WEBB, Justice.
Before reaching the merits of the case, we deal with the question of Avery County’s standing to challenge the constitutionality of the WSWPA. We held in
In re Appeal of Martin,
286 N.C. 66, 209 S.E.2d 766 (1974), that a county may not challenge on constitutional grounds an exemption to the imposition of a personal property tax. We said a county may not tax property under a statute granting it authority to do so and at the same time attack another part of the statute as being unconstitutional.
In
City of New Bern v. New Bern-Craven County Bd. of Educ.,
328 N.C. 557, 402 S.E.2d 623 (1991), and
Town of Emerald Isle v. State of N.C.,
320 N.C. 640, 360 S.E.2d 756 (1987), we held that municipalities had standing to test the constitutionality of acts of the General Assembly. We did not mention
Marlin
in those two cases, but apparently the distinction from
Martin
was that in
New Bern
and
Emerald Isle,
the municipalities were not accepting benefits under the statutes they challenged. Avery County is not accepting benefits under the statute challenged in this case. Pursuant to
New Bern
and
Emerald Isle,
we hold that Avery County has standing to challenge the constitutionality of the statute involved in this case.
In 1951, the General Assembly provided in legislation, codified as chapter 143, article 21 of the North Carolina General Statutes, for the creation of the EMC and empowered it to make regulations for the conservation of air and water resources. The EMC was not empowered to regulate land use in the areas around rivers and streams. In 1989, the WSWPA was enacted as a part of article 21, which enabled the EMC to adopt rules for the regulation of land use which affects the water supply in watersheds throughout the state. The construction of a water intake by the Town of Spruce Pine on the Toe River in Avery County will make the Toe River watershed subject to certain regulations of the EMC.
The defendants contend and the Court of Appeals held that the WSWPA constitutes an unconstitutional delegation of the power to legislate. If the General Assembly has delegated to the EMC the power to make rules and regulations without an adequate standard to guide the EMC in executing the will of the General Assembly, the
WSWPA is an invalid delegation of legislative power. In determining whether legislation violates the rule that the General Assembly cannot delegate its power to legislate, we are guided by
Adams v. N. C. Dep’t of Natural & Economic Resources,
295 N.C. 683, 249 S.E.2d 402 (1978), in which we upheld the constitutionality of the Coastal Area Management Act. In that case we said:
In the search for adequate guiding standards the primary sources of legislative guidance are declarations by the General Assembly of the legislative goals and policies which an agency is to apply when exercising its delegated powers. We have noted that such declarations need be only “as specific as the circumstances permit.”
Turnpike Authority v. Pine Island, [Inc.,
265 N.C. 109, 115, 143 S.E.2d 319, 323 (1965)].
See also, Jernigan v. State,
[279 N.C. 556, 184 S.E.2d 259 (1971)]. When there is an obvious need for expertise in the achievement of legislative goals the General Assembly is not required to lay down a detailed agenda covering every conceivable problem which might arise in the implementation of the legislation. It is enough if general policies and standards have been articulated which are sufficient to provide direction to an administrative body possessing the expertise to adapt the legislative goals to varying circumstances.
Additionally, in determining whether a particular delegation of authority is supported by adequate guiding standards it is permissible to consider whether the authority vested in the agency is subject to procedural safeguards. A key purpose of the adequate guiding standards test is to “insure that the decision-making by the agency is not arbitrary and unreasoned.” Glenn,
[The Coastal Management Act in the Courts: A Preliminary Analysis,
53 N.C. L. Rev. 303, 315 (1974)]. Procedural safeguards tend to encourage adherence to legislative standards by the agency to which power has been delegated. We thus join the growing trend of authority which recognizes that the presence or absence of procedural safeguards is relevant to the broader question of whether a delegation of authority is accompanied by adequate guiding standards.
See
K. Davis, 1
Administrative Law Treaties,
§ 3.15 at p. 210 (2d ed. 1978).
Adams,
295 N.C. at 698, 249 S.E.2d at 411. Applying the principles articulated in
Adams,
we hold that the legislative standards applicable to the decisions to be made by the EMC are adequate to save the WSWPA from being an unconstitutional delegation of legislative power.
We begin our analysis of the application of the rule regarding the delegation of legislative power by noting that there is a strong presumption that enactments of the General Assembly are constitutional.
Wayne County Citizens Ass’n v. Wayne County Bd. of Comm’rs,
328 N.C. 24, 399 S.E.2d 311 (1991). We also note that the classification of watersheds is a complex subject. It is not something the General Assembly can micro-manage.
