Toni v. Washoe County School District

• Court: District Court, D. Nevada
• Decided: February 15, 2024
• Docket: 3:23-cv-00229
• Status: Unknown

Opinion

1 2 3 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 4 DISTRICT OF NEVADA 5 * * * 6 BROOKLYN TONI, et al., Case No. 3:23-cv-00229-MMD-CLB 7 Plaintiffs, ORDER 8 v. 9 WASHOE COUNTY SCHOOL DISTRICT, et 10 al., 11 Defendants. 12 I. SUMMARY 13 Plaintiffs Brooklyn Toni and Dominique Jardin, as a guardian filing on behalf of 14 minor Plaintiff N.J., bring eighteen causes of action pertaining to alleged hazing, 15 harassment, sexual assault, and discrimination by players on the Galena High School 16 varsity baseball team against Defendants Washoe County School District (“WCSD”), Beau 17 Walker, the baseball coach and dean of students at Galena High School, and Kyle Ford, 18 a former member of the baseball team. (ECF No. 14 (“Complaint”).) Before the Court are 19 WCSD’s motion to dismiss the claims Plaintiffs assert against WCSD (ECF No. 24)1 and 20 motion to strike (ECF No. 25)2 portions of Plaintiffs’ Complaint. As further explained below, 21 the Court will grant the motion to strike in part to the extent WCSD and Ford seek to strike 22 allegations against nonparties to this case. The Court will also grant WCSD’s motion to 23 dismiss as to Plaintiffs’ Constitutional claims and state-law negligence claims, but deny it 24 as to Plaintiffs’ Title IX claim and N.J.’s Title VI claim. 25 /// 26

27 1Plaintiffs responded (ECF No. 28) and WCSD replied (ECF No. 31). 1 II. BACKGROUND 2 The following allegations are adapted from the Complaint. Plaintiffs were both 3 students involved with the boys baseball team at Galena High. N.J., who is male, played 4 on the baseball team for three years, but was forced to leave it his senior year. (ECF No. 5 14 at 4.) Toni, who is female, was the team manager. (Id. at 5.) She was also forced to 6 leave that role eventually. (Id. at 8.) 7 Ford and other boys on the team called N.J. racist slurs and repeatedly threatened 8 to rape him in a way suggesting they were attacking his perceived sexual orientation. (Id. 9 at 6.) Walker, the coach, joined in the boys’ harassment of N.J. and eventually benched 10 him. (Id. at 6-7.) 11 Ford sexually assaulted Toni. (Id. at 8.) Toni reported this and ‘countless’ other 12 lewd and harassing incidents to Walker, but he ignored her. (Id.) Toni eventually left her 13 role as team manager and was forced to drop out of school all together. (Id. at 8-9, 11.) 14 In March 2022, the team travelled to a tournament in Southern California, and 15 Walker made all the players stay together in a ‘baseball house.’ (Id. at 9.) Ford and other 16 boys on the team sexually assaulted N.J. and other boys on the team one night at the 17 baseball house. (Id. at 9-10.) Ford and the other boys again threatened to rape N.J. (Id. 18 at 10.) N.J. was so scared that he locked himself in a bathroom and sat on the phone with 19 his parents until all the other boys went to bed. (Id. at 10.) Another player and his parents 20 told Walker about this incident, and while Walker thanked them for letting him know, he 21 did not take any other action in response to the incident. (Id.) When N.J. subsequently left 22 the team, Walker disparaged him to the other players. (Id. at 13.) 23 Toni dated a boy on the team named Grig who tragically died in a car crash. (Id. at 24 12.) After Grig’s death, Ford taunted and harassed Toni, blaming her for Grig’s death. (Id. 25 at 12-13.) Ford led other members of the team to Toni’s house. (Id. at 13.) Ford and the 26 other boys vandalized Toni’s house and car. (Id.) Toni told Walker about this, too, but he 27 said it was not a problem, and that it needed to go away. (Id.) After this, Toni learned that 1 Ford was telling other boys in a group chat that he wanted to kill her. (Id. at 13.) Toni 2 continues to be harassed to this day. (Id. at 14.) 