SHARP, Justice.
The first problem presented by this appeal is whether the question which petitioner raises is justiciable under the Post Conviction Act. The answer is No. The Act authorizes any prisoner serving a sentence in the State Prison System to institute a proceeding in the Superior Court of the county of his conviction to challenge the validity of his incarceration upon the following grounds: (1) that
in the proceeding which resulted in his conviction
there was a substantial denial of his rights under the Constitution of the United States or of the State of North Carolina; (2) that the court was without jurisdiction to impose the sentence; (3) that the sentence exceeds the maximum authorized by law; or (4) that the sentence is subject to collateral attack upon any ground heretofore available under any common law or statutory remedy as to which there has been no prior adjudication. G.S. 15-217 and G.S. 15-217.1.
Petitioner concedes the validity of his trial and the sentences under which he is now being held. His only attack is upon the subsequent order of the Board of Paroles relating to the administration or order in which the sentences are to be served. The Post Conviction Hearing Act may not be used for this purpose. How then should petitioner have proceeded?
Petitioner could not have proceeded by petition for a writ of habeas corpus because he is not now illegally imprisoned. Presently he is serving a valid ten-year-sentence, begun 7 April 1967. Under our decisions the sole question for determination in a habeas corpus proceeding is whether the petitioner is
then
being unlawfully imprisoned. The writ is not available to test a prisoner’s right to be released at some future time.
State v. Lewis,
274 N.C. 438, 164 S.E. 2d 177;
In re Burton,
257 N.C. 534, 126 S.E. 2d 581;
In re Renfrow,
247 N.C. 55, 100 S.E. 2d 315;
In re Swink,
243 N.C. 86, 89 S.E. 2d 792.
Cf. State v. Clendon,
249 N.C. 44, 105 S.E. 2d 93;
State v. Austin,
241 N.C. 548, 85 S.E. 2d 924.
Contra Peyton v. Rowe,
391 U.S. 54, 20 L. ed. 2d 426, 88 S.Ct. 1549 (1967) — construing 28 U.S.C. § 2241 (c) (3) (1970), a section of the federal habeas corpus statutes.
The provisions for Judicial Review of Decisions of Certain Administrative Agencies (G.S. 143-306 through G.S. 143-316) were likewise inappropriate to initiate an attack upon the con
stitutionality of a statute fixing the powers and duties of the Board of Paroles. If ever applicable to an order of the Board of Paroles, these provisions were not designed for this particular purpose. “The question of the constitutionality of a statute is not for administrative boards but for the judicial branch.”
Insurance Co. v. Gold, Commissioner of Insurance,
254 N.C. 168, 173, 118 S.E. 2d 792, 796.
G.S. 148-62 has not heretofore been considered by this Court. Since the question of its constitutionality is a matter of importance both to the public and to prisoners, it is one which should be answered authoritatively. We therefore treat this proceeding as one instituted under the Declaratory Judgment Act. For the reasons hereinafter set out we deem this Act to provide an appropriate means of deciding this case.
The Declaratory Judgment Act (G.S. 1-253 through G.S. 1-267) provides that “[a]ny person . . . whose rights, status or other legal relations are affected by a statute . . . may have determined any question of construction or validity arising under the . . . statute . . . and obtain a declaration of rights, status, or other legal relations thereunder.” G.S. 1-254. To that end the courts of record are “empowered to declare rights, status, and other legal relations, whether or not further relief is or could be claimed.” G.S. 1-253.
A declaratory judgment is a civil remedy which may not be resorted to to try ordinary matters of guilt or innocence. It will not be granted when its only effect is to determine questions which properly should be decided in a criminal action. 22 Am. Jur. 2d
Declaratory Judgments
§ 28 (1965) ; Annot.,
Declaratory Relief
— Criminal
Statutes,
10 A.L.R. 3d 727 (1966). For instance, one charged with the violation of a statute is not entitled to a declaratory judgment adjudicating its constitutionality, a matter which can be authoritatively settled in the criminal action.
