UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
OSCAR D. TORRES, on behalf of himself and others similarly situated,
Plaintiffs,
v. Case No. 1:21-cv-306-RCL
CARLOS DEL TORO1, in his official capacity as Secretary of the Navy,
Defendant.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
This case is about the process by which the Navy can discharge disabled Service members.
When a disabled Service member faces discharge, the Navy assigns a disability level to that
member to determine whether they will be medically “separated” or “retired.” The distinction
matters—Service members who are “medically retired” receive monthly disability payments in
perpetuity, rights to medical care from the military department at issue, and commissary privileges
for the Service member and his or her family. Service members who are “medically separated”
do not receive these same benefits.
Plaintiff, Sergeant Oscar D. Torres (Ret.), filed this putative class action against the
Secretary of the Navy in his official capacity to challenge the Navy’s former “Properly Referred”
policy, which governed the Navy’s review process for determining a Service member’s disability
level. Under the Navy’s policy, the board evaluating a soldier’s military retirement would
consider only those medical conditions “properly referred” by an intermediate evaluation board
1 Pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 25(d), Secretary of the Navy Carlos Del Toro has been automatically substituted for Thomas W. Harker, the former Acting Secretary of the Navy.
1 and complying with the policy’s referral requirements. Plaintiff contends that the policy violated
Congress’s and the Department of Defense’s instructions and wrongfully resulted in a “medically
separated” designation when he was discharged from the Navy. On behalf of himself and others,
plaintiff seeks declaratory and injunctive relief to obtain a “do-over” of that disability
determination, unencumbered by the Navy’s allegedly unlawful policy.
Before the Court is plaintiff’s motion for class certification and motion to appoint class
counsel. Pl.’s Mot., ECF No. 29. With two reservations discussed below, defendant agrees that
the Court can certify a class and appoint class counsel. Upon consideration of the parties’ filings,
Pl.’s Mot.; Pl.’s Br., ECF No. 30-1; Def.’s Br., ECF No. 33; Pl.’s Reply, ECF No. 34, and the
entire record herein, the Court will GRANT plaintiff’s motion for class certification and to appoint
class counsel by separate order.
I. BACKGROUND
A. Overview Of The Military Disability Evaluation System
Military Service members facing retirement or separation because of disabilities are
entitled to “a full and fair hearing” upon request. 10 U.S.C. § 1214. Accordingly, Congress has
provided for a review process by which the branches of the U.S. Military—including the Navy—
may discharge disabled Service members. See id. § 1201. The nuts and bolts of this review process
originate from three primary sources. First, Congress regulates the Services’ responsibilities for
disability determinations in Chapter 61 of Title 10 of the U.S. Code. Next, pursuant to a statutory
mandate, the Secretary of Defense “prescribe[s] regulations on standards and guidelines
concerning the physical evaluation board [(“PEB”)] operated by each of the Secretaries of the
military departments with regard to—(A) assignments and training of staff; (B) operating
procedures; and (C) timeliness of board decisions.” Id. § 1222(c). Each Service Secretary, in turn,
has authority to “prescribe regulations” to carry out federal law’s requirements. Id. § 1216.
2 Three statutes are salient in this case. First, in rendering a disability determination, “the
Secretary concerned shall take into account all medical conditions, whether individually or
collectively, that render the member unfit to perform the duties of the member’s office, grade,
rank, or rating.” Id. § 1216a(b) (emphasis added). Second, the applicable Service uses the
Department of Veterans Affairs (“VA”) schedule for rating disabilities. See id. § 1216a(a). And
third, a PEB must “convey the findings and conclusions of the board in an orderly and itemized
fashion with specific attention to each issue presented by the member in regard to that member’s
case.” Id. § 1222 (emphasis added).
Acting pursuant to the congressional mandate, the U.S. Department of Defense issued
Instruction 1332.18, which establishes the Department of Defense’s Disability Evaluation System
(“DES”). See Administrative Record (“AR”) at 1942, ECF No. 35. The DES is a multistep
performance-based review process used to evaluate whether a Service member’s medical
conditions render him unfit to perform his duties. See AR at 1942.
