Maeshaix, J\
Though there is some controversy between counsel in respect to the matter, and the trial court •seems to have thought the evidence warranted such controversy, it is a grave question, on the record, as to whether the evidence does not conclusively show, independently of the result of the criminal action, that appellant’s agent, in commencing it, acted in good faith upon the advice of the public prosecutor of Milwaukee county after having fully and fairly stated to him all the facts of which such agent had knowledge or information bearing on the subject. If such be the fact, then the element of probable cause for the prose■cution existed, the verdict of the jury was wrong in respect thereto, and the cause of action for malicious prosecution .should have been dismissed.
The law is too well settled to be open to discussion, that the action of malicious prosecution will not lie against one who, before acting against the other party, fully and fairly submitted all the facts and circumstances within his knowledge, or of which he had reasonably reliable information, to an attorney at law, particularly in case of its being the public prosecutor, and proceeded in good faith upon his advice that ■such facts constitute guilt of the offense charged. Small v. McGovern, 117 Wis. 608, 94 N. W. 651.
But, conceding that, as an original matter, the question of whether appellant’s agent satisfied the foregoing rule to have been sufficiently involved, on the evidence, to require sub[61]*61mission of it to the jury, was it a jury matter in view of the fact that the evidence conclusively showed that the agent submitted all the facts within his knowledge and of which he-had reasonably reliable information, in respect to which evidence was produced on the first trial of the criminal act-ion, and that the case, on the evidence, as to plaintiff’s guilt, was the same on such first trial as on the second and upon the trial of this action, and that by the decision at first as to the-facts, supposed by the public prosecutor to probably exist, relying on appellant’s agent for information in the matter,, were found .to exist, which decision has never been, in reality, set aside, except for insufficiency -in law to constitute guilt— that the public prosecutor, upon wffiom such agent had a right to and did rely, and the trial court, till guided by the decision of this court, believed such facts constituted a criminal offense, as charged, and acted accordingly ?
The court, in the criminal prosecution, having found the-facts, as claimed by appellant’s agent, to exist, contrary to the claim of respondent then made and made again on the-second criminal trial and again on the trial of this action, from which finding the respondent could not, as clearly shown by the review in this court (Topolewski v. State, 130 Wis. 244, 109 N. W. 1037), have escaped punishment for being guilty of the crime of larceny, had not the opinion of the public prosecutor and the trial court, as to the legal effect of facts, been overruled — can it yet be said that appellant, through its agent, did not have probable cause for instituting the criminal prosecution ?
Should appellant be mulcted in damages, and punished punitively as well, for not knowing the law better than a state officer, charged with the duty of prosecuting the case,, and the court, charged with the duty of originally applying-the law to the facts ?
Is it true that, though a person, acting upon the advice of a public prosecutor as to the legal effect of the facts, takes the-[62]*62initiative in a criminal prosecution, and conviction follows, nevertheless, whether he is in danger of being charged as a .malicious prosecutor, is contingent upon whether his adviser and the court mistook the law ?
The highly unreasonableness of affirmative answers to the foregoing suggests that the truth of the matter must be 'in the negative. The mere statement of the propositions would •seem to be sufficient to indicate correctly what the law is, assuming, as we may, that it is fairly what it ought to be, viz.: that a judgment in a criminal prosecution obtained without ■collateral fraud, though subsequently reversed, is conclusive -evidence of probable cause.for the prosecution.
The logic of the foregoing seems unanswerable, though it is true, as claimed by counsel for respondent, there is much -conflict in judicial authorities in respect to the matter; some holding that the result of a conviction in a criminal prosecution, in the absence of collateral fraud, though reversed on .appeal, is conclusive evidence of probable cause for instituting it; some holding that it is so conclusive unless obtained by fraud or perjury in the action, and some holding that, in any event, it is only prima facie evidence of probable cause. This court has never had occasion to speak on the subject. However, it has upheld the rule that advice of counsel, upon a reasonably fair statement of the facts under all the circum■stances, constitutes probable cause, most liberally in favor of defendants in malicious prosecutions, holding that even advice of private counsel satisfies the rule, also that “full and fair statement of all the facts” does not require statement of .all the facts discoverable, or that the informer should even make diligent inquiry to ascertain the facts. King v. Apple River P. Co. 131 Wis. 575, 111 N. W. 668.
