Dod&e, J.
The first assignment of error argued by the appellant is upon the refusal to direct a verdict in favor of the defendant and to set aside the negative answers to the questions in the special verdict inquiring whether the defendant had made a full and fair statement of all the facts and circumstances to the district attorney of Florence county, whether he was advised by the district attorney before swearing to the complaint that the plaintiff was guilty of obtaining money under false pretenses, and whether he acted upon the advice of the district attorney in good faith. The motion to direct a verdict was predicated upon the contention that the evidence of such advice was undisputed. Upon an examination of the record, we find that the defendant testified categorically to submitting the matter fully and fairly to the district attorney; that the district attorney advised him that the prosecution ought to proceed, and prepared a complaint which he requested the defendant to swear to before the justice of the peace; and that he (the defendant) did act upon such advice. Indeed, his testimony is to the effect that, after laying the facts before the district attorney, the latter took up the prosecution as a public and official matter; defendant doing nothing further except to swear to the complaint and testify as a witness. All of these facts are also sworn to with directness by the district attorney’s assistant, who himself prepared a draft of complaint and warrant based upon defendant’s statement, which was adopted by the district at-[612]*612tomey. Tbe testimony of tbe justice of tbe peace was that tbe district attorney directed tbe prosecution, and be produced in evidence tbe complaint, in tbe district attorney’s bandwriting. Against this array of evidence, much of it from wholly 'disinterested witnesses and confirmed by official documents, there was no particle of negative evidence, except tbe testimony of tbe plaintiff and bis attorney that upon tbe preliminary examination in tbe criminal case tbe question was put to defendant: “Did you get any legal advice before you swore out tbe complaint against Small V’ to which be answered in tbe negative, and in answer to tbe question “Why?” answered that legal advice was expensive, especially to him. This so-called contradictory evidence, which is claimed by tbe respondent to make a jury issue, obviously goes only in negation of any submission whatever of tbe case to tbe district attorney and advice from him. If such interview took place, there is no scintilla of evidence to contradict tbe testimony of defendant and tbe other witnesses that bis statement was full, fair, and complete of all tbe facts and circumstances in bis knowledge, and that be acted upon such advice in good faith. Tbe question, therefore, is whether, to any reasonable mind, that secondary evidence of tbe substance of a statement made by tbe defendant can be deemed any credible evidence that no interview between himself and tbe district attorney took place. Tbe reasons for characterizing proof of verbal admissions as extremely weak evidence of tbe fact admitted are, of course, tbe numerous possibilities of a misunderstanding of tbe words used, a misquotation of them to express tbe idea which tbe witness acquired, and tbe uncertainty of memory. It is quite obvious from tbe manner of answering tbe second question by tbe defendant on the preliminary examination that be understood tbe preceding one to inquire as to whether be bad taken advice of private counsel, such as would be expensive to him, and that is an entirely reasonable construction and understanding to tbe lay [613]*613mind. The distinction between going to one’s own attorney to be advised as to legal rights and duty and conduct, and going to a public official, such as the district attorney, to submit to him the facts which one believes warrant him, as a public officer, in instituting criminal proceedings, is one likely to be drawn by a layman. It is likely not to occur to him that he is seeking advice, in the colloquial sense, in the latter instance, but that he is communicating to a public officer information to guide the latter in the performance of his official duty. In the light of the array of indubitable proof that the defendant did submit the facts to the district attorney, and that the district attorney did act thereon, and did advise and instruct the defendant to swear to the complaint, it is inconceivable that defendant intended to state that he had never been to the district attorney. We are persuaded that to any fair-minded person it is apparent that the answer which he gave upon the preliminary examination, even if correctly quoted, was not a declaration in conflict with the fact testified to by these several witnesses, and does not constitute even that scintilla of credible evidence that no such interview took place as could warrant the jury in reaching a negative conclusion, even though they believed plaintiff’s testimony that the questions were so put and answered. We are therefore convinced that the court should, upon the motion to direct a verdict, have held that the fact of the submission of the case to the district attorney, and his advice that it constituted ground for commencing the prosecution, was established without dispute, and that, after a verdict had been received negativing these facts, he should, upon motion, have set aside such negative answers.
Of course, that the action for malicious prosecution cannot be maintained against one who, before moving it, fully and fairly submitted all the facts and circumstances within his knowledge to an attorney at law, and was by him advised in good faith that they constituted guilt and warranted him [614]*614in instituting prosecution, if lie in good faith, acts on such advice, is perfectly well settled and, indeed, is not questioned by the respondent. Messman v. Ihlenfeldt, 89 Wis. 585, 591, 62 N. W. 522; Strehlow v. Pettit, 96 Wis. 22, 71 N. W. 102.