The DES process is initiated by referral from a Service member’s commander, the
commander of the medical facility treating the Service member, or the Service member’s
individual medical officer. See AR at 2055–56; see also AR at 1967–70. The referring entity
completes VA Form 21-0819 and lists the conditions for which the Service member is being
referred. AR at 2335. And while Service members cannot self-refer to the DES, VA Form 21-
0819 contains a section for Service members to list all claimed conditions (including those not
specifically referred by the referring entity). See, e.g., AR at 370–71. Next, the Service member
attends a Compensation and Pension Examination for both newly claimed conditions and referred
conditions, the VA assigns each of those conditions a rating, and the member’s command assesses
the Service member’s ability to perform their duties. AR at 3.
3 Once the DES process has been initiated, a Medical Evaluation Board (“MEB”), comprised
of a body of physicians, is convened to evaluate the Service member’s disability. See, e.g., AR at
1957. This process is “designed to determine whether a Service member’s long-term medical
condition enables him/her to continue to meet medical retention standards, in accordance with
military service regulations.” Compl. ¶ 21; see AR at 1957–59. When the MEB determines that
a Service member “cannot perform the duties of his office, grade, rank or rating the MEB refers
the case to the (Physical Evaluation Board) PEB.” AR at 1957.
The PEB then determines a Service member’s fitness for continued service based on their
physical and mental disabilities. AR at 1959. Two separate boards comprise the PEB—an
informal Physical Evaluation Board (“IPEB”) and a formal Physical Evaluation Board (“FPEB”).
AR at 1959. After referral from the MEB, an IPEB makes an initial determination regarding the
Service member’s fitness using the VA schedule for rating disabilities. AR at 1959. If the Service
member disagrees with the findings of the IPEB, they can demand a FPEB appearance. AR at
1959.
If either PEB finds that a Service Member is unfit for continued military service, the PEB
must assign a disability rating from 0% to 100%, in increments of 10%, for each physical or mental
condition that renders the Service member unfit for continued military service. ECF No. 1 ¶ 25.
If the PEB finds that more than one medical condition renders the Service member unfit for
continued service, then the PEB assigns a combined disability rating. See 38 C.F.R. § 4.25.
A Service member whose unfitting conditions are rated at a combined level of 30% or
higher receives a “medically retired” designation and is entitled to monthly disability payments in
perpetuity, as well as rights to medical care from the military department and commissary
privileges for the Service member and his or her family. See 10 U.S.C. § 1203. In contrast, a
4 Service member who is assigned a rating between 0 and 20% is deemed “medically separated” and
receives a one-time lump sum disability severance payment. Id. § 1212. A Service member who
is “medically separated” is not entitled to the same monthly disability payments, medical care, and
family commissary privileges to which a “medically retired” Service member is entitled. Id.
B. The “Properly Referred” Policy
The Navy has its own regulations detailing the procedures used to evaluate and adjudicate
disability cases. See AR at 2000–2300.
From September 2016 to June 2018, the Navy’s DES process was governed by the
“Properly Referred” policy. AR at 2. Under this policy, the MEB considers all conditions referred
by the Service member’s commander or applicable medical officer as well as those listed on the
VA Form 21-0819 by the Service member. See, e.g., AR at 20–24. But the PEB’s consideration
of medical conditions was restricted to only those conditions that were “properly referred by a
Medical Evaluation Board (MEB).” See AR at 20. A condition was “properly referred” for
purposes of the policy if the medical condition was:
(i) specifically addressed in a MEB report, narrative summary, or Medical Addendum;
(ii) supported by a VA disability examination; and
(iii) appearing on a single Navy Medical Department (“NAVMED”) form (Form 6100) used by the MEB, dated and signed by the authority convening the disability review.
