1164, 1166 (quoting Restatement (Second) Conflicts of Laws § 187(2) (1971)).
The pleadings show that American's place of business was located in Georgia
when it contracted with Mr. Dubois, providing one of the contracting parties a
substantial relationship with that state. Furthermore, Georgia's law of contracts appears
to be substantially similar to Maine's, and its application will not violate any strong
public policy. Finally, while neither party to this litigation has a current connection to
Georgia, they have not objected to the application of Georgia law. The court will apply
Georgia law to determine whether the pleadings show a prima facie existence of a valid
contract.
A valid contract requires "parties able to contract, a consideration moving to the
contract, the assent of the parties to the terms of the contract, and a subject matter upon
which the contract can operate." Peace v. Dominy Holdings, 554 S.E.2d 314, 315 (Ga. Ct.
App. 2001) (quoting a.CG.A. § 13-3-1) (quotations omitted). Assent must be mutual as
to all essential terms, and these terms must be certain. [d. "The legal test for mutuality of
assent" is an objective one that looks at the "meaning a reasonable man in the position
of the other contracting party would ascribe to the first party's manifestation of assent
...." Jackson Elec. Mbrshp. Corp. v. Ga. PSc, 668 S.E.2d 867, 872 (Ga. 2000) (quoting N. Ga.
Elee. Mbrshp. Corp. v. Dalton, 398 S.E.2d 209, 213 (Ga. Ct. App. 1990)) (quotations
omitted).
6 "'Binding contracts may consist of several writings" so long as they are
consistent. Id. (quoting Cassville-White Assocs., Ltd. v. Bartow Assocs., Inc., 258 S.E.2d 175,
178 (Ga. Ct. App. 1979)) (quotations omitted). An intentional, unilateral alteration made
without fraudulent intent or made to immaterial matter within a written contract will
not void a contract if the original material terms can be ascertained and enforced.
a.e.G.A. § 13-4-1 (2010).
There is no question here that the parties are capable of entering into a contract,
the contract was supported by consideration, and the contract pertained to appropriate
subject matter. Mr. Dubois's argument hinges on assent, i.e. that after he signed the
documents and offered them for acceptance, American unilaterally altered the proposed
terms. This argument is belied by Mr. Dubois's own exhibits. To begin, they are
admissible admissions because Mr. Dubois both signed them and attached them to his
answer. The Master Agreement attached to the plaintiff's complaint is also signed.
The Master Agreement and the unaltered Schedule contain all of the essential
terms required for an enforceable lending agreement. The Schedule dearly refers to the
Master Agreement by name and number, and incorporates its terms. Together, the
documents identify the parties and the specific piece of equipment subject to
American's security interest. Their obligations are plainly spelled out: American agreed
to provide Mr. Dubois with $85,000.00 for the purchase of the specified equipment
immediately; and in exchange Mr. Dubois agreed to pay American $118,961.40 over the
course of sixty months. While the Schedule did not specify a commencement date, it did
specify that payments would be made each month, with the first month's payment
being tendered on signing. The contract to make monthly payments that is executed in
July is not fatally indefinite because it fails to specify that payments will begin in
August.
7 After Mr. Dubois signed the Schedule and offered it to American, but
presumably before American accepted, American filled in the commencement date and
the date Mr. Dubois signed the Master Agreement. American then signed the Schedule,
signifying its acceptance. These"alterations" did not vary any of the material terms of
the either the Master Agreement or the Schedule. Rather, they merely add additional
identifying information and affirm that repayments are to be made monthly. The
parties, subject matter, consideration, obligations, and methods of performance
remained wholly unchanged. Furthermore, Mr. Dubois has not pleaded any facts that
would indicate the changes were made to defraud him. Based solely on the pleadings,
the court finds that a facially valid contract existed between Mr. Dubois and American.1
Like the Master Agreement and the Schedule, the Assignment is valid on its face.