Another assignment of error is predicated on the fact, apparent on examination of the verdict, that the court did not submit any question as to whether defendant was in fact actuated by malice in moving the prosecution against plaintiff, and the jury has not found that he was. It is elementary law that the action for malicious prosecution can be maintained only when the defendant was actuated by malice and acted without probable cause to believe the accused guilty. Spain v. Howe, 25 Wis. 625; Collins v. Shannon, 67 Wis. 441, 446, 30 N. W. 730; Messman v. Ihlenfeldt, supra; Strehlow v. Pettit, 96 Wis. 22, 28, 71 N. W. 102; Eggett v. Allen, 106 Wis. 633, 637, 82 N. W. 556; Lauterbach v. Netzo, 111 Wis. 326, 332, 87 N. W. 230. Public policy requires freedom and safety for the mover of criminal prosecutions, to the end that the guilty may be brought to trial and punishment; hence liability for damages caused thereby to t'he innocent has been hedged about by limitations more stringent than in the ease of almost any other act causing damage to another. In recognition of the duty of an individual to aid in the vindication of the criminal law, one is protected from liability if he acts honestly and in good faith for that purpose (that is without malice), although the facts known to him might not have been such as to satisfy another of the guilt of the accused. On the other hand, in recognition of the public interest that a prosecution should be moved whenever the facts are such as to induce belief of guilt in the average mind — one of ordinary intelligence and prudence — it is ruled that no one shall be liable for instituting prosecution under such circumstances, however much he may be actuated by malice.
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Dod&e, J.
The first assignment of error argued by the appellant is upon the refusal to direct a verdict in favor of the defendant and to set aside the negative answers to the questions in the special verdict inquiring whether the defendant had made a full and fair statement of all the facts and circumstances to the district attorney of Florence county, whether he was advised by the district attorney before swearing to the complaint that the plaintiff was guilty of obtaining money under false pretenses, and whether he acted upon the advice of the district attorney in good faith. The motion to direct a verdict was predicated upon the contention that the evidence of such advice was undisputed. Upon an examination of the record, we find that the defendant testified categorically to submitting the matter fully and fairly to the district attorney; that the district attorney advised him that the prosecution ought to proceed, and prepared a complaint which he requested the defendant to swear to before the justice of the peace; and that he (the defendant) did act upon such advice. Indeed, his testimony is to the effect that, after laying the facts before the district attorney, the latter took up the prosecution as a public and official matter; defendant doing nothing further except to swear to the complaint and testify as a witness. All of these facts are also sworn to with directness by the district attorney’s assistant, who himself prepared a draft of complaint and warrant based upon defendant’s statement, which was adopted by the district at-[612]*612tomey. Tbe testimony of tbe justice of tbe peace was that tbe district attorney directed tbe prosecution, and be produced in evidence tbe complaint, in tbe district attorney’s bandwriting. Against this array of evidence, much of it from wholly 'disinterested witnesses and confirmed by official documents, there was no particle of negative evidence, except tbe testimony of tbe plaintiff and bis attorney that upon tbe preliminary examination in tbe criminal case tbe question was put to defendant: “Did you get any legal advice before you swore out tbe complaint against Small V’ to which be answered in tbe negative, and in answer to tbe question “Why?” answered that legal advice was expensive, especially to him. This so-called contradictory evidence, which is claimed by tbe respondent to make a jury issue, obviously goes only in negation of any submission whatever of tbe case to tbe district attorney and advice from him. If such interview took place, there is no scintilla of evidence to contradict tbe testimony of defendant and tbe other witnesses that bis statement was full, fair, and complete of all tbe facts and circumstances in bis knowledge, and that be acted upon such advice in good faith. Tbe question, therefore, is whether, to any reasonable mind, that secondary evidence of tbe substance of a statement made by tbe defendant can be deemed any credible evidence that no interview between himself and tbe district attorney took place. Tbe reasons for characterizing proof of verbal admissions as extremely weak evidence of tbe fact admitted are, of course, tbe numerous possibilities of a misunderstanding of tbe words used, a misquotation of them to express tbe idea which tbe witness acquired, and tbe uncertainty of memory. It is quite obvious from tbe manner of answering tbe second question by tbe defendant on the preliminary examination that be understood tbe preceding one to inquire as to whether be bad taken advice of private counsel, such as would be expensive to him, and that is an entirely reasonable construction and understanding to tbe lay [613]*613mind. The distinction between going to one’s own attorney to be advised as to legal rights and duty and conduct, and going to a public official, such as the district attorney, to submit to him the facts which one believes warrant him, as a public officer, in instituting criminal proceedings, is one likely to be drawn by a layman. It is likely not to occur to him that he is seeking advice, in the colloquial sense, in the latter instance, but that he is communicating to a public officer information to guide the latter in the performance of his official duty. In the light of the array of indubitable proof that the defendant did submit the facts to the district attorney, and that the district attorney did act thereon, and did advise and instruct the defendant to swear to the complaint, it is inconceivable that defendant intended to state that he had never been to the district attorney. We are persuaded that to any fair-minded person it is apparent that the answer which he gave upon the preliminary examination, even if correctly quoted, was not a declaration in conflict with the fact testified to by these several witnesses, and does not constitute even that scintilla of credible evidence that no such interview took place as could warrant the jury in reaching a negative conclusion, even though they believed plaintiff’s testimony that the questions were so put and answered. We are therefore convinced that the court should, upon the motion to direct a verdict, have held that the fact of the submission of the case to the district attorney, and his advice that it constituted ground for commencing the prosecution, was established without dispute, and that, after a verdict had been received negativing these facts, he should, upon motion, have set aside such negative answers.