See AR at 21–22. According to the Navy’s guidance, “[c]onditions presented to the PEB via any
other means are not considered to be properly referred and will not be considered. If Service
members wish to have additional conditions referred by the MEB, they must work with their
commands treating providers, PEB Liaison Officers, and counsel to seek . . . addendums in a
timely manner.” AR at 22.
5 In June 2018, the Navy rescinded the Properly Referred Policy. AR at 2. But the Navy
declined to provide any relief to Service members who claimed that the policy resulted in the
wrongful denial of medical retirement. AR at 5–6.
C. Plaintiff’s DES Evaluation
Plaintiff served as an active-duty Service member in the United States Marine Corps from
February 10, 2013 until January 27, 2018, when he was honorably discharged from the military
due to disability. Compl. ¶ 14. Plaintiff’s medical provider referred him to the DES for chronic
low back pain, sacroiliitis (inflammation of the sacroiliac joint), and spondyloarthropathy
(inflammatory rheumatic disease). AR at 380. He claimed an additional twenty-five conditions
on his VA Form 21-0819. AR at 372. The VA issued proposed disability ratings for all of Mr.
Torres service-connected disabilities, rating seventeen or more at 10% or more service connection.
AR at 317–19. For example, the VA issued a 10% rating for Mr. Torres’s lumbosacral
spondylosis, a 50% rating for Mr. Torres’s sleep apnea, a 20% rating for each of Mr. Torres’s
shoulder seronegative spondyloarthropathy, a 10% rating for each of Mr. Torres’s wrist
seronegative spondyloarthropathy, and a 10% rating for each of Mr. Torres’ knee seronegative
spondyloarthropathy. AR at 81–83, 317–19.
After review, the MEB referred just two conditions to the PEB—Mr. Torres’s sleep apnea
and spondyloarthropathy—and concluded that the remainder of plaintiff’s conditions were not
duty limiting. AR at 374–78.
Upon review of the MEB-referred conditions, the PEB found plaintiff unfit for
spondyloarthropathy at just 10% and fit for sleep apnea. AR at 310, 384–88. By statute, plaintiff
was eligible for separation and severance pay, but was not eligible for medical retirement. AR at
2096; 10 U.S.C. §1203(b); AR at 2096. Plaintiff requested an FPEB and argued that the Navy
6 should assign a combined disability rating of at least 30% for his spondyloarthropathy and three
claimed, VA-rated conditions: bilateral plantar fasciitis, and left and right ankle conditions. AR
at 72, 74, 175. The FPEB instead affirmed Plaintiff’s single unfitting condition because the
additional claimed conditions were not “properly referred.” AR at 0171; Compl. ¶ 76.
D. The Present Lawsuit
On February 2, 2021, plaintiff filed this putative class action against the Secretary of the
Navy, contending that disability determinations affected by the Properly Referred policy violated
the Administrative Procedures Act (“APA”). See Compl. ¶ 95–108. He argues that he “continues
to be deprived of the disability retirement and pay and benefits to which he is entitled” as a “direct
result” of the Properly Referred policy’s effect on his evaluation. Id. ¶ 98; see id. ¶¶ 102, 107–08.
On behalf of himself and putative class members, plaintiff requested, among other things, a
declaration that the Properly Referred policy was unlawful, an order requiring that the PEB’s
fitness findings be reassessed through a replacement PEB proceeding, that the PEB recalculate
combined disability ratings, and that the Navy accord plaintiff and class members the
“appropriate duty or retirement status.” Id. ¶¶ 28–29.
On July 2, 2021, plaintiff moved to certify a class and appoint class counsel. Plaintiff and
defendant agree that this Court can certify the following class:
All veterans of the United States Navy and Marine Corps whose final Physical Evaluation Board occurred between September 12, 2016 and June 11, 2018 who claimed additional conditions in the applicable section of the joint DOD/VA claim form (VA Form 21- 0819)* that were not listed on the last-dated NAVMED Form 6100/1 signed by the Convening Authority and who did not receive a medical retirement through the IDES.