The reason for the foregoing rests in sound public policy as well as fairness to litigants. The idea is that the administration of the criminal law should not be embarrassed by such [63]*63■dangers to informers as "will efficiently deter them from making known to professional legal advisers snch information as they may have respecting probability of crime having been committed and the guilty parties; that so long as they act honestly they should have complete immunity from consequences. Such is the trend.of even the written law as evidenced by numerous enactments rendering offenders immune from prosecution, criminally, who have been examined under oath in search of information upon which to institute prosecutions. Logically, it would seem, the unwritten law of this .state should be that a conviction in a criminal prosecution, though reversed on appeal fox any reason, is conclusive evi-■denee of probable cause, rendering the person who instituted the proceedings immune from being successfully charged as a malicious prosecutor. In case a court has before it evi-■denee, which, in its judgment, renders the accused guilty of the offense charged against him, it would look like a travesty -on justice to hold that a person who instituted the prosecution, acting under professional advice based on the same appearances, did not have reasonable ground to believe the man guilty.
It would take much time and space to cite and discuss the -conflicting adjudications on the subject before us. As an ■original proposition, in our judgment, the logic of the unwritten law of this state leads to the conclusion that a conviction in a criminal prosecution should stand as probable «cause for its commencement, as regards the person who instituted it, and irrespective of any disturbance of the judgment ■on appeal. But, if such were not the case, this court would be inclined to reach the same result in choosing between the three conflicting lines of authority, because of its uniform ■custom, in case of such conflicts, there being no great preponderance in numbers and logic in favor of a particular -doctrine, to follow that of the federal supreme court. .That [64]
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Maeshaix, J\
Though there is some controversy between counsel in respect to the matter, and the trial court •seems to have thought the evidence warranted such controversy, it is a grave question, on the record, as to whether the evidence does not conclusively show, independently of the result of the criminal action, that appellant’s agent, in commencing it, acted in good faith upon the advice of the public prosecutor of Milwaukee county after having fully and fairly stated to him all the facts of which such agent had knowledge or information bearing on the subject. If such be the fact, then the element of probable cause for the prose■cution existed, the verdict of the jury was wrong in respect thereto, and the cause of action for malicious prosecution .should have been dismissed.
The law is too well settled to be open to discussion, that the action of malicious prosecution will not lie against one who, before acting against the other party, fully and fairly submitted all the facts and circumstances within his knowledge, or of which he had reasonably reliable information, to an attorney at law, particularly in case of its being the public prosecutor, and proceeded in good faith upon his advice that ■such facts constitute guilt of the offense charged. Small v. McGovern, 117 Wis. 608, 94 N. W. 651.
But, conceding that, as an original matter, the question of whether appellant’s agent satisfied the foregoing rule to have been sufficiently involved, on the evidence, to require sub[61]*61mission of it to the jury, was it a jury matter in view of the fact that the evidence conclusively showed that the agent submitted all the facts within his knowledge and of which he-had reasonably reliable information, in respect to which evidence was produced on the first trial of the criminal act-ion, and that the case, on the evidence, as to plaintiff’s guilt, was the same on such first trial as on the second and upon the trial of this action, and that by the decision at first as to the-facts, supposed by the public prosecutor to probably exist, relying on appellant’s agent for information in the matter,, were found .to exist, which decision has never been, in reality, set aside, except for insufficiency -in law to constitute guilt— that the public prosecutor, upon wffiom such agent had a right to and did rely, and the trial court, till guided by the decision of this court, believed such facts constituted a criminal offense, as charged, and acted accordingly ?