Spence v. Cole,
137 F. 2d 71 (4th Cir. 1943).
See Chadwick v. Salter,
254 N.C. 389, 119 S.E. 2d 158; 26 C.J.S.
Declaratory Judgments
§ 33 (1956). “The rationale seems to be that if the facts upon which the propriety of a criminal prosecution are in dispute, the dispute ought to be resolved by the triers of the facts in a criminal prosecution in accordance with the rules governing criminal cases. . . . This reasoning, however, is inapplicable if the crucial question is one of law, since the question of law will be decided by the court in any event and
not by the triers of the facts.”
Bunis v. Conway,
234 N.Y.S. 2d 435, 437, 17 App. Div. 2d 207.
See
22 Am. Jur. 2d
Declaratory Judgments
§ 24 (1965) ; Annot., 10 A.L.R. 3d 733 (1966).
G.S. 148-62 is not a criminal law in the sense that it defines or prohibits a specific crime and imposes a penalty for its commission. It relates to the administration by the Board of Paroles of a prisoner’s several
criminal
sentences after his parole has been revoked upon conviction of a new crime. The constitutionality of the statute is a pure question of law; no disputed facts are involved.
The courts do not lack power to grant a declaratory judgment merely because a questioned statute relates to penal matters. When a plaintiff has a property interest which may be adversely affected by the enforcement of the criminal statute, he may maintain an action under the Declaratory Judgment Act to determine the validity of the statute in protection of his property rights.
Calcutt v. McGeachy,
213 N.C. 1, 195 S.E. 49;
Bryarly v. State,
232 Ind. 47, 111 N.E. 2d 277 (1953), and cases therein cited. In
Calcutt
this Court held that a declaratory judgment was available to test the constitutionality of the statute making the possession of certain slot machines illegal and authorizing their confiscation. The decision upheld the statute.
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SHARP, Justice.
The first problem presented by this appeal is whether the question which petitioner raises is justiciable under the Post Conviction Act. The answer is No. The Act authorizes any prisoner serving a sentence in the State Prison System to institute a proceeding in the Superior Court of the county of his conviction to challenge the validity of his incarceration upon the following grounds: (1) that
in the proceeding which resulted in his conviction
there was a substantial denial of his rights under the Constitution of the United States or of the State of North Carolina; (2) that the court was without jurisdiction to impose the sentence; (3) that the sentence exceeds the maximum authorized by law; or (4) that the sentence is subject to collateral attack upon any ground heretofore available under any common law or statutory remedy as to which there has been no prior adjudication. G.S. 15-217 and G.S. 15-217.1.
Petitioner concedes the validity of his trial and the sentences under which he is now being held. His only attack is upon the subsequent order of the Board of Paroles relating to the administration or order in which the sentences are to be served. The Post Conviction Hearing Act may not be used for this purpose. How then should petitioner have proceeded?
Petitioner could not have proceeded by petition for a writ of habeas corpus because he is not now illegally imprisoned. Presently he is serving a valid ten-year-sentence, begun 7 April 1967. Under our decisions the sole question for determination in a habeas corpus proceeding is whether the petitioner is
then
being unlawfully imprisoned. The writ is not available to test a prisoner’s right to be released at some future time.
State v. Lewis,
274 N.C. 438, 164 S.E. 2d 177;
In re Burton,
257 N.C. 534, 126 S.E. 2d 581;
In re Renfrow,
247 N.C. 55, 100 S.E. 2d 315;
In re Swink,
243 N.C. 86, 89 S.E. 2d 792.
Cf. State v. Clendon,
249 N.C. 44, 105 S.E. 2d 93;
State v. Austin,
241 N.C. 548, 85 S.E. 2d 924.
Contra Peyton v. Rowe,
391 U.S. 54, 20 L. ed. 2d 426, 88 S.Ct. 1549 (1967) — construing 28 U.S.C. § 2241 (c) (3) (1970), a section of the federal habeas corpus statutes.
The provisions for Judicial Review of Decisions of Certain Administrative Agencies (G.S. 143-306 through G.S. 143-316) were likewise inappropriate to initiate an attack upon the con
stitutionality of a statute fixing the powers and duties of the Board of Paroles. If ever applicable to an order of the Board of Paroles, these provisions were not designed for this particular purpose. “The question of the constitutionality of a statute is not for administrative boards but for the judicial branch.”