*For example, Section III, Item 11 on VA Form 21-0819 (Oct 2009); and Section III, Item 8 on VA Form 21-0819 (June 2009).
7 Pl.’s Mot. 2. While the parties agree that this Court can certify a class and appoint class counsel,
they dispute the class’s common question of law and the number of members in the class. Plaintiffs
argue that the class’s common question of law is “whether the Navy’s failure to consider all
claimed conditions—limiting its review to those conditions that were ‘properly referred’—
between September 2016 and June 2018 is and was arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion,
or otherwise not in accordance with law, and without observance of procedures required by law.”
Pl.’s Br. 2. In response, defendant argues that the proper question is “whether the Navy could
review some claimed conditions through the Medical Evaluation Board (“MEB”) only, or if the
MEB was required to forward every condition to the Physical Evaluation Board (“PEB”) for a
separate evaluation.” Def. Br. 1. And while plaintiff proposes that there are 10,000 similarly
situated Service members, Pl.’s Mot. 2, defendant estimates, based on a review of Navy records,
that the size of the putative class is 3,776 individuals, Def. Br. 12.
Plaintiff’s motion for class certification and appointment of class counsel is ripe for review.
II. LEGAL STANDARDS
Class litigation is “an exception to the usual rule that litigation is conducted by and on
behalf of the individual named parties only.” Califano v. Yamasaki, 442 U.S. 682, 700–01 (1979).
Lest the exception swallow the rule, Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23 imposes prerequisites to
class certification that “effectively limit the class claims to those fairly encompassed by the named
plaintiff’s claims.” Gen. Tel. Co. of Sw. v. Falcon, 457 U.S. 147, 156 (1982). Under Rule 23(a),
the party seeking certification must demonstrate that
(1) the class is so numerous that joinder of all members is impracticable; (2) there are questions of law or fact common to the class; (3) the claims or defenses of the representative parties are typical of the claims or defenses of the class; and
8 (4) the representative parties will fairly and adequately protect the interests of the class.
Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(a); see Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Dukes, 564 U.S. 338, 345, 350 (2011). (“A party
seeking class certification must affirmatively demonstrate his compliance with [Rule 23]”). These
requirements are commonly referred to as numerosity, commonality, typicality, and adequacy of
representation, respectively. See Radosti v. Envision EMI, LLC, 717 F. Supp. 2d 37, 50 (D.D.C.
2010). In addition to meeting each of these prerequisites, the class must fit at least one of the three
“types” described in Rule 23(b).
Here, plaintiff seeks certification under Rule 23(b)(2), which applies when “the party
opposing the class has acted or refused to act on grounds that apply generally to the class, so that
final injunctive relief or corresponding declaratory relief is appropriate respecting the class as a
whole.” Fed. R. Civ. P.23(b)(2). The Supreme Court has explained that
Rule 23(b)(2) applies only when a single injunction or declaratory judgment would provide relief to each member of the class. It does not authorize class certification when each individual class member would be entitled to a different injunction or declaratory judgment against the defendant. Similarly, it does not authorize class certification when each class member would be entitled to an individualized award of monetary damages.
Wal-Mart, 564 U.S. at 360 (internal citation and quotation marks omitted). Thus, Rule 23(b)(2)
sets forth two basic requirements. First, the party opposing the class must have acted, refused to
act, or failed to perform a legal duty on grounds generally applicable to all class members. 2
William B. Rubenstein, Newberg on Class Actions § 4:26 (5th ed.). Second, “final relief of an
injunctive nature or a corresponding declaratory nature, settling the legality of the behavior with
respect to the class as a whole, [must be] appropriate.” Id. (alteration in original) (quoting Fed. R.
Civ. P. 23(b) advisory committee’s note to 1966 amendment).