The court, in the criminal prosecution, having found the-facts, as claimed by appellant’s agent, to exist, contrary to the claim of respondent then made and made again on the-second criminal trial and again on the trial of this action, from which finding the respondent could not, as clearly shown by the review in this court (Topolewski v. State, 130 Wis. 244, 109 N. W. 1037), have escaped punishment for being guilty of the crime of larceny, had not the opinion of the public prosecutor and the trial court, as to the legal effect of facts, been overruled — can it yet be said that appellant, through its agent, did not have probable cause for instituting the criminal prosecution ?
Should appellant be mulcted in damages, and punished punitively as well, for not knowing the law better than a state officer, charged with the duty of prosecuting the case,, and the court, charged with the duty of originally applying-the law to the facts ?
Is it true that, though a person, acting upon the advice of a public prosecutor as to the legal effect of the facts, takes the-[62]*62initiative in a criminal prosecution, and conviction follows, nevertheless, whether he is in danger of being charged as a .malicious prosecutor, is contingent upon whether his adviser and the court mistook the law ?
The highly unreasonableness of affirmative answers to the foregoing suggests that the truth of the matter must be 'in the negative. The mere statement of the propositions would •seem to be sufficient to indicate correctly what the law is, assuming, as we may, that it is fairly what it ought to be, viz.: that a judgment in a criminal prosecution obtained without ■collateral fraud, though subsequently reversed, is conclusive -evidence of probable cause.for the prosecution.
The logic of the foregoing seems unanswerable, though it is true, as claimed by counsel for respondent, there is much -conflict in judicial authorities in respect to the matter; some holding that the result of a conviction in a criminal prosecution, in the absence of collateral fraud, though reversed on .appeal, is conclusive evidence of probable cause for instituting it; some holding that it is so conclusive unless obtained by fraud or perjury in the action, and some holding that, in any event, it is only prima facie evidence of probable cause. This court has never had occasion to speak on the subject. However, it has upheld the rule that advice of counsel, upon a reasonably fair statement of the facts under all the circum■stances, constitutes probable cause, most liberally in favor of defendants in malicious prosecutions, holding that even advice of private counsel satisfies the rule, also that “full and fair statement of all the facts” does not require statement of .all the facts discoverable, or that the informer should even make diligent inquiry to ascertain the facts. King v. Apple River P. Co. 131 Wis. 575, 111 N. W. 668.
The reason for the foregoing rests in sound public policy as well as fairness to litigants. The idea is that the administration of the criminal law should not be embarrassed by such [63]*63■dangers to informers as "will efficiently deter them from making known to professional legal advisers snch information as they may have respecting probability of crime having been committed and the guilty parties; that so long as they act honestly they should have complete immunity from consequences. Such is the trend.of even the written law as evidenced by numerous enactments rendering offenders immune from prosecution, criminally, who have been examined under oath in search of information upon which to institute prosecutions. Logically, it would seem, the unwritten law of this .state should be that a conviction in a criminal prosecution, though reversed on appeal fox any reason, is conclusive evi-■denee of probable cause, rendering the person who instituted the proceedings immune from being successfully charged as a malicious prosecutor. In case a court has before it evi-■denee, which, in its judgment, renders the accused guilty of the offense charged against him, it would look like a travesty -on justice to hold that a person who instituted the prosecution, acting under professional advice based on the same appearances, did not have reasonable ground to believe the man guilty.