An effective assignment only requires evidence of an owner's intention to transfer its
property to an identifiable assignee. Park Ave. Bank v. Bassford, 205 S.E.2d 861, 862-63
(Ga. 1974) (citing Citizens & Southern Nat'l Bank v. Capital Constr. Co., 144 S.E. 2d 465, 466
(Ga. App. 1965)); Sturtevant v. Town of Winthrop, 1999 ME 84, 9[ 11,732 A.2d 264, 267;
Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 324 (1981). American had the right to freely assign
its interest in the contract without Mr. Dubois's notice or approval. The Assignment
plainly shows that American assigned its interest in the contract to T&C when it signed
the document on July 27, 2007. The fact that it executed the assignment
contemporaneously with the contract should not defeat the validity of either.
To summarize thus far, an examination of the uncontested facts in the pleadings
shows that Mr. Dubois and American executed a facially valid contract, and that
American transferred its interest in that contract to T&C. With this background, the
Mr. Dubois could also have ratified any alterations by starting to perform the contract, but pleadings themselves do not indisputably show that he acted on the agreement. Restatement (Second) Contracts § 19 (1981).
8 court will address T&C's motion to dismiss the defendant's counterclaims. Mr. Dubois
brings four Counts alleging intentional misrepresentation, negligent misrepresentation,
breach of contract and breach of the duty of good faith and fair dealing, and violations
of the state and federal Fair Debt Collection Practices Acts.
"A motion to dismiss tests the legal sufficiency of the complaint." Heber v.
Lucerne-in-Maine Village Corp., 2000 ME 137, 9[ 7, 755 A.2d 1064, 1066 (quoting McAfee v.
Cole, 637 A.2d 463,465 (Me. 1994)). The Court examines "the complaint in the light most
favorable to the plaintiff to determine whether it sets forth elements of a cause of action
or alleges facts that would entitle the plaintiff to relief pursuant to some legal theory."
Id. (quoting McAfee, 637 A.2d at 465). "For purposes of a 12(b)(6) motion, the material
allegations of the complaint must be taken as admitted." McAfee, 637 A.2d at 465.
"Dismissal is warranted when it appears beyond a doubt that the plaintiff is entitled to
no relief under any set of facts that [s]he might prove in support of [her] claim."
Johanson v. Dunnington, 2001 ME 169, 9[ 5, 785 A.2d 1244, 1245-46.
Under Maine's rule of notice pleading a party does not need to allege specific
facts to survive a 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss unless the allegations are of fraud or
mistake. M.R. Civ. P. 8(a), 9(b) (2009). However, the allegations must be sufficient to
give the defendant notice of the basis of the claims so that the defendant can prepare an
adequate defense. See Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.s. 544, 555 (2007).2 "Factual
allegations must be enough to raise a right to relief above the speculative level ...." Id.
Count I alleges intentional misrepresentation. To succeed on this claim, Mr.
Dubois must prove by clear and convincing evidence:
(1) that [T&C] made a false representation (2) of a material fact (3) with knowledge of its falsity or in reckless disregard of whether it is true or
Rule 8(a) is pra'ctically identical to the comparable federal rule and the court may look to interpretations of the analogous rule for guidance. Bean v. Cummings, 2008 ME 18, 111, 939 A.2d 676,680.
9 false (4) for the purpose of inducing [him] to act in reliance upon it, and (5) [he] justifiably relied upon the representation as true and acted upon it to [his] damage.
Me. Eye Care Assocs. P.A. v. Gorman, 2006 ME 15, 9I 19, 890 A.2d 707, 711. This tort is a
species of fraud and must be plead with particularity. See id. (referring to tort as
"fraudulent inducement"); Mariello v. Giguere, 667 A.2d 588, 590 (Me. 1995) (same).
The defendant's argument is that there was never a contract because American
signed the contract documents and added immaterial clarifications after he signed them
himself. The counterclaim complaint then recites that this constitutes concealment and
is evidence of malice. These allegations clearly fail to state a claim for intentional
misrepresentation because they do not allege that T&C made any false representations
to Mr. Dubois. There are also no alleged facts showing intent or reliance.