9 III. ANALYSIS
While the parties in this case agree that the Court may certify the class, certification is
proper only if this Court “is satisfied, after a rigorous analysis, that the prerequisites of Rule 23(a)
have been satisfied.” D.L. v. District of Columbia, 302 F.R.D. 1, 10–11 (D.D.C. 2013) (quoting
Wal-Mart, 564 U.S. at 350–51), aff’d, 860 F.3d 713 (D.C. Cir. 2017). The Court finds that Rule
23(a)’s requirements—numerosity, commonality, typicality, and adequacy of representation—are
satisfied here. And plaintiff has demonstrated that the Court can certify this class under Rule
23(b)(2). Accordingly, the Court will certify the requested class and appoint plaintiff’s attorneys
as class counsel.
A. Numerosity
Rule 23(a)(1) requires plaintiff to show that “joinder of all members is impracticable.”
That does not mean that joinder would be impossible—instead, plaintiff must show “only that the
difficulty or inconvenience of joining all members of the class make use of the class action
appropriate.” D.L., 302 F.R.D. at 11. Although there is no specific minimum number of class
members required to establish numerosity, courts in this district presume that a class is numerous
enough to satisfy the requirement if it includes forty or more members. See N.S. v. Hughes, 335
F.R.D. 337, 352 (D.D.C. 2020); Garnett v. Zeilinger, 301 F. Supp. 3d 199, 206 (D.D.C. 2018).
And a plaintiff need not provide the exact number of potential class members—a “reasonable . . .
estimate” will suffice. Lightfoot v. District of Columbia, 246 F.R.D. 326, 335 (D.D.C. 2007).
While the parties dispute whether the number of class members is approximately 10,000,
Pl.’s Br. 10; or 3,776, Def. Br. 12; either number is more than enough to satisfy the numerosity
requirement. Joining this number of plaintiffs would be “impracticable.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(a)(1).
And despite the parties’ dispute about the correct number of plaintiffs, the parties agree that
10 members of the class can be readily ascertained based on the Navy’s own records. See Pl.’s Br.
10; Def. Br. 12.
Rule 23(a)(1)’s numerosity requirement is satisfied here.
B. Commonality
Rule 23(a)(2) requires the existence of “questions of law or fact common to the class.”
However, “[a]t a sufficiently abstract level of generalization, almost any set of claims can be said
to display commonality.” Love v. Johanns, 439 F.3d 723, 729–30 (D.C. Cir. 2006) (citation
omitted). For that reason, a “common question” must be one that is “of such a nature that . . .
determination of its truth or falsity will resolve an issue that is central to the validity of each one
of the claims in one stroke.” Wal-Mart, 564 U.S. at 350; see Abraha v. Colonial Parking, Inc.,
No. CV 16-680 (CKK), 2020 WL 4432250, at *4 (D.D.C. July 31, 2020). In other words, “class
members must have suffered the same injury for the same reason, such as a uniform policy or
practice that is illegal.” D.L., 302 F.R.D. at 12 (citing Wal-Mart, 564 U.S. at 349–50); see
Abraha, 2020 WL 4432250, at *4. As the Supreme Court has explained, “it is not common
questions that matter so much as the ‘capacity of a classwide proceeding to generate common
answers apt to drive the resolution of the litigation.’” D.L., 302 F.R.D. at 12. (quoting Wal-
Mart, 564 U.S. at 350).
A class wide proceeding would generate common answers here because the proposed class
members have suffered “the same injury for the same reason.” D.L., 302 F.R.D. at 12 (citation
omitted). The class members allege that they were denied military disability retirement status
while the Properly Referred Policy was in effect and that the Policy unlawfully narrowed the scope
of the PEB’s review of members’ disabling conditions. Thus, the class members’ allegations
implicate the same injury and the same legal theory. Crucially, plaintiffs are not seeking a court
11 determination regarding their particular fitness or discharge type—indeed, such a determination
would depend on the facts and circumstances of each individual’s case and could involve diverging
legal and factual theories. The core issue in this case is the legality of “a uniform policy or
practice that affects all class members”—the Navy’s Properly Referred policy. D.L., 302 F.R.D.
at 12 (quoting D.L. v. District of Columbia, 713 F.3d 120, 128 (D.C. Cir. 2013)).