It would take much time and space to cite and discuss the -conflicting adjudications on the subject before us. As an ■original proposition, in our judgment, the logic of the unwritten law of this state leads to the conclusion that a conviction in a criminal prosecution should stand as probable «cause for its commencement, as regards the person who instituted it, and irrespective of any disturbance of the judgment ■on appeal. But, if such were not the case, this court would be inclined to reach the same result in choosing between the three conflicting lines of authority, because of its uniform ■custom, in case of such conflicts, there being no great preponderance in numbers and logic in favor of a particular -doctrine, to follow that of the federal supreme court. .That [64]*64court reviewed the conflict in question in Crescent City L. S. Co. v. Butchers’ Union S. H. Co. 120 U. S. 141, 159, 7 Sup. Ct. 412, 481, and declared the true rule to be that:
“The judgment or decree of a court having jurisdiction, of the parties and of the subject matter, in favor of the-plaintiff, is sufficient evidence of probable cause for its institution, although subsequently reversed by an appellate tribunal. . . .” That rule “was not established out of any special regard to the person of the party. ... It will avail him as a complete defense in an action for malicious-prosecution, although it may appear that he brought his suit maliciously for the mere purpose of vexing, harassing, and injuring his adversaiy. The rule is founded on deeper grounds of public policy in vindication of the dignity and authority of judicial tribunals constituted for the purpose of administering justice according to law, and in order that their judgments and decrees may be invested with that force and sanctity which shall be a shield and protection to all parties and persons in privity with them.” It “has respect to the court and to its judgment, and not to the parties, and no misconduct or demerit on their part, except fraud in procuring the judgment itself, can be permitted to detract from its force.” “Neither misconduct nor demerit can be imputed to the court itself. The record of its proceedings imports verity; its judgment cannot be impugned except by direct process from superior authority. The integrity and value of the judicial system, as an institution for the administration of public and private justice, rests largely upon this wholesome principle.”
There is no mistaking the meaning of that 'emphatic language. It was used after reviewing many cases bearing on the subject, some of which limited the rule as to immunity by judgment, to judgment “not obtained by undue means.” It discarded the exception permitting raising a jury question as to whether a judgment was obtained by undue means notwithstanding its being between the parties free from collateral attack, except for extrinsic or collateral matters.
Our conclusion is that a judgment not procured by fraud [65]*65against a defendant in a criminal prosecution, though reversed for error, is conclusive proof of probable cause for commencing the prosecution, and that the effect of such judgment in that regard cannot be impaired by trying over again in an action for malicious prosecution, issues of fact raised, or proper to have been raised, and litigated on the former trial; that the term “fraud” in procuring the judgment, used by the federal supreme court, in the expression “no misconduct or demerit” of the parties, “except in procuring the judgment itself, can be permitted to.detract from its force,” refers to fraud extrinsic and collateral, not as to a matter involved and litigated and decided in the action, as for instance, in this case, whether the story of respondent or that of Dolan and others, where there was a conflict, is true.
It follows that the case, as to the second cause of action, should have been taken from the jury. The situation created by the judgment in the criminal action, as regards immunity to appellant from being successfully charged with want of probable cause for instituting the prosecution, was in no wise changed by the reversal for error. There was no proof of facts extrinsic impairing that situation. There was only proof to submit, as1 in the criminal case, the question of whether respondent’s story of how he came to take the meat was true, which story the court in such case, in effect, found to be untrue and which finding, with others, as we have seen, has not been, in reality, disturbed, but found insufficient in law to constitute guilt.
It is conceded that there was a false imprisonment of respondent for a brief period; from the time he was taken charge of by direction of defendant’s manager, Layer, till he was arrested on the warrant. The exact length of time does not appear from the evidence, but it sufficiently appears to have been less than one hour and not to have been characterized by any act of an aggravating nature. He was merely, without protest, taken in charge by a city detective at the [66]*66direction of appellant’s manager, immediately escorted to the police station, which was a short distance away, he driving his own horse, apparently as ordinarily, and then, without much delay, placed under arrest on a proper warrant. Eor whatever damages he suffered, under all the circumstances, by reason of this brief illegal restraint, it must be conceded appellant is liable, if it is chargeable with the misconduct of Layer; otherwise not.