3 Both Toni and N.J. have suffered as a result of all of this. (Id. at 15.) 4 III. DISCUSSION 5 The Court first addresses WCSD’s motion to strike, and then WCSD’s motion to 6 dismiss. 7 A. Motion to Strike 8 WCSD moves to strike several paragraphs of the Complaint for including 9 scandalous and immaterial allegations regarding the alleged conduct of other minor 10 members of the Galena High baseball team, and some other paragraphs directed at 11 parties to this case for containing offensive language. (ECF No. 25.) Defendant Ford, but 12 not Defendant Walker, joins the motion to strike and WCSD’s reply. (ECF Nos. 26, 30.) 13 Ford focuses specifically on allegations involving him, contending they include scandalous 14 details that are not strictly necessary. (ECF No. 26 at 2-3.) Plaintiffs’ response is hard to 15 follow, but the gist of it seems to be that the scandalous nature of the allegations they 16 included in their Complaint only underlines the gravity of those allegations, and to the 17 extent some of the allegations they included in their Complaint are immaterial, they provide 18 necessary context for other allegations included in the Complaint. (ECF No. 27.) The Court 19 agrees with WCSD as to the allegations against nonparties to the case, but declines to 20 strike any allegations directed at Walker and Ford, regardless of how scandalous they 21 might be. 22 Federal Rule of Procedure 12(f) allows the Court to “strike from a pleading an 23 insufficient defense or any redundant, immaterial, impertinent, or scandalous matter.” The 24 purpose of a motion to strike is to avoid “the expenditure of time and money that must 25 arise from litigating spurious issues by dispensing with those issues prior to trial.” Fantasy, 26 Inc. v. Fogerty, 984 F.2d 1524, 1527 (9th Cir. 1993), rev’d on other grounds, 510 U.S. 517 27 (1994) (quoting Sidney-Vinstein v. A.H. Robins Co., 697 F.2d 880, 885 (9th Cir. 1983)). 1 Metro. Police Dep’t, 290 F.R.D. 535, 543 (D. Nev. 2013) (quoting Mag Instrument, Inc. v. 2 JS Prods., Inc., 595 F. Supp. 2d 1102, 1106 (C.D. Cal. 2008)). To elaborate, “[a] federal 3 court will not exercise its discretion under Rule 12(f) to strike a pleading unless the matters 4 sought to be omitted have no possible relationship to the controversy, may confuse the 5 issues, or otherwise prejudice a party.” Ollier v. Sweetwater Union High Sch. Dist., 735 F. 6 Supp. 2d 1222, 1223 (S.D. Cal. 2010), aff’d, 768 F.3d 843 (9th Cir. 2014) (citation omitted). 7 The Court finds that the allegations in paragraphs 13, 47, 53 and 54 are either 8 immaterial or impertinent, as well as the references to nonparties in paragraphs 34 and 9 43.3 A matter is “immaterial” if it has “no bearing on the controversy before the court.” In 10 re 2TheMart.com, 114 F. Supp. 2d 955, 965 (C.D. Cal. 2000) (citing Fantasy, 984 F.2d at 11 1527). Allegations are “impertinent” if they are “not responsive or irrelevant to the issues 12 that arise in the action and which are inadmissible as evidence.” Id. (citation omitted) 13 Indeed, the Court finds that the continued inclusion of these paragraphs in the Complaint 14 confuses the issues subject to litigation in this case. See Ollier, 735 F. Supp. 2d at 1223 15 (noting that confusing the issues can be a proper basis to strike portions of pleadings). 16 Said otherwise, these paragraphs are either immaterial or impertinent because they have 17 no bearing on the controversy before the Court. 