UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
DISTRICT OF NEW HAMPSHIRE
Willie Tonev, Plaintiff
v. Civil No. 06-CV-327-SM Opinion No. 2007 DNH 110 Scott Perrine. James Letourneau. and Todd Fevrer. Defendants
O R D E R
Following his arrest, prosecution, and eventual acquittal
for loitering, Willie Toney brought this civil action against
three former Jaffrey Police Officers. In his two count
complaint, Toney alleges that he was subjected to an
unconstitutional arrest (count two) and was subsequently the
victim of a malicious criminal prosecution (count one).
Defendants move for summary judgment as to both counts, asserting
that there are no genuinely disputed issues of material fact and
that they are entitled to judgment as a matter of law. For the
reasons set forth below, that motion is granted.
Standard of Review
When ruling on a party's motion for summary judgment, the
court must "view the entire record in the light most hospitable to the party opposing summary judgment, indulging all reasonable
inferences in that party's favor." Griqqs-Rvan v. Smith. 904
F.2d 112, 115 (1st Cir. 1990). Summary judgment is appropriate
when the record reveals "no genuine issue as to any material fact
and . . . the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter
of law." Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c). In this context, "a fact is
■'material' if it potentially affects the outcome of the suit and
a dispute over it is 'genuine' if the parties' positions on the
issue are supported by conflicting evidence." Int'l Ass'n of
Machinists & Aerospace Workers v. Winship Green Nursing Ctr., 103
F.3d 196, 199-200 (1st Cir. 1996) (citations omitted).
Nevertheless, if the non-moving party's "evidence is merely
colorable, or is not significantly probative," no genuine dispute
as to a material fact has been proved, and "summary judgment may
be granted." Anderson v. Liberty Lobby. Inc.. 477 U.S. 242, 249-
50 (1986) (citations omitted). The key, then, to defeating a
properly supported motion for summary judgment is the non
movant's ability to support his or her claims concerning disputed
material facts with evidence that conflicts with that proffered
by the moving party. See generally Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(e) . It
naturally follows that while a reviewing court must take into
account all properly documented facts, it may ignore bald
2 assertions, unsupported conclusions, and mere speculation, see
Serapion v. Martinez, 119 F.3d 982, 987 (1st Cir. 1997), as well
as those allegations which have been "conclusively contradicted
by [the non-moving party's] concessions or otherwise," Chonqris
v. Board of Appeals. 811 F.2d 36, 37 (1st Cir. 1987). Moreover,
the non-moving party cannot create a dispute concerning material
facts by simply submitting an affidavit that contradicts his or
her complaint, deposition testimony, or answers to
interrogatories without providing an adequate explanation for
that discrepancy. See Colantuoni v. Alfred Calcagni & Sons.
Inc., 44 F.3d 1, 4-5 (1st Cir. 1994). See also Torres v . E .I
Dupont de Nemours & Co.. 219 F.3d 13, 20 (1st Cir. 2000); Schott
Motorcycle Supply. Inc. v. American Honda Motor Co.. 976 F.2d 58,
61 (1st Cir. 1992).
Background
Many of the details surrounding Toney's arrest are very much
in dispute. Nevertheless, the parties do appear to agree on
several core facts. Taking those facts as established and
viewing the remaining facts in the light most favorable to Toney,
the pertinent events leading up to Toney's prosecution are as
follows.
3 On the evening of May 17, 2003, Officer Todd Feyrer was on
patrol, driving an unmarked Crown Victoria police vehicle and
wearing a Jaffrey police uniform.1 As he drove past "Mr. Mike's"
convenience store, he noticed an unfamiliar man (Toney) using the
pay phone at the south end of the store. According to Feyrer,
they made eye contact. Feyrer says he was somewhat suspicious
because the unknown man was adjacent to an auto parts store which
was closed for business, the area was dark, criminal activity had
occurred in that area within the past year, and the auto shop had
doors and windows in the rear of the building. Accordingly, he
made a U-turn and headed back to the convenience store parking
lot.
1 In their affidavits, both Officer Letourneau and Feyrer expressly assert that Feyrer was wearing a full Jaffrey Police Department uniform at the time. Although Toney's unverified complaint alleges that Officer Feyrer was not wearing a police uniform at the time, his affidavit (filed in response to defendants' motion and affidavits) does not directly address the issue. Fairly read, however, it asserts that although the undercover officers were not in uniform. Officer Feyrer was wearing his uniform. See Toney Affidavit (document no. 11-2) at para. 4 ("the officers on foot [i.e., Perrine and Letourneau] were not wearing uniforms and the car [in which Feyrer was riding] was not marked"). Accordingly, the court has accepted defendants' uncontradicted sworn statement of fact in that regard and assumes by his silence that Toney now acknowledges that Feyrer was wearing his police uniform.