Insurance Co. v. Gold, Commissioner of Insurance,
254 N.C. 168, 173, 118 S.E. 2d 792, 796.
G.S. 148-62 has not heretofore been considered by this Court. Since the question of its constitutionality is a matter of importance both to the public and to prisoners, it is one which should be answered authoritatively. We therefore treat this proceeding as one instituted under the Declaratory Judgment Act. For the reasons hereinafter set out we deem this Act to provide an appropriate means of deciding this case.
The Declaratory Judgment Act (G.S. 1-253 through G.S. 1-267) provides that “[a]ny person . . . whose rights, status or other legal relations are affected by a statute . . . may have determined any question of construction or validity arising under the . . . statute . . . and obtain a declaration of rights, status, or other legal relations thereunder.” G.S. 1-254. To that end the courts of record are “empowered to declare rights, status, and other legal relations, whether or not further relief is or could be claimed.” G.S. 1-253.
A declaratory judgment is a civil remedy which may not be resorted to to try ordinary matters of guilt or innocence. It will not be granted when its only effect is to determine questions which properly should be decided in a criminal action. 22 Am. Jur. 2d
Declaratory Judgments
§ 28 (1965) ; Annot.,
Declaratory Relief
— Criminal
Statutes,
10 A.L.R. 3d 727 (1966). For instance, one charged with the violation of a statute is not entitled to a declaratory judgment adjudicating its constitutionality, a matter which can be authoritatively settled in the criminal action.
Spence v. Cole,
137 F. 2d 71 (4th Cir. 1943).
See Chadwick v. Salter,
254 N.C. 389, 119 S.E. 2d 158; 26 C.J.S.
Declaratory Judgments
§ 33 (1956). “The rationale seems to be that if the facts upon which the propriety of a criminal prosecution are in dispute, the dispute ought to be resolved by the triers of the facts in a criminal prosecution in accordance with the rules governing criminal cases. . . . This reasoning, however, is inapplicable if the crucial question is one of law, since the question of law will be decided by the court in any event and
not by the triers of the facts.”
Bunis v. Conway,
234 N.Y.S. 2d 435, 437, 17 App. Div. 2d 207.
See
22 Am. Jur. 2d
Declaratory Judgments
§ 24 (1965) ; Annot., 10 A.L.R. 3d 733 (1966).
G.S. 148-62 is not a criminal law in the sense that it defines or prohibits a specific crime and imposes a penalty for its commission. It relates to the administration by the Board of Paroles of a prisoner’s several
criminal
sentences after his parole has been revoked upon conviction of a new crime. The constitutionality of the statute is a pure question of law; no disputed facts are involved.
The courts do not lack power to grant a declaratory judgment merely because a questioned statute relates to penal matters. When a plaintiff has a property interest which may be adversely affected by the enforcement of the criminal statute, he may maintain an action under the Declaratory Judgment Act to determine the validity of the statute in protection of his property rights.
Calcutt v. McGeachy,
213 N.C. 1, 195 S.E. 49;
Bryarly v. State,
232 Ind. 47, 111 N.E. 2d 277 (1953), and cases therein cited. In
Calcutt
this Court held that a declaratory judgment was available to test the constitutionality of the statute making the possession of certain slot machines illegal and authorizing their confiscation. The decision upheld the statute.
In
Vanilla v. Moran,
67 N.Y.S. 2d 833,
aff’d
272 App. Div. 859, 70 N.Y.S. 2d 631,
appeal denied
272 App. Div. 971, 72 N.Y.S. 2d 420,
app. dismd.
297 N.Y. 593, 75 N.E. 2d 265,
aff'd
298 N.Y. 796, 83 N.E. 2d 696 (1949), the plaintiff, whose sentence had been commuted, brought an action against the governor of the State of New York and its Board of Paroles for a judgment declaring that he was no longer subject to the Board’s jurisdiction. The court in holding that plaintiff was entitled to the declaratory judgment emphasized that (1) only a question of law was involved; (2) a determination of the question would serve a practical end by defining an uncertain or disputed jural relationship; (3) the plaintiff had no other adequate legal remedy. After having approved the procedure the court rendered judgment against the plaintiff on the merits. A similar result was reached in
Koyce v. United States Board of Parole,
306 F. 2d 759 (D.C. Cir. 1962), a case in which the plaintiff sought a declaratory judgment that parole conditions could not be applied to him because he had been convicted by court martial.
