MUNGER, District Judge.
The plaintiff in error brought suit to recover damages because of alleged false representations made by the agent of defendant in error. The case was tried to a jury, but at the close of the plaintiff’s evidence the court directed a verdict in favor of the defendant. The correctness of that ruling is the only question presented by this record. Briefly stated, the plaintiff claimed that he was induced to guarantee the debts and running expenses of a firm - (and its successor) which dealt in automobiles, because he believed the statements made by the defendant’s agent, and, as the result of a long conduct of this business, ‘the plaintiff was compelled to pay the losses of these dealers. The plaintiff, an experienced business man, was one of the owners of a business building in Omaha, Neb. This building was occupied by two tenants who were engaged in the sale of automobiles. For some time they had been in arrears in the payment of rents for the building. The plaintiff-was desirous of a continued occupancy of the building by tenants who would agree to pay the current rental of $1,200 per month. The tenants learned that they might secure an agency for the sale of Maxwell and Chalmers automobiles, if they could furnish acceptable guarantors for their purchases. After a conversation with Mr. Page, an agent of the defendant, the plaintiff agreed to fur.nish the money and credit needed to conduct the agency. For that purpose he signed a continuing guaranty of any debts that the agents should incur. One of the terms of the guaranty contract was that the guarantor could at any time terminate his liability for obligations of the partnership executed thereafter, by giving notice. The two tenants and a third person thereupon entered into a partnership to conduct the agency, and made a contract with the defendant, dated July 12, 1922, by which it acquired a right to sell at Omaha, Neb., and adjacent territory such Maxwell automobiles as it should order until July 1, 1923. A rate of discount from current list prices was agreed upon. This contract provided that either party could cancel it upon 15 days’ notice. At the same time the partnership entered into a similar contract with the Chalmers Motor Car Company for the sale of Chalmers automobiles. The partnership bought and sold a number of these automobiles, and furnished repairs and mechanical services. It continued business until December 15, 1922. One of the partners then withdrew from the firm, and a new partner was added. The loss from the conduct-of the business to that time was $2,-036.37. The plaintiff, on December 16,1922, signed an agreement guaranteeing the obligations of the new partnership on the same terms as in the former guaranty. The new partnership leased additional room, and it added an agency for the sale of the Jordan automobile, which continued until July, 1923. The new partnership continued to lose money, but on July 3, 1923, it renewed the contracts with the defendant and with the Chalmers Motor Corporation, whereby it continued its agency for another year. The losses continued and increased each month. On July 1, 1924, a corporation was formed to succeed to the partnership, and it took an assignment from the partnership of the agency contracts. The plaintiff gave promissory notes for the amount of the partnership debts to that time. The corporation continued the business at a loss, and in August, 1924, it made a new contract with the defendant to continue to sell the automobiles made by it. Some time later the agency was discontinued.
In the trial of this case, it was the theory of the plaintiff that the defendant was [211]*211liable for the amount of all net losses tbe partnership suffered in conducting the business during 1922 and 1923 to tbe extent that tbe plaintiff bad guaranteed such losses and bad paid or bad become obligated to pay them, because of false representations made to him by tbe defendant’s agent, on wbieb be bad relied in signing tbe guaranties.
Of tbe misrepresentations relied upon, tbe first is that tbe defendant’s agent, on July 7 or 8, 1922, stated that the company which held tbe agency at Omaha for tbe Maxwell and Chalmers automobiles was doing a good and profitable business. In attempted disproof of this statement, an auditor of that company testified that tbe company’s business bad been conducted at a loss from December, 1921, to October, 1922. Tbe representation rebed upon fixed no specific time to wbieb it appbed, but a reasonable interpretation of tbe words used is that it applied to tbe period recently elapsed before tbe conversation. Tbe proofs in tbe record seem to indicate that the spring and summer months are tbe most favorable for tbe sale of automobiles, and that a business of that nature, which may be unprofitable in tbe fab and winter seasons, may be profitable in tbe spring and summer. • There was no evidence to show that tbe business of tbe former agency bad not been profitable in tbe period recently preceding tbe conversation. Tbe evidence went no further than to show that no profit bad been made in tbe whole period between December, 1921, and October, 1922, but during a portion of this period, from a time in July until October, tbe company bad not bad the agency for these cars, and this portion of tbe time was after tbe conversation wbieb plaintiff relies upon.