4 Meanwhile, Officers Perrine and Letourneau were on an
undercover detail in the area of the convenience store. They
were parked in an unmarked police vehicle, with the lights off,
and were dressed in plain clothes. They, too, had observed Toney
using the pay phone. According to those officers, they overheard
Toney having a loud conversation/argument, which caught their
attention. They then watched as Toney walked across the parking
lot toward the side of the auto parts store. According to the
officers, Toney was behaving in a somewhat suspicious manner -
holding his back to the wall and peeking around the corner. The
officers suspected that he was planning to engage in criminal
activity. Toney denies that he was in the darkened area beside
the store for any unlawful purpose. Instead, he says, he was
looking for a place to urinate.
According to Officers Letourneau and Perrine, when Mr. Toney
saw Officer Feyrer drive by, he tried to conceal himself and
eventually ran away, toward the woods behind the auto parts
store. At that point, Letourneau and Perrine exited their
vehicle, unholstered their sidearms (while maintaining them in a
lowered position), and ordered Toney to stop. By then. Officer
Feyrer had arrived on the scene to assist. The officers
handcuffed Mr. Toney while he was on the ground, searched him for
5 weapons, and removed a pocket knife from his pants. According to
the officers, Toney did not have any means of identification.
When Officer Feyrer asked his name and whether he had ever been
arrested, Toney told the officers that his name was Fabian
Jackson and admitted that he had been arrested before for
breaking and entering. When asked what he was doing, Toney told
the officers he walked into the darkened area to urinate. The
officers say they didn't believe that explanation because his
zipper was not undone, there was no evidence that he had urinated
in the area, and his behavior was not consistent with someone
simply looking for a place to relieve himself.
Toney, on the other hand, tells a slightly different story.
Although he acknowledges that he ran from Officer Feyrer, he says
he had no idea that Feyrer was a police officer (since, although
he was in uniform, Feyrer was driving an unmarked police
vehicle). Moreover, Toney denies that his zipper was closed when
he was confronted by Letourneau and Perrine, and says he actually
showed them that it was down (thereby confirming that he was,
indeed, doing nothing more than looking for a place to relieve
himself). Toney does not, however, deny giving the officers a
false name or that he told them that he had been arrested in the
6 past for breaking and entering (or, as Officer Feyrer recalls,
"burglaries and thefts").
Toney was arrested for loitering, taken to the station for
booking, and released on bail. Three days later. Officer Perrine
swore out a complaint against Toney, charging him with loitering,
in violation of N.H. Rev. Stat. Ann. ("RSA") 644:6. The matter
was subsequently referred to Attorneys David Park and Jessica
Schlamp, Regional Prosecutors in the Jaffrey-Peterborough
District Court. After reviewing the case. Park and Schlamp
determined that there was probable cause to prosecute Toney for
loitering. On August 1, 2003, state District Court Judge
Lawrence found Toney not guilty of the charge. This suit ensued.
Discussion
I. Count Two - Arrest in Violation of the Fourth Amendment.
Toney alleges that defendants lacked probable cause to
arrest him for loitering and, as a consequence, violated his
rights under the Fourth Amendment. As the court of appeals has
noted, "It is common ground that a warrantless arrest must be
based on probable cause." United States v. Brown. __ F.3d ,
2007 WL 2377302, *6 (1st Cir. Aug. 22, 2007) (citations omitted).
The critical issue raised by defendants' motion for summary
7 judgment is, then, whether they had probable cause to believe
that Toney was loitering. They did.
Probable cause to effect a warrantless arrest exists when
police officers:
relying on reasonably trustworthy facts and circumstances, have information upon which a reasonably prudent person would believe the suspect committed or was committing a crime. The inquiry into probable cause to support an arrest focuses on what the officer knew at the time of the arrest, and should evaluate the totality of the circumstances.
United States v. McFarlane, 491 F.3d 53, 56 (1st Cir. 2007)
(citations and internal punctuation omitted). Of course, whether
the facts and circumstances supported the conclusion that Toney
had engaged in criminal activity depends upon the essential
elements of the offense with which he was charged.