The Court acknowledges the dispute between the parties about the proper common
question at issue (to which they devote significant attention in their briefing). See Def.’s Br. 9–
11, Pl.’s Reply 4–5. Plaintiff argues that the common question is “whether the Navy’s failure to
consider all claimed conditions—limiting its review to those conditions that were ‘properly
referred’—between September 2016 and June 2018 is and was arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of
discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with law, and without observance of procedures required
by law.” Pl.’s Br. 2. Defendant responds that the proper question is “whether the Navy could
review some claimed conditions through the MEB only, or if the MEB was required to forward
every condition to the PEB for a separate evaluation.” Def.’s Br. 9. But as explained above, the
core issue in this case is whether the Properly Referred policy is lawful. The parties’ framings of
that issue—which incorporate their respective theories about the policy’s lawfulness—are simply
beside the point.
Rule 23(a)(2)’s commonality requirement is satisfied here.
C. Typicality
Next, Rule 23(a)(3) requires that the “claims or defenses of the representative parties are
typical of the claims or defenses of the class.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(a)(3). Generally speaking, a
named plaintiff’s claim is typical “if it arises from the same event or practice or course of conduct
that gives rise to a claim of another class member’s where his or her claims are based on the same
12 legal theory.” D.L., 302 F.R.D. at 14 (quoting Stewart v. Rubin, 948 F. Supp. 1077, 1088 (D.D.C.
1996)). “The facts and claims of each class member do not have to be identical to support a finding
of typicality; rather, typicality refers to the nature of the claims of the representative, not the
individual characteristics of the plaintiff.” Radosti, 717 F. Supp. 2d at 52 (quoting Abraha, 2020
WL 4432250, at *5). This requirement “ensures that the named plaintiffs are appropriate
representatives of the class whose claims they wish to litigate.” Wal-Mart, 564 U.S. at 349.
Here, plaintiff alleges an identical procedural injury to that of other proposed class
members. The Navy’s PEB, acting pursuant to the “Properly Referred” policy, limited its review
of plaintiff and class members’ purported disabling conditions to only those that were “properly
referred” by the MEB. Plaintiff’s claims are thus typical of the proposed class.
Rule 23(a)(3)’s typicality requirement is satisfied here.
D. Adequacy and Appointment of Class Counsel
The final prerequisite to class certification, adequacy, requires a finding that “the
representative parties will fairly and adequately protect the interests of the class.”
Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(a)(4). There are two criteria for adequacy: “(1) the named representative must
not have antagonistic or conflicting interests with the unnamed members of the class, and (2) the
representative must appear able to vigorously prosecute the interests of the class through qualified
counsel.” D.L., 302 F.R.D. at 14 (quoting Twelve John Does v. District of Columbia, 117 F.3d
571, 575 (D.C. Cir. 1997)).
Upon consideration of the record currently before the Court, both criteria appear to be
satisfied. The Court sees no evidence in the record of any antagonistic or conflicting interests
between plaintiff and the class. Plaintiff’s interest is not only identical to the interests of class
13 members, but he appears able to vigorously prosecute the interests of the class through the qualified
pro bono counsel that he has retained.
Indeed, the record reflects that class counsel are qualified and will “fairly and adequately
represent the interests of the class.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(g). Plaintiff’s attorneys have experience
in both veterans’ matters and class-action litigation. See Declaration of Barton F. Stichman
(“Stichman Decl.”) 1–2, ECF No. 29-3; Pl.’s Br. 14. For example, several of plaintiffs’ attorneys
are from the National Veterans Legal Services Program and have significant experience in class-
action litigation as part of an organization focused on representing the interests of veterans.
Stichman Decl. 1–2. And plaintiff’s counsel from Perkins Coie LLP have represented that they
have successfully litigated complex class action matters. See Pl.’s Br. 14. Counsel’s actions in
this case thus far demonstrate their professional ability and that the requirements of Rule 23(g) are
met.
