shape” interpretation was in the context of the court’s explaining why certain arguments made by defendant and defendant-interve-nor in favor of the Final Scope Ruling were not convincing to the court.
See Id.
at-, 961 F.Supp.2d at 1321.
F. Trade Associates I Did Not Apply the Scope Language to Any Specific Candle Identified in the Scope Ruling Request
In their comment submissions, plaintiff and defendant-intervenor disagree as to whether, and to what extent, the court ruled that specific candles identified in the Scope Ruling Request are outside the scope of the Order. Plaintiff, for example, contends that
Trade Associates I
ruled in such a way that Commerce must determine that
all
the candles identified in the Scope Ruling Request are outside the scope of the Order. Pl.’s Comments 2-7.
As discussed previously in this Opinion and Order,
Trade Associates I
held that the Final Scope Ruling was impermissible, and must be reconsidered upon remand, because it was based on an unreasonable interpretation of the scope language. The result of the application of that interpretation to the Scope Ruling Request, the court concluded, was the placement within the scope of “various candles made to resemble identifiable objects.”
Trade
Associates
I,
38 CIT at -, 961 F.Supp.2d at 1322. The court reached that conclusion based on its holding that the Department’s interpretation of the scope language, under which Commerce considered candles of any shape to be, as a general matter, within the scope of the Order, was an impermissible one. It did not reach that conclusion based on any application by the court of the scope language of the Order to any individual candle. Rather than rule on any specific candle, the court in
Trade Associates I
left any individualized determinations as issues to be resolved by Commerce on remand.
See Id.,
38 CIT at -, 961 F.Supp.2d at 1323.
To avoid any confusion that its previous opinion may have caused, the court now clarifies that, upon remand, Commerce is directed to: (1) submit a new decision upon a second remand that is based on a reasonable interpretation of the scope language of the Order; and (2) consistent with a reasonable interpretation of the scope language, identify the individual candles in the Scope Ruling Request that Commerce considers to be within the scope of the Order and those that it considers to be outside the scope of the Order.
In doing so, Commerce should inter
pret
Trade Associates I
as holding that the scope language interpretation upon which Commerce based the Final Scope Ruling, i.e., that the scope of the Order includes, as a general matter, candles of any shape, is an impermissible one. Similarly, it must apply on remand the holding the court has put forth in this Opinion and Order, which is that the general interpretation of the scope language upon which the Remand Redetermination is based, as described herein, is also unreasonable and therefore impermissible. For purposes of the second remand proceeding, Commerce should not interpret the holding of
Trade Associates I
or of this Opinion and Order as an application of the scope language by the court to any specific candle identified in the Scope Ruling Request.
III. Conclusion and Order
The Remand Redetermination applied to the candles at issue in this litigation an unreasonable, and therefore legally impermissible, interpretation of the scope language of the Order. Because the Remand Redetermination did so, Commerce must reconsider this decision in the entirety. The new decision must address the specific candles for which Trade Associates Group sought a determination. Therefore, upon consideration of the Remand Redetermination, the comments in response thereto, and all papers and proceedings had herein, it is hereby
ORDERED that the Remand Redeter-mination be, and hereby is, remanded to Commerce; it is further
ORDERED that Commerce, on remand, shall submit a second redetermination upon remand (“Second Remand Redeter-mination”) that adopts a reasonable interpretation of the scope language of the Order in accordance with the above Opinion and applies a reasonable interpretation of the scope language to the candles at issue in this litigation; it is further
ORDERED that Commerce shall have ninety (90) days from the date of this Opinion and Order to file the Second Remand Redetermination; and it is further
ORDERED that plaintiff and defendant-intervenor shall have thirty (30) days from the date of the Department’s filing of the Second Remand Redetermination in which to file comments on the Second Remand Redetermination; and defendant shall have fifteen (15) days after the filing of the last comment in which to file a reply to the comments of the other parties.