The relevant portion of the state statute under which Toney
was charged provides:
A person commits a violation if he knowingly appears at a place, or at a time, under circumstances that warrant alarm for the safety of persons or property in the vicinity. Circumstances which may be considered in determining whether such alarm is warranted include, but are not limited to, when the actor: (a) Takes flight upon appearance of a law enforcement official or upon questioning by such an official;
(b) Manifestly endeavors to conceal himself or any object;
RSA 644:6 I ("Loitering or Prowling").2 While the parties
disagree as to many of the details concerning the events leading
up to Toney's arrest, several critical facts are undisputed.
1. Officers Letourneau and Perrine observed Toney walk to the darkened area adjacent to the auto parts store;
2. From the officers' standpoint, Toney appeared to be acting in a suspicious manner, seemingly trying to conceal his presence in the darkened area (behavior that is, to be sure, consistent both with potential criminal activity and an innocent attempt to find a private location to urinate);
3. When he saw uniformed Officer Feyrer drive by in an unmarked Crown Victoria police cruiser, Toney ran away;
4. When the officers detained him, Toney provided a false name (which was unknown to them at the time) and admitted that he had been arrested in the past for breaking and entering;
2 Under New Hampshire law, "[e]very offense is either a felony, misdemeanor or violation. Felonies and misdemeanors are crimes. A violation does not constitute a crime and conviction of a violation shall not give rise to any disability or legal disadvantage based on conviction of a criminal offense." RSA 625:9 II ("Classification of Crimes").
9 5. While Toney's innocent explanation for his seemingly suspicious behavior (i.e., that he was merely looking for a spot to relieve himself) might well have been true, the officers did not believe it.
See Complaint (document no. 1-2) at paras. 5-9.
Given those undisputed facts, it is plain that the officers
had probable cause to arrest Toney for loitering/prowling. Not
only did he take flight when he saw officer Feyrer, but he had
also been trying to conceal his presence in the darkened area
adjacent to the auto parts store (albeit perhaps for an innocent
reason). And, although the officers gave Toney an opportunity to
explain his suspicious behavior (as required by the statute),
based upon their observations, they did not believe him.
But, says Toney, a jury might well credit his explanations
for his seemingly suspicious behavior - that is, that he didn't
realize Feyrer was a police officer when he fled and that he had
been concealing himself in the darkened area adjacent to the auto
parts store simply in an effort to find a somewhat private place
to relieve himself. He goes on to assert that if the jury
believes that he was actually engaged in entirely innocent
conduct, then the officers necessarily lacked probable cause to
10 arrest him. Consequently, says Toney, this case cannot be
resolved on summary judgment. The court disagrees.
The determination of whether the officers had probable cause
to arrest Toney must be made by considering the information the
officers had, and reasonable inferences they could draw from that
information, prior to the arrest. See, e.g.. Burke v. Town of
Walpole. 405 F.3d 66, 80 (1st Cir. 2005) ("Probable cause thus
exists if the facts and circumstances within the relevant actors'
knowledge and of which they had reasonably reliable information
would suffice to warrant a prudent person in believing that a
person has committed or is about to commit a crime.") (citation
and internal punctuation omitted). Importantly, the officers
were not required to believe Toney's self-serving explanation for
his seemingly suspicious behavior. "A reasonable police officer
is not required to credit a suspect's story." Cox v. Hainev. 391
F.3d 25, 32 (1st Cir. 2004) (citing Bradv v. Dill, 187 F.3d 104,
112 (1st Cir. 1999); Criss v. City of Kent. 867 F.2d 259, 263
(6th Cir. 1988)).
Moreover, the inferences the officers drew from the facts
available to them (i.e., that Mr. Toney was not looking for a
place to relieve himself but was, instead, possibly preparing to
11 engage in criminal activity) need not have been correct; they
need only have been reasonable. It is well established that a
police officer's conclusion that probable cause exists to justify
a warrantless arrest need not be "ironclad, or even highly
probable. [His] conclusion that probable cause exists need only
be reasonable." United States v. Winchenbach. 197 F.3d 548, 555-
56 (1st Cir. 1999). Given the undisputed facts of record,
defendants' determination that there was probable cause to arrest
Toney for loitering was entirely reasonable. Contrary to Toney's
suggestion, the fact that he was acquitted of the charge brought
against him does not raise a genuine issue of material fact as to
whether defendants had probable cause to arrest him. See
Plaintiff's memorandum (document no. 11) at paras. 32-33. His
acquittal merely demonstrates that the State was unable to prove
each of the essential elements of the charge beyond a reasonable
doubt.