18 The Court begins with paragraph 13. In it, Plaintiffs confusingly and interchangeably 19 define other minor members of the baseball team as “Minor Participants” and “Minor 20 Defendants.” (ECF No. 14 at 4.) But they are not Defendants. (ECF Nos. 15, 16 (indicating 21 that WCSD and Ford waived service), 18 (answering on behalf of Walker).) Indeed, 22 Plaintiffs explain in response to the motion to strike that the only difference between their 23 initial complaint and the Complaint is that they, “removed the many minor students 24 contained therein, for purposes of expediency and clarity, as including so many 25 unidentified minors was proving both timely and difficult.” (ECF No. 27 at 2.) Thus, there 26 is no dispute that all of the “Minor Participants” are simply not parties to this case. One 27 1 cannot allege claims against nonparties. However, Plaintiffs did not remove all of the 2 references to them throughout the rest of the Complaint, which still states that certain 3 claims are alleged against “Minor Defendants” or just “Defendants,” and otherwise 4 includes allegations of misconduct against these other nonparty minors. Paragraph 13 5 accordingly confuses the issues and the Court strikes it for that reason. 6 Paragraphs 47, 53 and 54 are immaterial or impertinent because they allege 7 objectionable conduct against nonparties that does not relate to any alleged harassment 8 of, or discrimination against, Plaintiffs. 9 The same goes for the references to “and Minor Defendants R.C and J.C.” in 10 paragraph 34 (ECF No. 14 at 8:12); and “and Minor Defendants C.B., D.B., J.A., and L.S.” 11 in paragraph 43 (id. at 10:5). These individuals are not parties to this case, so what they 12 did or did not do is immaterial. Plaintiffs could have instead used a generic reference such 13 as, “and other boys” to indicate that Ford was not the only person engaged in objectionable 14 conduct, but either chose not to or declined to adequately edit their Complaint when they 15 decided to remove most of the baseball player defendants from the initial version of their 16 complaint. Either way, Plaintiffs have introduced substantial confusion, impertinence, and 17 immateriality into their Complaint by alleging misconduct against specified nonparties. 18 The Court attempts to partially remedy these issues by granting WCSD’s motion to 19 strike in part as to the paragraphs discussed above—though the issue of confusing 20 references to “Minor Defendants” and “Defendants” exists in many portions of the 21 Complaint that WCSD does not specifically target in its motion to strike. For any 22 paragraphs that WCSD did not challenge, the Court will construe the Complaint as only 23 alleging claims against parties by reading out references to nonparties, but declines to 24 line-edit the Complaint, and will not direct the Clerk of Court to strike the numerous other 25 unchallenged but false references to “Minor Defendants” throughout. 26 However, the Court denies the motion to strike as to paragraphs 24, 30, 38, 42, 45, 27 55, 57, 58, 60, and 62, along with paragraphs 34 and 43 except for the references to 1 include too much detail, but do not dispute that they are allegations against Ford and 2 Walker. (ECF Nos. 25, 26.) “‘Scandalous’ allegations are those that ‘cast a cruelly 3 derogatory light on a party or other person.’” Wakefield v. Olenicoff, Case No. 4 SACV122077AGRNBX, 2013 WL 12126116, at *3 (C.D. Cal. Apr. 22, 2013) (quoting In re 5 2TheMart.com, 114 F. Supp. 2d at 965). But “[a] Motion to Strike generally will not be 6 granted simply because an allegation is offensive.” Luken v. Christensen Grp. Inc., Case 7 No. C16-5214-RBL, 2016 WL 5920092, at *2 (W.D. Wash. Oct. 11, 2016). And that is the 8 case here. Nearly all of these paragraphs contain direct allegations against Ford and 9 Walker. Leaving in the raw, uncut language or details of the alleged misconduct tends to 10 make the allegations more plausible and is consistent with the gravity of the alleged 11 misconduct. 