It is the rule in this jurisdiction that “[a]n Act will be declared unconstitutional and its enforcement will be enjoined when it clearly appears either that property or fundamental human rights are denied in violation of constitutional guarantees.”
Roller v. Allen,
245 N.C. 516, 518, 96 S.E. 2d 851, 854. This may be done in a properly constituted action under the Declaratory Judgment Act when a specific provision of a statute is challenged by a person directly and adversely affected thereby.
Greensboro v. Wall,
247 N.C. 516, 101 S.E. 2d 413. This case presents such a challenge.
If the statute is unconstitutional, petitioner will be entitled to his release from prison at the conclusion of the ten-year-sentence he is now serving. If the statute is constitutional, at the completion of his present sentence he will begin the unserved portions of the previous sentences from which he was paroled. Fundamental rights are involved. Petitioner is entitled to know what effect the statute has upon his future.
Having determined the route to decision, we now consider the constitutionality of G.S. 148-62. It reads as follows:
“If any parolee, while being at large upon parole, shall commit a new or fresh crime, and shall enter a plea of guilty or be convicted thereof in any court of record, then, in that event, his parole may be revoked according to the discretion of the Board of Paroles and at such time as the Board of Paroles may think proper. If such parolee, while being at large upon parole, shall commit a new or fresh crime and shall have his parole revoked, as provided above, he shall be subject, in the discretion of the Board of Paroles, to serve the remainder of the first or original sentence upon which his parole was granted, after the completion or termination of the sentence for said new or fresh crime. Said remainder of the original sentence shall commence from the termination of his liability upon said sentence for said new or fresh crime. The Board of Paroles, however, may, in its discretion, direct that said remainder of the original sentence shall be served concurrently with said second sentence for said new or fresh crime.”
Petitioner concedes the validity of that portion of G.S. 148-62 which authorizes the Board of Paroles to revoke the parole of a parolee who “shall commit a new or fresh crime and shall enter a plea of guilty or be convicted thereof in any court of
record.” He challenges only the provisions of the statute which empower the Board to direct that a returned prisoner shall serve the remainder of any sentence upon which his parole was revoked
after
the completion of the sentence for the new crime.
In
In re Parker,
225 N.C. 369, 372, 35 S.E. 2d 169, 171, this Court said:
“In the absence of a statute to the contrary,
and unless it sufficiently appears otherwise in the sentence itself, it is generally presumed that sentences imposed in the same jurisdiction, to be served at the same place or prison, run concurrently, although imposed at different times and by different courts and upon a person already serving a sentence.” (Emphasis added.)
Relying upon
In re Parker,
petitioner asserts that “there is a clear conflict between the case law of the Supreme Court . . . and the statute relied on by the Board of Paroles, G.S. 148-62.” He argues that the statute is unconstitutional because (1) it grants judicial power to the Board of Paroles in contravention of N. C. Const., Art. IV § 1 (1970) and contravenes the separation of powers clause, N. C. Const., Art. I § 6 (1970) ; and (2) it provides no standards to guide the Board of Paroles in the exercise of the discretionary power granted it and thereby deprives petitioner of his liberty other than by the law of the land, a violation of N. C. Const., Art. I § 19 (1970).
In a lucid and closely reasoned opinion by Judge Parker, the Court of Appeals rejected petitioner’s contentions and upheld the constitutionality of G.S. 148-62. We adopt the rationale of that opinion which is supported by convincing authority.
Zerbst v. Kidwell,
304 U.S. 359, 58 S.Ct. 872, 82 L. Ed. 1399 (1937);
State v. Fazzano,
96 R.I. 472, 194 A. 2d 680 (1963), and cases therein cited.
See
59 Am. Jur. 2d
Pardon and Parole,
§§ 79, 83 (1971).
This State is firmly committed to the doctrine that “[t]he legislative, executive, and supreme judicial powers of the State Government shall be forever separate and distinct from each other.” N. C. Const., Art. I, § 6 (1970). However, “ ‘the classification cannot be very exact, and there are many officers whose duties cannot be exclusively arranged under the duties of either of these heads.’ Cooley on Torts, p. 375 . . . The functions of the court in regard to the punishment of crimes are to determine the guilt or innocence of the accused, and, if that determination
be one of guilt, then to pronounce the punishment or penalty prescribed by law. The execution of the sentence belongs to a different department of the government. The manner of executing the sentence and the mitigation of punishment are determined by the legislative department, and what the Legislature has determined in that regard must be put in force and effect by administrative officers.”