Of course, that the action for malicious prosecution cannot be maintained against one who, before moving it, fully and fairly submitted all the facts and circumstances within his knowledge to an attorney at law, and was by him advised in good faith that they constituted guilt and warranted him [614]*614in instituting prosecution, if lie in good faith, acts on such advice, is perfectly well settled and, indeed, is not questioned by the respondent. Messman v. Ihlenfeldt, 89 Wis. 585, 591, 62 N. W. 522; Strehlow v. Pettit, 96 Wis. 22, 71 N. W. 102.
Another assignment of error is predicated on the fact, apparent on examination of the verdict, that the court did not submit any question as to whether defendant was in fact actuated by malice in moving the prosecution against plaintiff, and the jury has not found that he was. It is elementary law that the action for malicious prosecution can be maintained only when the defendant was actuated by malice and acted without probable cause to believe the accused guilty. Spain v. Howe, 25 Wis. 625; Collins v. Shannon, 67 Wis. 441, 446, 30 N. W. 730; Messman v. Ihlenfeldt, supra; Strehlow v. Pettit, 96 Wis. 22, 28, 71 N. W. 102; Eggett v. Allen, 106 Wis. 633, 637, 82 N. W. 556; Lauterbach v. Netzo, 111 Wis. 326, 332, 87 N. W. 230. Public policy requires freedom and safety for the mover of criminal prosecutions, to the end that the guilty may be brought to trial and punishment; hence liability for damages caused thereby to t'he innocent has been hedged about by limitations more stringent than in the ease of almost any other act causing damage to another. In recognition of the duty of an individual to aid in the vindication of the criminal law, one is protected from liability if he acts honestly and in good faith for that purpose (that is without malice), although the facts known to him might not have been such as to satisfy another of the guilt of the accused. On the other hand, in recognition of the public interest that a prosecution should be moved whenever the facts are such as to induce belief of guilt in the average mind — one of ordinary intelligence and prudence — it is ruled that no one shall be liable for instituting prosecution under such circumstances, however much he may be actuated by malice. Hence, in establishing this cause of [615]*615action, it must be proved that the facts would not Rave aroused belief of guilt in tbe average mind, and, as an independent fact, that the prosecution was malicious. Neither fact is alone sufficient, and neither raises any legal presumption of the latter, though the absence of any probable cause for belief may be so absolute that a jury may draw the inference that the defendant did not have such belief and therefore was actuated by malice. Such inference is, however, an inference of fact, which may or may not be drawn, and not an implication raised by the law, as in case of slander and libel. In the case at bar the jury have merely passed on the mental condition which ought to have existed in the mind of the ideal “man of ordinary intelligence and prudence.” They have not passed on the mental state or the motives of defendant. Hence one of the elements essential to recovery is not found to exist, and the judgment against him is not supported by the verdict. Eor this reason, it must be reversed.
Error is assigned on refusal of instruction to the general effect that the jury might consider the exasperation caused by the loss of the money as one of the circumstances in deciding the question as to the effect of the facts upon the mind of an ordinarily prudent man. The instruction requested was the same approved by this court in Spear v. Hiles, 67 Wis. 361, 30 N. W. 511, and, on the authority of that case, should have been given. Whether its refusal of itself would necessitate reversal, we need not decide, as that result is inevitable on other grounds.
Plaintiff was permitted, over objection and exception, to introduce a letter from the employment agent, Richards, as an admission that he, as such agent, hired six teams from Devereux & Small. The letter was written some two or three weeks after Richards had fully executed and completed his agency to hire teams for defendant. The admission of such [616]*616evidence was clearly erroneous. Stone v. N. W. Sleigh Co. 70 Wis. 585, 36 N. W. 248; Heddles v. C. & N. W. R. Co. 74 Wis. 239, 252, 42 N. W. 237.
Error is assigned upon rejection of evidence from the mouth of the district attorney’s assistant of statements made to him by the district attorney that he deemed the prosecution proper. We are at a loss to understand the theory on which such offer was made. Certainly an expression of opinion to any one other than defendant, except perhaps as a messenger, could he of no materiality. The district attorney’s state of mind was not significant under any of the questions in the special verdict, hut merely whether he gave such advice to defendant as to justify the latter in believing plaintiff guilty. That the attorney expressed a certain opinion to some one else was not competent evidence that he also expressed it to defendant.
None other of the assignments of error seem to demand discussion in this opinion. They relate to details of the trial not likely to be presented upon another. For the errors already designated, the judgment must be reversed. We cannot order the verdict to be corrected by substituting affirmative in place of negative answers to the questions relating to advice of counsel, and that judgment for defendant be entered upon the corrected verdict, for no motion was made to the trial court requesting such action.
By the Gourt. — Judgment reversed, and cause remanded for a new trial.