Moreover, even if defendants were not entitled to summary
judgment on the question of whether there was probable cause to
support Toney's arrest, they would plainly be entitled to
qualified immunity. See, e.g.. Anderson v. Creighton. 483 U.S.
635, 641 (1987) ("We have recognized that it is inevitable that
law enforcement officials will in some cases reasonably but
12 mistakenly conclude that probable cause is present, and we have
indicated that in such cases those officials - like other
officials who act in ways they reasonably believe to be lawful -
should not be held personally liable."). As the court of appeals
has observed.
Probable cause exists when the arresting officer, acting upon apparently trustworthy information, reasonably concludes that a crime has been (or is about to be) committed and that the putative arrestee likely is one of the perpetrators. The test is objective in nature, and the proof must be such as to give rise to a reasonable likelihood that the putative arrestee committed the suspected crime.
Qualified immunity, however, requires a somewhat lesser showing. For that purpose, the operative inquiry is not whether the defendant's actions actually abridged some constitutional right, but, rather, whether those actions were obviously inconsistent with that right. Thus, in the case of a warrantless arrest, if the presence of probable cause is arguable or subject to legitimate question, qualified immunity will attach.
Cox. 391 F.3d at 31 (citations and internal punctuation omitted)
(emphasis supplied). Here, the existence of probable cause to
arrest Mr. Toney for loitering was, at the very least, "arguable
or subject to legitimate question."
13 II. Count One - Malicious Prosecution.
To prevail on his malicious prosecution claim, Toney must
prove that he was subjected to a criminal prosecution instituted
by Officer Perrine (the sole defendant in count one), without
probable cause and with malice, and that the criminal proceeding
terminated in his favor. See Robinson v. Fimbel Door Co.. 113
N.H. 348, 350 (1973) (citations omitted). For the reasons
discussed above, Toney cannot, as a matter of law, demonstrate
that Perrine lacked probable cause to swear out the complaint
against him.3
Finally, even if probable cause were lacking, Toney has not
pointed to sufficient evidence of record to support the inference
that Perrine was motivated by malice when he instituted the
criminal proceedings against him. Malice exists "when the
primary purpose in instituting the criminal proceeding was not to
3 Parenthetically, the court notes that Perrine did not actually prosecute the case against Toney. Rather, the matter was referred to Attorneys Park and Schlamp who, upon reviewing the evidence, determined that there was a sufficient legal basis to prosecute Toney for loitering/prowling under RSA 644:6. And, as the New Hampshire Supreme Court has noted, provided a person discloses all relevant facts within his knowledge that a reasonable person would regard as important, the commencement of proceedings upon the legal advice of counsel establishes probable cause. See Hogan v. Robert H. Irwin Motors. Inc.. 121 N.H. 737, 739-40 (1981) .
14 bring an offender to justice, but was, on the contrary, ill will,
personal hostility, or to obtain a personal advantage." MacRae
v. Brant. 108 N.H. 177, 181 (1967) (citations omitted) (emphasis
supplied). On this record, even construing all facts that are
not undisputed in the light most favorable to Toney, a properly
instructed jury could not reasonably conclude that Perrine was
motivated by malice.
Conclusion
Whether defendants had probable cause to arrest Toney for
loitering/prowling turns on whether they had reasonably reliable
information from which a prudent person could conclude that Toney
committed or was committing a crime. Importantly, the officers'
probable cause determination need not be "correct"; it need only
be reasonable. And, in reaching that conclusion, they are
entitled to consider and reject a suspect's self-serving
explanation for seemingly suspicious conduct. Such was the case
here. Whether a civil jury might reasonably credit Toney's
explanation for his behavior on the night in question is not
relevant. The question presented is whether, based upon the
totality of the circumstances, the officers reasonably concluded
that Toney had engaged in loitering/prowling. They did.
15 For the foregoing reasons, as well as those set forth in
defendants' memoranda, defendants' motion for summary judgment
(document no. 9) is granted. Their motion to strike (document
no. 14) is denied as moot. The Clerk of Court shall enter
judgment in accordance with this order and close the case.
SO ORDERED.
St'even J./McAuliffe thief Judge
September 10, 2007
cc: Michael J. Sheehan, Esq. Charles P. Bauer, Esq. Lisa Lee, Esq. Donald E. Gardner, Esq. Catherine M. Costanzo, Esq.