12 But the Court specifically mentions paragraphs 34, 38, and 57 because they do not 13 as directly allege misconduct of a racist or sexually harassing or assaultive nature against 14 Ford and Walker as to Plaintiffs. However, the Court finds these paragraphs provide 15 context that could be relevant to Plaintiffs’ claims against Walker and Ford. For example, 16 taken as true, paragraph 34 tends to show that Ford harassed others in similar ways to 17 Plaintiffs. (ECF No. 14 at 8.) Evidence consistent with this allegation may ultimately be 18 inadmissible under Fed. R. Evid. 404, but it nonetheless seems relevant, and not 19 immaterial or impertinent. Paragraph 38, while related to the tragic death of Grig, a 20 nonparty, tends to show that Brooklyn reported things to Walker and ‘other teachers and 21 staff’ but was not listened to. (ECF No. 14 at 9.) This is relevant to the supervisory liability 22 theories Plaintiffs assert against WCSD. Grig’s tragic death is also necessary context for 23 some of Ford’s alleged harassment of Toni, as Grig’s death triggered the harassment 24 alleged in paragraphs 57-60. (Id. at 13.) The Court accordingly declines to strike 25 paragraphs 34, 38, and 57 even though they do not as directly allege misconduct of a 26 racialized and sexual nature against Ford and Walker. 27 B. MOTION TO DISMISS 1 Complaint, the Court now turns to WCSD’s motion to dismiss. (ECF No. 24.) Neither Ford 2 nor Walker joined it. Plaintiffs’ claims would accordingly proceed against them regardless 3 of the discussion below. The Court begins its discussion of WCSD’s motion as to Plaintiffs’ 4 Constitutional claims, then turns to Plaintiffs’ other federal law claims, and concludes with 5 Plaintiffs’ state law claims. 6 1. Monell Liability 7 Plaintiffs’ first, second, third, and 18th claims4 are only cognizable against WCSD to 8 the extent Plaintiffs can establish WCSD’s liability under Monell v. Dep’t of Soc. Servs. of 9 City of New York, 436 U.S. 658 (1978). WCSD argues Plaintiffs have not adequately 10 pleaded a Monell liability theory because they do not identify any policy, custom, or 11 practice in their Complaint that led to any alleged constitutional violations, nor have they 12 identified a ‘final policymaker’—and Walker is not one. (ECF No. 24 at 4-11.) Plaintiffs 13 respond that they have adequately alleged a custom of tolerance for discrimination and 14 failure to remediate it because Walker and “the school’s administration” knew about the 15 objectionable conduct described in the Complaint and conspired to hide it instead of 16 remedying it. (ECF No. 28 at 13-14.) Plaintiffs also abstractly argue that “any teacher, 17 administrator, coach or other staff member who witnesses a violation of NRS 388.135 or 18 receives information that a violation has occurred” is a final policymaker under Monell, 19 apparently implying that Walker was the pertinent final policymaker. (Id. at 16.) The Court 20 agrees with WCSD. 21 Plaintiffs have not adequately alleged a policy that amounts to deliberate 22 indifference to Plaintiffs’ constitutional rights and was the moving force behind any 23 purported constitutional violations. See Anderson v. Warner, 451 F.3d 1063, 1070 (9th 24 Cir. 2006) (listing these as three of the four elements to successfully establish a Monell 25 liability theory). The fact that Walker works for Galena High School is not itself sufficient 26

27 4Plaintiffs first and 18th claims are not really claims at all but instead the mechanisms thorough which Plaintiffs could seek to hold WCSD liable for their second 1 to impose Monell liability on WCSD. See id. (noting that a municipality cannot be held 2 liable solely because it employs a tortfeasor). Indeed, Plaintiffs list in their Complaint a 3 series of policies and regulations that appear, based on their titles, calculated to prevent 4 and remediate the sort of bullying, harassment, sexual assault, and violence described in 5 the Complaint. (ECF No. 14 at 16-18.) Lacking a written policy to rely on, Plaintiffs instead 6 allege that they, “can only infer from Defendants’ acts and omissions that there was/is a 7 failure to train, a no-reporting procedure or a custom of non-reporting, tolerance for 8 discriminatory conduct, and an overall practice of deliberate indifference for the plight of 9 Plaintiffs, and other similarly situated students, in this high school and throughout the 10 Washoe County School District.” (Id. at 18.) 