We said in
Adams
that the primary sources of guiding standards are declarations by the General Assembly of the legislative goals and policies that an agency is to apply when exercising its delegated powers. In N.C.G.S. § 143-211 it is said that water and air quality standards are to be set so as to
protect human health, to prevent injury to plant and animal life, to prevent damage to public and private property, to insure the continued enjoyment of the natural attractions of the State, to encourage the expansion of employment opportunities, to provide a permanent foundation for healthy industrial development and to secure for the people of North Carolina, now and in the future, the beneficial uses of these great natural resources.
N.C.G.S. § 143-211 (1996). This sets the goal which the General Assembly wants to reach in the administration of its water program.
The General Assembly enacted a more specific standard in N.C.G.S. § 143-214.5 when it said:
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
WEBB, Justice.
Before reaching the merits of the case, we deal with the question of Avery County’s standing to challenge the constitutionality of the WSWPA. We held in
In re Appeal of Martin,
286 N.C. 66, 209 S.E.2d 766 (1974), that a county may not challenge on constitutional grounds an exemption to the imposition of a personal property tax. We said a county may not tax property under a statute granting it authority to do so and at the same time attack another part of the statute as being unconstitutional.
In
City of New Bern v. New Bern-Craven County Bd. of Educ.,
328 N.C. 557, 402 S.E.2d 623 (1991), and
Town of Emerald Isle v. State of N.C.,
320 N.C. 640, 360 S.E.2d 756 (1987), we held that municipalities had standing to test the constitutionality of acts of the General Assembly. We did not mention
Marlin
in those two cases, but apparently the distinction from
Martin
was that in
New Bern
and
Emerald Isle,
the municipalities were not accepting benefits under the statutes they challenged. Avery County is not accepting benefits under the statute challenged in this case. Pursuant to
New Bern
and
Emerald Isle,
we hold that Avery County has standing to challenge the constitutionality of the statute involved in this case.
In 1951, the General Assembly provided in legislation, codified as chapter 143, article 21 of the North Carolina General Statutes, for the creation of the EMC and empowered it to make regulations for the conservation of air and water resources. The EMC was not empowered to regulate land use in the areas around rivers and streams. In 1989, the WSWPA was enacted as a part of article 21, which enabled the EMC to adopt rules for the regulation of land use which affects the water supply in watersheds throughout the state. The construction of a water intake by the Town of Spruce Pine on the Toe River in Avery County will make the Toe River watershed subject to certain regulations of the EMC.
The defendants contend and the Court of Appeals held that the WSWPA constitutes an unconstitutional delegation of the power to legislate. If the General Assembly has delegated to the EMC the power to make rules and regulations without an adequate standard to guide the EMC in executing the will of the General Assembly, the
WSWPA is an invalid delegation of legislative power. In determining whether legislation violates the rule that the General Assembly cannot delegate its power to legislate, we are guided by
Adams v. N. C. Dep’t of Natural & Economic Resources,
295 N.C. 683, 249 S.E.2d 402 (1978), in which we upheld the constitutionality of the Coastal Area Management Act. In that case we said:
In the search for adequate guiding standards the primary sources of legislative guidance are declarations by the General Assembly of the legislative goals and policies which an agency is to apply when exercising its delegated powers. We have noted that such declarations need be only “as specific as the circumstances permit.”
Turnpike Authority v. Pine Island, [Inc.,
265 N.C. 109, 115, 143 S.E.2d 319, 323 (1965)].
See also, Jernigan v. State,
[279 N.C. 556, 184 S.E.2d 259 (1971)]. When there is an obvious need for expertise in the achievement of legislative goals the General Assembly is not required to lay down a detailed agenda covering every conceivable problem which might arise in the implementation of the legislation. It is enough if general policies and standards have been articulated which are sufficient to provide direction to an administrative body possessing the expertise to adapt the legislative goals to varying circumstances.
Additionally, in determining whether a particular delegation of authority is supported by adequate guiding standards it is permissible to consider whether the authority vested in the agency is subject to procedural safeguards. A key purpose of the adequate guiding standards test is to “insure that the decision-making by the agency is not arbitrary and unreasoned.” Glenn,
[The Coastal Management Act in the Courts: A Preliminary Analysis,
53 N.C. L. Rev. 303, 315 (1974)]. Procedural safeguards tend to encourage adherence to legislative standards by the agency to which power has been delegated. We thus join the growing trend of authority which recognizes that the presence or absence of procedural safeguards is relevant to the broader question of whether a delegation of authority is accompanied by adequate guiding standards.