It must be conceded that, if the agents of appellant acted within the scope of their employment in committing the wrongful act, thén it is liable, notwithstanding they may have used .means within such scope which appellant did not authorize and had no reasonable ground to expect would be resorted to. The law on the subject has been stated by this court with sufficient definiteness to render more than merely restating it, as a rule, unnecessary:
“The master is liable for the negligent or wrongful acts of his servant committed in endeavoring to perform a duty delegated to him by the master, and this is so notwithstanding the method adopted by the servant may not have been authorized, and may even have been prohibited, by the master.” “The test is whether the act was done in the prosecution of the master’s business.” Cobb v. Simon, 119 Wis. 597, 97 N. W. 276.
“A master is liable for the tortious act of the servant done in the scope of his employment, though the master did not authorize it, or even though he forbade it.” Johnston v. C., St. P., M. & O. R. Co. 130 Wis. 492, 498, 110 N. W. 424, 426.
.While.it cannot be held, ordinarily, that a corporation or an individual in conferring power to act within a particular scope, intended to confer authority to abuse such power, or had reasonable ground to expect that it would be abused, such corporation or individual is, nevertheless, responsible for such abuse and, also, whether it occurs within the scope of the duty or not, if with full knowledge of the facts the conduct is [67]*67ratified. That is the effect of Pfister v. Milwaukee Free Press Co. 139 Wis. 627, 121 N. W. 938.
The law governing the subject having thus been clearly •declared by this court, we forego referring to authorities elsewhere which have been numerously cited to our attention.
It seems that the facts of this case fall fairly within the •doctrine stated. The whole conduct of appellant’s affairs seems to have been left to Moody, the secretary, and Booth, the general manager, with Layer as manager of the wholesale department. There was no president and, for aught appearing, no vice-president. That Booth and Moody had authority, under the circumstances indicated, incident to their trusts, to protect the corporate business from unlawful depredations, and that prosecution of depredators, such as it was supposed respondent to be, was a legitimate means to that end, and within the scope of their employment in that regard, seem plain. Such being the case, it is considered that whatever Layer, the sales manager, did to protect the business, by precedent direction of those in charge thereof and within the scope of such direction, and whether the means employed were or were not legitimate, and whether he acted by precedent direction or not, if his conduct was afterwards- ratified by the corporation by approval of those in general charge of its affairs — the corporation did, as regards, at least, compen-sable injuries to them.
The evidence is clear that the general manager impressed strongly upon the sub-manager, Layer, the necessity of apprehending those who were guilty of defrauding the company and that whatever he subsequently did was pursuant thereto. His act in causing the irregular illegal restraint of respondent was, at the best for appellant represented by its general manager, Booth, an abuse of power in the execution of a trust. But it satisfactorily appears that, after Layer’s conduct came to the knowledge of Booth and all in authority, they not only did not disaffirm it, but ratified it. The con[68]*68duct of all representing appellant, from first to lastj shows, that the act of Layer had all the corporate approval it could have had other than hy precedent authorization or subsequent ratification by the board of directors, and no such formal authorization or ratification was necessary to make his act in legal effect the corporate act. Circumstantial ratification, conduct by those intrusted-with the whole power of the corporation clearly indicating approval of the wrongful act of the agent in performing his duties, is a sufficient ratification. That is the effect of Pfister v. Milwaukee Free Press Co., supra, following Bass v. C. & N. W. R. Co. 42 Wis. 654, and Patry v. C., St. P., M. & O. R. Co. 77 Wis. 218, 46 N. W. 56.
So it is considered that the court did not commit error in refusing to take the claim for false imprisonment from the jury upon the ground that appellant was not responsible for the conduct of Layer.
Error is assigned because the court instructed the jury, in respect to the cause of action for false imprisonment, that they could allow compensation for loss of business, though no claim was made on that score in the complaint, and there was no showing of loss of business up to the time of the arrest on the warrant, and no direction was given to the jury to guard against danger of their duplicating damages for loss of business in assessing damages in the two causes of action.