11 But only some inferences are probable. And probability is the line Plaintiffs must 12 cross for their allegations to survive WCSD’s motion to dismiss. See Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 13 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (citing Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007)). 14 The Complaint lacks plausible allegations that connect the reprehensible alleged behavior 15 of members of the baseball team at one school to school-district-wide policies or practices. 16 And it is notable that Galena High School is just one school of many in WCSD. There are 17 also no allegations in the Complaint that connect Walker, much less the minors on his 18 baseball team, to district-level policy. Indeed, to establish Monell liability for a “practice or 19 custom[,]” the “custom must be so ‘persistent and widespread’ that it constitutes a 20 ‘permanent and well settled city policy’” and “must be founded upon practices of sufficient 21 duration, frequency and consistency that the conduct has become a traditional method of 22 carrying out policy.” Trevino v. Gates, 99 F.3d 911, 918 (9th Cir. 1996), holding modified 23 by Navarro v. Block, 250 F.3d 729 (9th Cir. 2001). Such allegations are simply lacking 24 from the Complaint. 25 In addition, and alternatively, the Court also agrees with WCSD that Walker is the 26 only person presented as a policymaker in the Complaint, but Walker cannot plausibly be 27 considered a final policymaker. See Lytle v. Carl, 382 F.3d 978, 982 (9th Cir. 2004) 1 law’”) (quoting Jett v. Dallas Indep. Sch. Dist., 491 U.S. 701, 737 (1989)) (emphasis in 2 original). In Lytle, the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit determined that, 3 under Nevada law, the board of trustees for each school district is the body responsible 4 for setting all district policies, but that each board of trustees may delegate authority to a 5 delegatee of its choice. See id. at 983-84. There are no allegations in the Complaint to the 6 effect that WCSD delegated any of its authority to Walker. And while there are allegations 7 in the Complaint that reference “the school’s administration” (ECF No. 14 at 5), 8 “administrators” (id. at 11, 13, 14, etc.) and “the vice principal” (id. at 14), there are no 9 allegations in the Complaint suggesting that any particular administrator at Galena High 10 School had been delegated authority by the pertinent board of trustees to make a policy 11 somehow condoning the harassment and bullying reflected in the allegations in the 12 Complaint either. Thus, Plaintiffs do not plausibly allege that either Walker or any other 13 unnamed administrator at Galena High School is a final policymaker for WCSD whose 14 unilateral action could subject WCSD to Monell liability. See, e.g., Sabra v. Maricopa Cnty. 15 Cmty. Coll. Dist., 44 F.4th 867, 885 (9th Cir. 2022) (“Plaintiffs do not allege that such a 16 delegation took place here. Indeed, even in their district court briefing, Plaintiffs produced 17 no authority to suggest that a professor becomes a ‘final policymaker’ for an entire 18 community college district simply by assuming administrative responsibilities within his 19 department[.]”) (citation omitted). For the same reason, Plaintiffs’ argument to the effect 20 that Nevada law requires school employees to stop bullying and discrimination is beside 21 the point because it does not speak to what authority WCSD’s board of trustees delegated 22 to anyone. (ECF No. 28 at 16.) See also Clark Cnty. Sch. Dist. v. Bryan, 478 P.3d 344, 23 360-61 (Nev. 2020) (rejecting a similar argument based on NRS § 388.1351 because “the 24 appellate record does not support that Principal McKay was a final policymaker”). 