Rule 23(a)(4)’s adequacy requirement is satisfied here.
E. Rule 23(b)(2) Requirements2
FRCP 23(b)(2) permits class actions for declaratory or injunctive relief where “the party
opposing the class has acted or refused to act on grounds generally applicable to the class.”
According to this rule, “two elements must exist: (1) the defendant’s action or refusal to act must
be ‘generally applicable to the class,’ and (2) plaintiff must seek final injunctive relief or
corresponding declaratory relief on behalf of the class.” Disability Rights Council of Greater
Wash. v. Wash. Metro. Area Transit Auth., 239 F.R.D. 9, 28 (D.D.C. 2006) (citing 7AA Charles
2 In his complaint and motion for class certification, plaintiff argues that certification of the proposed class is also permissible under Rule 23(b)(1). See Compl. ¶ 94; Pl. Mot. 3. He does not mention this provision in his supporting memorandum. In any event, the Court need not consider whether certification under Rule 23(b)(1) is warranted here because the Court will certify the class under Rule 23(b)(2).
14 Allen Wright, Arthur R. Miller & Mary K. Kane, Federal Practice and Procedure § 1775 (3d ed.
2006)); see Steele v. United States, 159 F. Supp. 3d 73, 81 (D.D.C. 2016).
The Supreme Court has explained that the “key to the (b)(2) class is the indivisible nature
of the injunctive or declaratory remedy warranted.” Wal-Mart, 564 U.S. at 360. When “a single
injunction or declaratory judgment would provide relief to each member of the class,” the class is
properly certified under (b)(2). Id.; N.S., 335 F.R.D. at 355.
Here, class members in the present lawsuit seek declaratory and injunctive relief that will
apply equally to all class members. That relief would compel the Navy to conduct new DES
proceedings to reassess and recalculate procedurally unlawful PEB findings. An injunction would
rectify this procedural harm equally for all class members. See, e.g., Wal-Mart, 564 U.S. at 360
(“Rule 23(b)(2) applies only when a single injunction or declaratory judgment would provide relief
to each member of the class.”); Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(b)(2), advisory committee note to 1966
amendment (stating that Rule 23(b)(2) was “intended to reach situations where a party has taken
action or refused to take action with respect to a class, and final relief of an injunctive nature or of
a corresponding declaratory nature, settling the legality of the behavior with respect to the class as
a whole, is appropriate”).
Additionally, certification under Rule 23(b)(2) is appropriate because the proposed class
seeks no monetary relief. See, e.g., Wal-Mart, 564 U.S. at 360 (“Rule 23(b)(2) applies only when
a single injunction or declaratory judgment would provide relief to each member of the class.”).
Declaratory and injunctive relief that, among other things, compels the Navy to reassess and
recalculate PEB findings with new proceedings would remedy the harm that each class member
experienced. See Compl. ¶ 6.
* * *
15 For the aforementioned reasons, the Court will certify the following class pursuant to Rule
23(b)(2):
All veterans of the United States Navy and Marine Corps whose final Physical Evaluation Board occurred between September 12, 2016 and June 11, 2018 who claimed additional conditions in the applicable section of the joint DOD/VA claim form (VA Form 21- 0819)* that were not listed on the last-dated NAVMED Form 6100/1 signed by the Convening Authority and who did not receive a medical retirement through the IDES.
*For example, Section III, Item 11 on VA Form 21-0819 (Oct 2009); and Section III, Item 8 on VA Form 21-0819 (June 2009).
The Class meets the numerosity, commonality, typicality, and adequacy criteria set forth
in Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23(a). The Court will appoint plaintiff Oscar Torres as class
representative and plaintiffs counsel from the National Veterans Legal Services Program and the . . . .
law firm Perkins Coie LLP as Class Counsel.
IV. CONCLUSION
Based on the foregoing, the Court will grant the motion for class certification and
appointment of class counsel by separate order.
Date: - - - - - - -- - Royce C. Lamberth United States District Judge