See
K. Davis, 1
Administrative Law Treaties,
§ 3.15 at p. 210 (2d ed. 1978).
Adams,
295 N.C. at 698, 249 S.E.2d at 411. Applying the principles articulated in
Adams,
we hold that the legislative standards applicable to the decisions to be made by the EMC are adequate to save the WSWPA from being an unconstitutional delegation of legislative power.
We begin our analysis of the application of the rule regarding the delegation of legislative power by noting that there is a strong presumption that enactments of the General Assembly are constitutional.
Wayne County Citizens Ass’n v. Wayne County Bd. of Comm’rs,
328 N.C. 24, 399 S.E.2d 311 (1991). We also note that the classification of watersheds is a complex subject. It is not something the General Assembly can micro-manage.
We said in
Adams
that the primary sources of guiding standards are declarations by the General Assembly of the legislative goals and policies that an agency is to apply when exercising its delegated powers. In N.C.G.S. § 143-211 it is said that water and air quality standards are to be set so as to
protect human health, to prevent injury to plant and animal life, to prevent damage to public and private property, to insure the continued enjoyment of the natural attractions of the State, to encourage the expansion of employment opportunities, to provide a permanent foundation for healthy industrial development and to secure for the people of North Carolina, now and in the future, the beneficial uses of these great natural resources.
N.C.G.S. § 143-211 (1996). This sets the goal which the General Assembly wants to reach in the administration of its water program.
The General Assembly enacted a more specific standard in N.C.G.S. § 143-214.5 when it said:
The Commission shall adopt rules for the classification of water supply watersheds and that establish minimum statewide water supply watershed protection requirements applicable to each classification to protect surface water supplies by (i) controlling development density, (ii) providing for performance-based alternatives to development density controls that are based on sound engineering principles, or (iii) a combination of both (i) and (ii).
N.C.G.S. § 143-214.5(b) (1996). This subsection provides for the management of watersheds by controlling development density, performance-based alternatives, or a combination of both. This is a direction about as specific as could be. It is certainly as specific as circumstances permit.
Turnpike Authority v. Pine Island, Inc.,
265 N.C. at 115, 143 S.E.2d at 323.
In
Adams,
we said that procedural safeguards were to be considered in determining whether there was an abdication of legislative power. The procedural safeguards in this case were, to say the least, adequate. The rule-making power of the EMC is subject to chapter 150B of the General Statutes. N.C.G.S. § 143-214.1(e) (1996). The General Assembly created the Watershed Protection Advisory Council consisting of representatives of state and local government as well as special interest groups which met with the EMC seven times before rules were adopted. The WSWPA requires the EMC to submit reports quarterly on the implementation of the Act to the Environmental Review Commission, a legislative commission. In preparation for the adoption of rules, forty informational meetings and eight public hearings were held across the state. We believe these procedural safeguards show that the State retained as much control as was feasible over its legislative power.
In 1993, the General Assembly adopted an act to exempt certain watersheds from the coverage of the WSWPA. Act of July 24,1993, ch. 520, sec. 1, 1993 N.C. Sess. Laws 2122. The parties agree that the act was drawn so that it applied to one watershed only. The parties agree that there is no rational basis for so classifying the watershed.
See White v. Pate,
308 N.C. 759, 304 S.E.2d 199 (1983). The defendantappellees say that this makes the WSWPA violate the Equal Protection Clauses of the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States and Article I, Section 19 of the Constitution of North Carolina because it is not applied equally throughout the state.
The additional defendant-appellants argue and we agree that the failure of the 1993 legislation to pass constitutional muster does not condemn the WSWPA. We said in
Flippin v. Jarrell,
301 N.C. 108, 270 S.E.2d 482 (1980):
“[‘]A statute may be valid in part and invalid in part. If the parts are independent, or separable,
but not otherwise,
the invalid part may be rejected and the valid part may stand, provided it is complete in itself and capable of enforcement. [’]”
Constantian v. Anson County,
244 N.C. 221, 228, 93 S.E.2d 163, 168 (1956),
quoting
82 C.J.S.
Statutes
§ 92 (1953). (Emphasis supplied.)
Flippin,
301 N.C. at 118, 270 S.E.2d at 489 (citation omitted). The 1993 amendment may be expunged for being unconstitutional, which leaves the WSWPA intact.
For the reasons stated in this opinion, we reverse the Court of Appeals.
REVERSED.