Tbe second misrepresentation was alleged as a statement made at the time of this conversation to the effect that tbe prior agency bad been selling an average amount of $300 to $400 worth of automobile parts per day, at a profit of more than $100 per day. A witness was produced by the plaintiff who testified that tbe amount of the daily average sales-of such parts by the prior agency bad been from $125 to $135 per day during a period of one and a half years, but there was no proof that tbe defendant’s agents bad made any statement about tbe average sales of the prior agency. He bad said that the amount of tbe daily sales was between $300 and $400 per day at a profit of 35 per cent., or more than $100 per day. This statement may have been correct as applied to tbe recent conduct of tbe business.
Tbe third representation was that the pri- or agency bad established 35 or 40 sub-agencies. It was shown that there were but 14 of these agencies which tbe defendant in error or tbe Chalmers Motor Car Company bad approved, although there were a number of subagencies wbieb bad not been approved. There was no evidence as to tbe effects of these subagencies, whether any sales bad been made by them, or whether they caused a profit or loss to tbe Omaha dealer.
Tbe fourth representation, as it was pleaded, was a statement that tbe Maxwell and Chalmers automobiles (1) then being sold ,and distributed by tbe defendant were well and carefully built; (2) and were of good quality in material and workmanship; (3) that certain defects which bad previously ex-, isted in these automobiles bad been corrected, and as a result they were attaining a good reputation. Tbe proofs materially varied from these allegations, showing that tbe agent stated that tbe Maxwell car bad bad a bad reputation, arising from a ear made years before, but that these defects bad been corrected, and that tbe ear was then a first-class automobile. Tbe testimony as to tbe condition of tbe automobiles wbieb were sold to tbe agents whose debts the plaintiff guaranteed, did not disprove tbe statements of tbe defendant’s agent, either as pleaded or proved. It was admitted that very few of tbe automobiles purchased were of the 1922 model, wbieb was tbe automobile tbe defendant’s agent had spoken about, and there was no evidence of the amount of trouble, if any, wbieb arose from these" automobiles.
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MUNGER, District Judge.
The plaintiff in error brought suit to recover damages because of alleged false representations made by the agent of defendant in error. The case was tried to a jury, but at the close of the plaintiff’s evidence the court directed a verdict in favor of the defendant. The correctness of that ruling is the only question presented by this record. Briefly stated, the plaintiff claimed that he was induced to guarantee the debts and running expenses of a firm - (and its successor) which dealt in automobiles, because he believed the statements made by the defendant’s agent, and, as the result of a long conduct of this business, ‘the plaintiff was compelled to pay the losses of these dealers. The plaintiff, an experienced business man, was one of the owners of a business building in Omaha, Neb. This building was occupied by two tenants who were engaged in the sale of automobiles. For some time they had been in arrears in the payment of rents for the building. The plaintiff-was desirous of a continued occupancy of the building by tenants who would agree to pay the current rental of $1,200 per month. The tenants learned that they might secure an agency for the sale of Maxwell and Chalmers automobiles, if they could furnish acceptable guarantors for their purchases. After a conversation with Mr. Page, an agent of the defendant, the plaintiff agreed to fur.nish the money and credit needed to conduct the agency. For that purpose he signed a continuing guaranty of any debts that the agents should incur. One of the terms of the guaranty contract was that the guarantor could at any time terminate his liability for obligations of the partnership executed thereafter, by giving notice. The two tenants and a third person thereupon entered into a partnership to conduct the agency, and made a contract with the defendant, dated July 12, 1922, by which it acquired a right to sell at Omaha, Neb., and adjacent territory such Maxwell automobiles as it should order until July 1, 1923. A rate of discount from current list prices was agreed upon. This contract provided that either party could cancel it upon 15 days’ notice. At the same time the partnership entered into a similar contract with the Chalmers Motor Car Company for the sale of Chalmers automobiles. The partnership bought and sold a number of these automobiles, and furnished repairs and mechanical services. It continued business until December 15, 1922. One of the partners then withdrew from the firm, and a new partner was added. The loss from the conduct-of the business to that time was $2,-036.37. The plaintiff, on December 16,1922, signed an agreement guaranteeing the obligations of the new partnership on the same terms as in the former guaranty. The new partnership leased additional room, and it added an agency for the sale of the Jordan automobile, which continued until July, 1923. The new partnership continued to lose money, but on July 3, 1923, it renewed the contracts with the defendant and with the Chalmers Motor Corporation, whereby it continued its agency for another year. The losses continued and increased each month. On July 1, 1924, a corporation was formed to succeed to the partnership, and it took an assignment from the partnership of the agency contracts. The plaintiff gave promissory notes for the amount of the partnership debts to that time. The corporation continued the business at a loss, and in August, 1924, it made a new contract with the defendant to continue to sell the automobiles made by it. Some time later the agency was discontinued.