25 In sum, the Court dismisses Plaintiffs’ Constitutional claims (Plaintiffs’ first, second, 26 third, and 18th claims) against WCSD. 27 2. Title IX 1 20 U.S.C. § 1681 because Toni does not sufficiently allege that her harassment was so 2 pervasive and severe so as to deprive her of her educational opportunities and benefits, 3 she fails to set forth facts plausibly alleging that WCSD had substantial control over Ford 4 and his harassment, and neither plaintiff can plausibly allege that they suffered 5 harassment because of their sex. (ECF No. 24 at 20-23.) Plaintiffs’ response is again hard 6 to follow, but they generally point to allegations in the Complaint under headings 7 suggesting they are attempting to respond to WCSD’s Title IX argument, along with 8 quotations from caselaw addressing Title IX. (ECF No. 28 at 17-21.) Regardless, the Court 9 finds that Plaintiffs’ Title IX claim survives WCSD’s motion to dismiss. 10 “Subject to exceptions not relevant here, Title IX provides: ‘No person in the United 11 States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits 12 of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving 13 Federal financial assistance.’” Brown v. Arizona, 82 F.4th 863, 874 (9th Cir. 2023) (quoting 14 20 U.S.C. § 1681(a)). “A school that receives federal funding can be liable for an individual 15 claim of student-on-student harassment, but only if[:] (1) the school had substantial control 16 over the harasser and the context of the harassment[]; (2) the plaintiff suffered harassment 17 so severe that it deprived the plaintiff of access to educational opportunities or benefits[]; 18 (3) a school official who had authority to address the issue and institute corrective 19 measures for the school had actual knowledge of the harassment[]; and (4) the school 20 acted with ‘deliberate indifference’ to the harassment such that the indifference ‘subject[ed 21 the plaintiff] to harassment[.]”’ Grabowski v. Arizona Bd. of Regents, 69 F.4th 1110, 1118- 22 19 (9th Cir. 2023) (citations omitted). 23 WCSD makes three arguments to the effect that Plaintiffs have not plausibly alleged 24 particular elements of their Title IX claims, targeting only Toni with two of its arguments. 25 None of them are persuasive. The Court begins with WCSD’s argument that targets this 26 claim as to both Plaintiffs; because one is male and one is female, they cannot both 27 plausibly allege sexual discrimination because, “it would be apparent that the harassment 1 their sex.” (ECF No. 24 at 23.) This argument ignores the allegations in the Complaint. 2 The Complaint alleges patterns of sexualized harassment against both Plaintiffs that is 3 specific to them, and certainly not equal. The Complaint alleges that, “Ford engaged in 4 sexually harassing conduct towards [Toni], grabbing her body and making sexually explicit 5 comments to her. He further subjected [Toni] to taking pictures of her body without her 6 consent and videotaped himself masturbating in her presence[.]” (ECF No. 14 at 8.) The 7 next paragraph of the Complaint alleges that Toni told Walker about this and ‘countless 8 other’ incidents, including when Ford vandalized her car (see also id. at 13), but Walker 9 did nothing (id. at 8). Toni clearly alleges harassment based on her sex. 10 The same goes for N.J. Ford and other boys on the baseball team allegedly, 11 repeatedly threatened to rape him, using phrasing that is clearly harassment based on his 12 perceived sexual orientation. (Id. at 6, 8, 9-10.) Student-on-student harassment based on 13 “perceived sexual orientation is actionable under Title IX[.]” Grabowski, 69 F.4th at 1116. 14 And just because both Plaintiffs bring a Title IX claim, it does not follow that they allege 15 the same or equal harassment; as described above, they allege harassment (and worse— 16 in both cases the allegations include sexual assault) that is both specific to them and 17 because of their gender (Toni) and perceived sexual orientation (N.J.). 