Error is also assigned, in that the court submitted the cause of action for false imprisonment for an assessment of damages to cover expense of defending in the criminal proceeding, in connection with the arrest, notwithstanding there was no claim in the complaint for such recovery, and no evidence of expense except subsequent to arrest on the criminal warrant, thus again leading to duplication of damages by allowing a recovery for expenses where none were claimed, or shown, and also for expenses where there was no basis therefor if respondent was entitled to recover at all.
Error is further assigned, in that the court submitted the [69]*69false imprisonment canse of action for an assessment of damages for anxiety of mind cansed by the pending criminal ■charge, instead of caused by the false and illegal restraint, the latter only being applicable to the claim for false imprisonment, and the former to the claim for malicious prosecution.
Further error is assigned, in that the court by the charge permitted an allowance of damages under the false imprisonment charge for the whole period of detention, whereas nearly all of such period was after the arrest on the warrant, and again in that it permitted an allowance of damages under the claim for false imprisonment in several other particulars which were either applicable only to the claim for malicious prosecution, or were not limited by the instructions so as to .guard against compensation being allowed for the same thing twice.
Thus we have stated a number of claimed infirmities in the court’s instruction, which are of the same general character and need not be discussed in detail. In general, the assignments of error mentioned are all well taken. Evidently there was want of clear appreciation of the elements of damages which were proper only on the claim for false imprisonment, and those which were proper only on the claim for malicious prosecution, and the necessity for so presenting the ■case to the jury to prevent duplicating; which was very liable to occur under the circumstances, and which evidently did occur. That is shown by the fact that, notwithstanding respondent was under false restraint but an hour at most, and without any circumstances of aggravation, he was awarded •compensatory damages to the extent of $5,500, which the court was constrained to believe was too much by at least $4,500. The legitimate damages for the false detention of, probably, only part of an hour, merely time enough for Layer to consult with the public prosecutor and papers for the arrest to be obtained and served, were within a very nar[70]*70row compass. Evidently the case was so submitted to the jury as to lead them to allow damages on the claim for false imprisonment which fell within the field covered by the claim for malicious prosecution, and then to allow the same over again.
The court committed further plain error by instructing the jury that if they concluded the conduct of defendant, by its agent, to have been malicious, they were not only permitted, but it was their duty, to award punitory as well as compensatory damages to respondent. Punitory damages are never allowable, in such a case, as matter of right. Regret has been expressed here that the law allowing such damages, at all, was incorporated into our jurisprudence. Bass v. C. & N. W. R. Co. 42 Wis. 654. There are indications that the court has been, at times, so disposed that, could the matter have been dealt with from an original standpoint, damages in civil actions would now be confined to those of a compensatory nature. Eviston v. Cramer, 57 Wis. 570, 15 N. W. 760; Templeton v. Graves, 59 Wis. 95, 17 N. W. 672. But the court has uniformly held that punitory damages are not allowable at all without the element of malice, and then not as a matter of right or out of any consideration for the plaintiff, but as a disciplinary punishment of the defendant, and admonishment to others to abstain from like bad conduct. A case should not be submitted for an award of such damages, at all, in the absence of evidence warranting a conclusion to a reasonable certainty that the defendant acted with bad intent of some sort (Reed v. Keith, 99 Wis. 672, 75 N. W. 392), and then only for the jury to allow or not allow such damages in their sound discretion in view of all the circumstances. That is deemed to be too elementary to require citation of authority.
True, in quite an early case, Hooker v. Newton, 24 Wis. 292, this court, on the strength of some few not very reliable or logically reasoned cases, held that it was proper to instruct [71]*71the jury in the obligatory form, as was done here. But such holding has not been followed. It is out of harmony with authorities in general and was, upon a full discussion of the matter, overruled in Robinson v. Superior R. T. R. Co. 94 Wis. 345, 68 N. W. 961. It was there distinctively held that punitory damages are not allowable as matter of legal right; that in all eases the court should decide whether, in any reasonable view of the evidence, punitory damages would be proper and, if so, to then instruct the jury what elements of fact are requisite to justify such damages and make it plain that whether to allow them or not is left to their sound discretion. ' To the same effect is Tilton v. J. L. Gates L. Co. 140 Wis. 197, 210, 121 N. W. 331.