At most, these allegations could show that T&C is lying to the court, which could
give rise to a claim of malicious prosecution. However, an action for malicious
prosecution cannot be brought until the wrongful proceedings have "terminated in
favor of the accused." Restatement (Second) of Torts § 653; see Price v. Patterson, 606
A.2d 783, 785 (Me. 1992) (citing the Restatement). Furthermore, the pleadings show that
there was, on its face, a valid contract between American and the defendant, which was
effectively assigned to T&C. The plaintiff's motion to dismiss counterclaim Count I will
be granted.
Count II asserts a claim for negligent representation, the standard for which is:
One who, in the course of his business, profession or employment, or in any other transaction in which he has a pecuniary interest, supplies false information for the gUic;lance of others in their business transactions, is subject to liability for pecuniary loss caused to them by their justifiable reliance upon the information, if he fails to exercise reasonable care or competence in obtaining or communicating the information.
10 Rand v. Bath Iron Works Corp., 2003 ME 122, <[ 13, 832 A.2d 771, 774 (quoting Restatement
(Second) of Torts § 552(a)(1)) (alterations omitted).
The defendant bases this claim on the same arguments he advanced for the
intentional misrepresentation claim, and it must likewise fail. Mr. Dubois's
counterclaim does not allege that T&C supplied him with any false information that he
relied on. Assuming the existence of a duty, he has not alleged anything that could be
construed as a breach or causation. Put another way, the pleading does not give T&C
notice of what it must defend. Count II will be dismissed.
Count III claims that T&C breached the parties' contract by bringing suit in
Maine. As discussed above, the choice of venue provision does not bar the creditor,
T&C, from filing this action in Maine. This count also alleges a breach of the duty of
good faith and fair dealing. The defendant has not indicated how T&C has deprived
him of the benefit of the bargain or alleged any other behavior that could be construed
as a breach of duty. Count III will be dismissed.
Count N asserts claims under the federal Fair Debt Collection Practices Acts, the
Maine Fair Debt Collection Practices Act, and any similar law in Georgia. In his
response to the plaintiff's motion to dismiss, Mr. Dubois identifies Georgia's Industrial
Loans Act. Mr. Dubois also contends that T&C has violated the RICO statutes. Even if
both Maine and Georgia law were to apply under the circumstances, none of these
claims have merit.
The federal Fair Debt Collection Practices Act does not apply to debts incurred
for business purposes or to assignees that receive the debt before it goes into default. 15
U.s.c. § 1692a(5)-(6) (2006); Bloom v. I.e. Sys., Inc., 972 F.2d 1067, 1068 (9th Cir. 1992);
Perry v. Stewart Title Co., 756 F.2d 1197, 1208 (5th Cir. 1985). Maine's Fair Debt Collection
Practices Act is identical to the federal act in these respects. 32 M.R.S. §§ 11002(5)-(6),
11 11003 (2009). The pleadings show that Mr. Dubois incurred his debt to buy equipment
for his business, and that American assigned the debt to T&C more than a year before
the alleged default. Furthermore, Mr. Dubois has not alleged any actions by T&C that
would constitute prohibited harassment, abuse, or fraud under the Acts. 15 USe.
§§ 1692d-1692f (2006); 32 M.R.S. § 11013 (2009).
The Georgia statute cited by the defendant only applies to lenders who make
loans of $3,000 or less. a.e.G.A. § 7-3-3(4). The loan in this case greatly exceeds this
amount, and the statute does not apply. Georgia's RICO statute applies to entities that
engage in a pattern of racketeering, which in tum requires a showing of multiple
incidents of criminal activity. a.e.G.A. §§ 16-14-3 to 16-14-4. Mr. Dubois has not
alleged a pattern of criminal behavior. Mr. Dubois has failed to state a claim under this
or any other Count, and the plaintiff's motion to dismiss the defendant's counterclaims
will be granted in its entirety.
The plaintiff's motion for summary judgment asserts that Mr. Dubois and
American had a valid contract as described above at supra pp. 3-6. (Supp. S.M.F. lfIlfI 1-2,
4-8.) American then assigned all of its rights and interest in the contract to T&e. (Supp.