18 As to Toni specifically, WCSD argues that the alleged harassment was not 19 pervasive or severe enough so as to deprive her of her educational opportunities and 20 benefits. (ECF No. 24 at 20-22.) But Toni alleges Ford sexually assaulted her, and when 21 she told Walker and he did nothing (continuing an apparent pattern of doing nothing), she 22 quit her position as the baseball team manager and withdrew from school. (ECF No. 14 23 at 8-11.) Particularly at this early stage of the litigation, the Court finds that being forced 24 to withdraw from school plausibly suggests that Toni was deprived of her educational 25 opportunities and benefits. If you are no longer able to attend school, it logically follows 26 that you have been deprived of the educational opportunities and benefits that school 27 offers. To the extent WCSD points to caselaw in attempt to resist this conclusion, the cases 1 WCSD finally argues Toni fails to set forth facts plausibly suggesting that WCSD 2 had substantial control over Ford and his harassment and assault of Toni. (ECF No. 24 at 3 22.) But Toni alleges that Ford harassed her on numerous occasions where she was either 4 performing her duties as baseball team manager or the Court can otherwise reasonably 5 infer that she was with members of the baseball team. (ECF No. 14 at 4 (alleging Toni 6 was attending Galena high at all times relevant to the Complaint), 5 (alleging she was 7 harassed while participating in the baseball program), 7 (explaining how the baseball team 8 did a lot together and Walker was very involved in Plaintiffs’ lives), 8 (alleging that she 9 reported countless incidents to Walker, who ignored her).) These allegations plausibly 10 show WCSD had substantial control over Ford. See Grabowski, 69 F.4th at 1119 (“Plaintiff 11 does not allege a location for the other harassing incidents, but alleges that the 12 harassment occurred on an ‘almost daily’ and ‘regular’ basis. It is reasonable to infer that 13 at least some of those interactions occurred at team practices or at other school- 14 sponsored activities under Defendant Coaches’ supervision.”). 15 In sum, because the Court finds WCSD’s Title IX arguments unpersuasive, the 16 Court denies WCSD’s motion to dismiss as to Plaintiffs’ Title IX claims. 17 3. Title VI, 42 U.S.C. § 2000d 18 WCSD first argues that Plaintiffs’ claim under Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 19 78 Stat. 252, as amended, 42 U.S.C. § 2000d, et seq., is only alleged on behalf of N.J. 20 (ECF No. 24 at 23-24.) The Court agrees, as the Complaint alleges, “discriminatory acts 21 and expressions against N.J., on the basis of his race[.]” (ECF No. 14 at 27.) 22 More substantively, WCSD argues this claim should be dismissed because N.J. 23 does not allege any intentional discrimination against WCSD. (ECF No. 24 at 24.) In 24 response, Plaintiffs point to paragraphs 16, 24, 26, and 27 of their Complaint. (ECF No. 25 28 at 16-17.) The Court agrees with Plaintiffs that these paragraphs plausibly allege 26 intentional, racial discrimination against N.J. 27 In these paragraphs, N.J. alleges that he was subjected to racial discrimination 1 called him racial slurs suggesting he is of Latinx descent in front of Walker, that Walker 2 eventually stopped playing him in baseball games or even acknowledging him in the hall 3 because Walker, too, was participating in this discrimination, and all of this caused N.J. to 4 withdraw from the baseball team, stop eating and studying, and experience anxiety and 5 depression, as diagnosed by his therapist. (ECF No. 14 at 4, 6-7.) These allegations are 6 sufficient at this stage for N.J.’s Title VI claim to proceed against WCSD. See, e.g., 7 Monteiro v. Tempe Union High Sch. Dist., 158 F.3d 1022, 1034 (9th Cir. 1998) (“It does 8 not take an educational psychologist to conclude that being referred to by one’s peers by 9 the most noxious racial epithet in the contemporary American lexicon, being shamed