People v. Joyce,
246 Ill. 124, 135, 92 N.E. 607, 612.
In the division of governmental authority the “legislature has exclusive power to determine the penalogical system of the [State]. It alone can prescribe the punishment for crime. . . . It may therefore establish a parole system. . . . The granting of parole and the supervision of parolees are purely administrative functions, and accordingly may be intrusted by the legislature to non-judicial agencies.”
Commonwealth ex rel Banks v. Cain,
345 Pa. 581, 587, 28 A. 2d 897, 900-1 (1942), 143 A.L.R. 1473, 1476-1477 (1943).
When Judge Carr sentenced petitioner, then a parolee, he performed a judicial act by fixing his punishment within the limits prescribed by the legislature. The legislature may also prescribe the order in which multiple sentences are to be served. This it has done with reference to sentences imposed for escapes from the prison system, G.S. 148-45, and it has given the Board of Paroles the option of so doing when it revokes a parole under G.S. 148-62. When Judge Carr sentenced petitioner his parole had not been revoked. Whether it would thereafter be revoked because of petitioner’s new crime was a matter committed to the discretion of the Board of Paroles under G.S. 148-62, the provisions of which aré annexed to every parole.
Cf. State v. Yates,
183 N.C. 753, 111 S.E. 337. These provisions do not infringe upon the authority of the judiciary.
In
State v. Fazzano, supra,
a case involving a situation identical with this one, the Supreme Court of Rhode Island considered a statute giving the Board of Paroles power to determine whether a parole violator should serve concurrent or consecutive sentences. In upholding the validity of the statute, the court said:
“Not only is it within the power of the legislature to provide that one who violates his parole must serve the balance of the original term and the term imposed for the violation consecutively, but it is also clearly within its power to provide
that the balance of the original term shall be served only if a parole board in its sole discretion revokes the conditional release or parole given to the offender. A person imprisoned by a court is turned over to an administrative agency for the execution of the sentence.”
Id.
at 96, 194 A. 2d at 684.
In
Zerbst v. Kidwell, supra,
the Supreme Court sustained the authority of the federal Board of Paroles to require a parolee, returned to prison because of his commission of a second crime, to complete his interrupted first sentence at the expiration of his second. Justice Black, who delivered the opinion of the Court said: “Unless a parole violator can be required to serve some time in prison in addition to that imposed for an offense committed while on parole, he not only escapes punishment for the unexpired portion of his original sentence, but the disciplinary power of the Board will be practically nullified.”
Id.
at 363, 82 L. Ed. at 1401, 58 S.Ct. at 874.
Petitioner’s contention, that the legislature has provided no standards to guide the Board of Paroles in determining whether a parole violator shall serve his original sentence concurrently with his new sentence or at the completion of it and that this failure nullifies the purported grant of authority, cannot be sustained.
G.S. 148-60 enumerates a number of factors to which the Board of Paroles shall give “due consideration” before it paroles a prisoner. In effect, however, the statute merely says that before the Board paroles a prisoner its members should feel that there is “a reasonable probability” that his release will not be “incompatible with the welfare of society.” The legislature could have multiplied words but, in the end, it could have given the Board no more precise instructions with reference to parole. The same is true with reference to the exercise of its discretion in determining whether the sentence of a parole violator shall run concurrently or consecutively. It is implicit in the law that the Board’s primary consideration shall be the “welfare of society.”
The inherent conflict between the need to place discretion in capable persons and the requirement that discretion be in some manner directed cannot be satisfactorily resolved. No specifications can be written which will achieve the welfare of society, justice, rehabilitation, and similar goals. By what
standard does a judge determine a convicted defendant’s sentence when the statute provides limits of “not less than five nor more than 60 years” (G.S. 14-19) or specifies “imprisonment in the court’s discretion not to exceed 10 years”? In prescribing the punishment for crime the legislature has not attempted the impossible; it has eschewed guidelines and, of necessity, reposed confidence in the judge. Of necessity, it has done the same with reference to the Board of Paroles.
We hold that G.S. 148-62 does not violate the Constitution of North Carolina. The decision of the Court of Appeals is
Affirmed.