The instruction was also erroneous because punitory damages are never to be visited upon a corporation for the wrongful conduct of its officers or agents in the absence of satisfactory proof of authorization of the particular act or ratification of it. Robinson v. Superior R. T. R. Co. 94 Wis. 345, 68 N. W. 961; Cobb v. Simon, 119 Wis. 597, 97 N. W. 276. That evidently was not appreciated by the circuit judge. Here there was no proof of such authorization. There was proof of mere abuse of authority which could not have been apprehended would occur when the corporate agents were placed in authority. However, there was conclusive evidence, as it seems, of ratification of the imprisonment after it occurred, so failure of the court to guard instruction in that respect was harmless.
Further assignment of error is made because the court failed to change the jury’s finding convicting appellant upon the ground that its agent, when he detained respondent, did not honestly believe the latter to be guilty of having stolen the meat, and further in refusing to change the answer to the fourth question wherein the jury found that the agent acted in bad faith in detaining respondent and taking him to the police station. Both of these questions were evidently subr [72]*72mitted to the jury on the theory that the defendant’s agent is presumed to have known that the facts relied upon to charge respondent with'having stolen the meat did not justify such charge; that the mere mistake of law, which was followed by a similar mistake of the public prosecutor and further dignified by mistake of the trial court, and only corrected by a decision here as involving a question of considerable difficulty, is a legitimate basis for holding that appellant’s agents knew respondent was not guilty of larceny when he was treated as if he were guilty. That they had no such knowledge, in fact, is quite apparent. Therefore, our treatment of the first assignment of error condemns the rulings complained of.
So long as appellant’s agents honestly supposed that the facts believed by them, and thereafter judicially found, to exist, and detained the accused, momentarily, with the purpose of immediately presenting the matter to the public prosecutor, and acting upon his advice, they cannot be held to have acted maliciously and dishonestly on the faith of the legal fiction, good in its place, that all men are presumed to know the law.
While it is often said that the presumption is, that every one knows the law, that is, m some respects, a legal relic. It is, in its broad sense, obsolete. It is so said, in effect, in all modem text-books, based on judicial authority. Lawson on Law of Presumptive Evidence at page 6 illustrates by quoting the language of an eminent judge that:
“There is no presumption in this country that every person knows the law: it would be contrary to common sense and reason if it were so. . . . If everybody knew the law, there would be no need of courts of appeal, whose existence shows that judges may be 'ignorant of law.”
The legal presumption however exists, and is applicable wherever necessary to the due administration of justice. Ignorancia legis neminem excused, is a rule of necessity and [73]*73is limited in its scope by tbe reason of it. Such reason is that otherwise mere ignorance in fact of the law would furnish immunity from punishment for violation of the criminal code and immunity from liability for actual loss for violations of personal and property rights. The necessity does not go further in civil matters so as to punish, punitively, on the strength of the legal presumption, which more often than otherwise is against the truth. It does not prevail against the real truth of the matter on the subject of reasonable belief, which is the gist of probable cause discussed in the forepart of this opinion. To apply it literally to all situations would, as said in Brent v. State, 43 Ala. 297, “take from the rule all its virtue, and make it odious to all right and just thinking men.”
The foregoing renders it unnecessary to discuss any of the other errors assigned. Most of those not specially mentioned appertain to the claim for malicious prosecution which will not be again presented for adjudication. Therefore, judicial guidance for a new trial in that respect is not required.
By the Court. — The judgment is reversed, and the cause remanded with directions to dismiss it as to the claim for malicious prosecution, and for a new trial as to the claim for false imprisonment.
Timlik, J., dissents.