and 10 humiliated on the basis of one’s race, and having the school authorities ignore or reject 11 one’s complaints would adversely affect a Black child’s ability to obtain the same benefit 12 from schooling as her white counterparts.”); see also Chen Through Chen v. Albany 13 Unified Sch. Dist., 56 F.4th 708, 722 (9th Cir. 2022), cert. denied sub nom. Epple v. Albany 14 Unified Sch. Dist., 143 S. Ct. 2641, 216 L. Ed. 2d 1226 (2023). (“Indeed, a failure by the 15 school to respond to Epple’s harassment might have exposed it to potential liability on the 16 theory that it had ‘failed to respond adequately’ to a ‘racially hostile environment’ of which 17 it had become aware.”) (quoting Monteiro, 158 F.3d at 1033) (emphasis in original). 18 The Court accordingly denies WCSD’s motion to dismiss as to N.J.’s Title VI claim. 19 4. Negligence 20 WCSD argues Plaintiffs’ negligence claim must be dismissed in pertinent part 21 because the violation of the statutes Plaintiffs cite in the pertinent portion of their 22 Complaint, which do not impose civil liability, do not provide a basis for the negligence per 23 se theory they appear to be alleging in that claim. (ECF No. 24 at 11-12.) Plaintiffs do not 24 respond to this argument. (ECF No. 28.) The Court accordingly grants WCSD’s motion to 25 dismiss as to Plaintiffs’ sixteenth claim for negligence (ECF No. 14 at 38-41). See LR 7- 26 2(d) (providing that failure to respond to a motion to dismiss constitutes consent to granting 27 that motion). 1 5. Negligent Hiring, Retention, and Supervision 2 WCSD finally argues in pertinent part that Plaintiffs’ fifteenth claim for negligent 3 hiring, retention, and supervision is barred by the discretionary immunity doctrine. (ECF 4 No. 24 at 14-15.) Plaintiffs do not directly respond to this argument, but do point to state 5 laws requiring that school staff members report bullying and harassment, and that 6 administrators must take necessary action on those reports. (ECF No. 28 at 22-23.) To 7 the extent Plaintiffs have responded to this argument, the Court agrees with WCSD that 8 Plaintiffs’ fifteenth claim for negligent hiring, retention, and supervision (ECF No. 14 at 37- 9 38) is barred by the discretionary immunity doctrine. See, e.g., Borenstein v. Animal 10 Found., 526 F. Supp. 3d 820, 846 (D. Nev. 2021) (finding that “discretionary immunity 11 applies” to a “negligent training, supervision, and retention claim”). The Court accordingly 12 grants WCSD’s motion to dismiss as to this claim, and dismisses it with prejudice as 13 amendment would be futile. See Leadsinger, Inc. v. BMG Music Publ’g, 512 F.3d 522, 532 14 (9th Cir. 2008) (stating in pertinent part that a court may decline to grant leave to amend 15 when amendment would be futile). 16 IV. CONCLUSION 17 The Court notes that the parties made several arguments and cited to several cases 18 not discussed above. The Court has reviewed these arguments and cases and determines 19 that they do not warrant discussion as they do not affect the outcome of the parties’ 20 pending motions. 21 It is therefore ordered that Defendant Washoe County School District’s Motion to 22 Dismiss (ECF No. 24) is granted in part, and denied in part, as specified herein. 23 It is further ordered that Defendant Washoe County School District’s Motion to 24 Strike (ECF No. 25) is granted in part, and denied in part, as specified herein. 25 /// 26 /// 27 /// 1 The Clerk of Court is directed to strike the following paragraphs from the Complaint: 2 || 13, 47, 53 and 54. The Clerk of Court is further directed to strike only the following phrases 3 || from paragraphs 34 and 43 of the Complaint; “and Minor Defendants R.C and J.C.” from 4 || paragraph 34 (ECF No. 14 at 8:12); and “and Minor Defendants C.B., D.B., J.A., and L.S.” 5 || from paragraph 43 (id. at 10:5). 6 DATED THIS 15" Day of February 2024.

8 9 CHIEF UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 15