In the trial of this case, it was the theory of the plaintiff that the defendant was [211]*211liable for the amount of all net losses tbe partnership suffered in conducting the business during 1922 and 1923 to tbe extent that tbe plaintiff bad guaranteed such losses and bad paid or bad become obligated to pay them, because of false representations made to him by tbe defendant’s agent, on wbieb be bad relied in signing tbe guaranties.
Of tbe misrepresentations relied upon, tbe first is that tbe defendant’s agent, on July 7 or 8, 1922, stated that the company which held tbe agency at Omaha for tbe Maxwell and Chalmers automobiles was doing a good and profitable business. In attempted disproof of this statement, an auditor of that company testified that tbe company’s business bad been conducted at a loss from December, 1921, to October, 1922. Tbe representation rebed upon fixed no specific time to wbieb it appbed, but a reasonable interpretation of tbe words used is that it applied to tbe period recently elapsed before tbe conversation. Tbe proofs in tbe record seem to indicate that the spring and summer months are tbe most favorable for tbe sale of automobiles, and that a business of that nature, which may be unprofitable in tbe fab and winter seasons, may be profitable in tbe spring and summer. • There was no evidence to show that tbe business of tbe former agency bad not been profitable in tbe period recently preceding tbe conversation. Tbe evidence went no further than to show that no profit bad been made in tbe whole period between December, 1921, and October, 1922, but during a portion of this period, from a time in July until October, tbe company bad not bad the agency for these cars, and this portion of tbe time was after tbe conversation wbieb plaintiff relies upon.
Tbe second misrepresentation was alleged as a statement made at the time of this conversation to the effect that tbe prior agency bad been selling an average amount of $300 to $400 worth of automobile parts per day, at a profit of more than $100 per day. A witness was produced by the plaintiff who testified that tbe amount of the daily average sales-of such parts by the prior agency bad been from $125 to $135 per day during a period of one and a half years, but there was no proof that tbe defendant’s agents bad made any statement about tbe average sales of the prior agency. He bad said that the amount of tbe daily sales was between $300 and $400 per day at a profit of 35 per cent., or more than $100 per day. This statement may have been correct as applied to tbe recent conduct of tbe business.
Tbe third representation was that the pri- or agency bad established 35 or 40 sub-agencies. It was shown that there were but 14 of these agencies which tbe defendant in error or tbe Chalmers Motor Car Company bad approved, although there were a number of subagencies wbieb bad not been approved. There was no evidence as to tbe effects of these subagencies, whether any sales bad been made by them, or whether they caused a profit or loss to tbe Omaha dealer.