S.M.F. 9I 3.) While the plaintiff states that this assignment occurred on July 18, 2007, the
actual Assignment document shows that American did not execute the transfer until
July 27, 2007. (Compare Supp. S.M.F. 9I 3 with PI.'s CompI. Exh. B.) The document speaks
for itself and proves the material fact, i.e. that American effectively transferred its
interest to T&e.
Mr. Dubois failed to make the payment due February 1, 2009 and all subsequent
payments. (Supp. S.M.F. 9IlfI 9, 14.) T&C accelerated the debt on June 17, 2009, as a result
of the defendant's continuing default. (Supp. S.M.F. 9I 10.) It also repossessed and sold
the secured equipment, resulting in net proceeds of $12,150.00. (Supp. S.M.F. lfI 11.)
12 When the motion for summary judgment was filed, T&C calculated the total deficiency
due to be $64,510.96. (Supp. S.M.F. Cj[ 12.) This calculation included an accelerated
amount of $75,796.12, plus late fees and interest totaling $864.84, reduced by the
$12,150.00 netted in the equipment sale. (Supp. S.M.F. Cj[ 12.) T&C made a demand for
the deficiency through a letter to Mr. Dubois dated September 15, 2009, but Mr. Dubois
did not respond. (Supp. S.M.F. Cj[Cj[ 13-14.) T&C then filed this action, and claims to have
incurred reasonable attorney's fees and costs totaling $6,788.42 as of March 5, 2010.
(Supp. S.M.F. Cj[ 15.)
Mr. Dubois has not offered any evidence to rebut the plaintiff's asserted facts.
Instead, he attacks the admissibility of an affidavit supporting most of the plaintiff's
material allegations. The affidavit is that of Ralph Martinez, T&C's Senior Vice
President. This affidavit is signed, sworn, and notarized. In it, Mr. Martinez swears that
the facts set forth "are derived from [his] personal knowledge of .. , records, which were
kept in the ordinary course of business by employees whose duties included regularly
keeping such records, and which were made at or near the time of the act or transaction
by, or from information transmitted by, a person with personal knowledge of the facts
set forth ...." (Martinez Aff. preamble.) Such records satisfy the hearsay exception in
Maine Rule of Evidence 803(6), and there is no reason to doubt Mr. Martinez's veracity.
The affidavit meets the requirements of Rule 56(e). Mr. Dubois has not controverted any
of T&C's statements, so they are deemed admitted. M.R. Civ. P. 56(h)(4) (2009).
Mr. Dubois does submit his own statement of facts and affidavit in which he
asserts that there was never a contract because the signed documents were legally void.
These are conclusions of law rather than facts, and the uncontroverted evidence in the
record proves them to be incorrect. Tellingly, Mr. Dubois does not state that there was
never a loan; that he never purchased the equipment identified in the documents; that
13 he did not perform on the contract between July 2007 and January 2009; or that he did
not default on the debt in February 2009.
Plaintiff T&C has established that Mr. Dubois entered into a contract with
American, that American assigned its rights to T&C, and that Mr. Dubois defaulted on
his obligations. Mr. Dubois has not offered any competent evidence or legal argument
to demonstrate that the contract was invalid or unenforceable for reasons not evident on
its face. Summary judgment is appropriate, and the plaintiff's motion will be granted.
CONCLUSION
1. The plaintiff's motion to dismiss the defendant's counterclaims is Granted. ")/~ 2. Plaintiff's Motion for Summary Judgment on its complai~ Gra~ Judgment will be entered for Plaintiff in the sum of $71,299~ along ~ costs, interest and attorney's fee, which will be determined upon submission of an affidavit from counsel.
Clerk may incorporate this judgment in the docket by reference.
Dated: July '24 2010
rf1~ 1
ci\rthUrBr€ I lnan Justice, Superior Court
ATTORNEY FOR PLAINTIFF: STEPHANIE WILLIAMS, ESQ. PERKINS THOMPSON PO BOX 426 PORTLAND ME 04112
ATTORNEY FOR DEFENDANT: AMY L. FAIRFIELD, ESQ. FAIRFIELD & ASSOCIATES PA PO BOX 635 KENNEBUNK ME 04043