Tbe fourth representation, as it was pleaded, was a statement that tbe Maxwell and Chalmers automobiles (1) then being sold ,and distributed by tbe defendant were well and carefully built; (2) and were of good quality in material and workmanship; (3) that certain defects which bad previously ex-, isted in these automobiles bad been corrected, and as a result they were attaining a good reputation. Tbe proofs materially varied from these allegations, showing that tbe agent stated that tbe Maxwell car bad bad a bad reputation, arising from a ear made years before, but that these defects bad been corrected, and that tbe ear was then a first-class automobile. Tbe testimony as to tbe condition of tbe automobiles wbieb were sold to tbe agents whose debts the plaintiff guaranteed, did not disprove tbe statements of tbe defendant’s agent, either as pleaded or proved. It was admitted that very few of tbe automobiles purchased were of the 1922 model, wbieb was tbe automobile tbe defendant’s agent had spoken about, and there was no evidence of the amount of trouble, if any, wbieb arose from these" automobiles. There was some testimony about tbe qualities of tbe 1923 model of the Maxwell automobiles, wbieb were sold later to tbe dealer, but this testimony did not show defects in tbe vehicles. Tbe only evidence for tbe plaintiff on this subject ascribed tbe qualities of tbe vehicle which be criticized to tbe engineering principles adopted. Tbe real criticism was that a better design could have been adopted as to portions of the vehicle; that is, that a better vehicle could have been built. There was no proof of what defects bad previously existed, and no proof that, if any defects bad existed in former vehicles, they bad not been corrected. There was no proof that other automobiles, of tbe same or of any other class were not subject to similar criticism of tbe engineering principles adopted in some of their features, nor that other automobiles were not subject to breakage and failure of appliances to function under use.
[212]*212There were other statements alleged to have been made by the defendant’s agent, giving his opinion, prediction or promise as to the future course of the business, but these were not representations of fact, and on well-recognized principles were not grounds for recovery in an action of this kind.
If it be conceded that the plaintiff proved some definite and material misstatement of fact, and that the plaintiff, relying upon that statement, became a guarantor of these partnerships to his.loss, and that he could recover because of such misrepresentations, there is no evidence whereby his damages may be ascertained. The plaintiff presented the case upon the theory that, if one or more, of the representations alleged was made, the defendant would be liable for the amount of any net loss sustained by the dealers in the conduct of their business during the year and a half succeeding the misrepresentation. In undertaking this business, the dealers assumed the usual hazards. Its success or failure necessarily involved decisions upon many questions of business policy for which the defendant would not be responsible. The location of the place of business, the business experience of those conducting it, the amount of capital employed, the general business conditions in that vicinity, were factors to be considered. The nature of the articles dealt in, the competition of other dealers, the personality of the officers and employees, the nature of the expenses, such as rent, interest, taxes, advertising, and wages, the margin between purchase and sale prices, the amount of credit extended, and many other problems of a mercantile business, affected the question of profit or loss of the conduct of the business. The purchaser’s measure of damages when the purchase is induced by the fraudulent representations of the seller, is the difference between the real value of the property he received under the contract at the date of the sale, and the actual value of what he parted with for its purchase plus such outlays as are legitimately attributable to the representations. Smith v. Bolles, 132 U. S. 125, 126, 10 S. Ct. 39, 33 L. Ed. 279; Sigafus v. Porter, 179 U. S. 116, 123, 125, 21 S. Ct. 34, 45 L. Ed. 113; Rockefeller v. Merritt (C. C. A.) 76 F. 909, 914, 35 L. R. A. 633; Tooker v. Alston (C. C. A.) 159 F. 599, 603 (16 L. R. A. [N. S.] 818); Nupen v. Pearce (C. C. A.) 235 F. 497, 501.
The proofs in this case do not show the prices at which the dealers received automobiles, parts, or accessories from the defendant, nor the prices at which they were sold. It is not shown what part of the expense of doing business was attributable to the conduct of the business in Maxwell automobiles, as compared to the total expense of doing business, which included the sale of Chalmers and Jordan automobiles, not made nor sold by the defendant. So far as appears from the record, the business resulting from the contract made with the defendant may have been profitable. There was no specific amount of expense or outlay which was traced as the result of any of the representations claimed to have been made by the defendant. Because of the lack of proofs, the direction of a verdict in favor of the defendant was not erroneous, and this conclusion makes it unnecessary to consider other questions which have been presented.
The judgment will be affirmed.