2 U.S. F DIL ISE TD R I IN C TT H CE O URT EASTERN DISTRICT OF WASHINGTON
Jun 02, 2021 3
SEAN F. MCAVOY, CLERK 4
5 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT EASTERN DISTRICT OF WASHINGTON 6
7 LONNIE TOFSRUD, an individual, NO: 2:19-CV-371-RMP 8 Plaintiff, v. ORDER GRANTING IN PART 9 DEFENDANTS’ MOTION FOR SPOKANE POLICE DEPARTMENT, SUMMARY JUDGMENT 10 a political division of City of Spokane; CRAIG MEIDL, in his personal and 11 official capacity; JUSTIN LUNDGREN, in his personal and 12 official capacity; and DAVE STABEN, in his personal and official capacity, 13 Defendants. 14
15 BEFORE THE COURT is Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment, ECF 16 No. 32. The Court heard oral argument via video conferencing. Plaintiff Lonnie 17 Tofsrud was represented by Jeffry K. Finer and Emerson Lenon. Thomas W. 18 McLane appeared on behalf of Defendants Spokane Police Department, Craig 19 Meidl, Justin Lundgren, and Dave Staben. The Court has considered the motion, the 20 record, heard oral argument, and is fully informed. 21 1 STATEMENT OF FACTS 2 Plaintiff Lonnie Tofsrud is employed by the Spokane Police Department
3 (“SPD”) as a detective and was assigned to the Targeted Crimes Unit (“TCU”). 4 ECF No. 14 at 4. The TCU has had a longstanding working relationship with the 5 Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (“ATF”). ECF Nos. 14 at 4,
6 15 at 4. In 2016, Tofsrud and ATF Special Agent Adam Julius began utilizing a 7 specific confidential informant to facilitate criminal investigations related to the 8 trafficking of firearms and narcotics. ECF Nos. 14 at 5–6, 15 at 4. 9 On November 6, 2017, Spokane Police Department officers Corporal
10 McCullough and Sergeant Vigessa arrested the confidential informant utilized by 11 Tofsrud and Special Agent Julius. ECF Nos. 14 at 6, 15 at 5. Corporal McCullough 12 is assigned to the Patrol Anti-Crime Team (“PACT”). ECF No. 34-2 at 3. Sergeant
13 Vigessa contacted Tofsrud and made him aware of the arrest. ECF Nos. 14 at 6, 15 14 at 5. Tofsrud reviewed the written arrest report and accompanying documents and 15 noticed alleged discrepancies between the official report and the notes Corporal 16 McCullough had entered in the Computer Aided Dispatch (“CAD”) unit history.
17 ECF No. 14 at 6–7. On December 27, 2017, Tofsrud called Corporal McCullough to 18 discuss the issue. ECF Nos. 14 at 7, 15 at 5. 19 On December 28, 2017, Tofsrud contacted Spokane County Deputy
20 Prosecutor Eugene Cruz and discussed the discrepancies in Corporal McCullough’s 21 report. ECF No. 34-1 at 4. The Prosecutor’s Office dismissed the case against the 1 confidential informant. ECF Nos. 14 at 7, 15 at 5, 41-1. Chief Criminal Prosecutor, 2 Jack Driscoll, contacted Lieutenant Stevens regarding possible misconduct by
3 Corporal McCullough. ECF No. 15 at 5, 34-5 at 3. 4 Lieutenant Stevens contacted Lieutenant Staben, who was Corporal 5 McCullough’s and Tofsrud’s superior officer. ECF Nos. 14 at 8, 15 at 5. Lieutenant
6 Staben began a shift level internal affairs (“IA”) investigation and added Tofsrud to 7 the IA investigation on January 15, 2018. ECF Nos. 14 at 8–9, 15 at 6. 8 On January 16, 2018, Lieutenant Staben interviewed Detective James 9 Erickson, who worked with Tofsrud in the TCU. ECF Nos. 14 at 9, 15 at 6. During
10 the interview, Detective Erickson stated that Tofsrud had used the word “lie” or 11 “lied” when reporting the discrepancies in Corporal McCullough’s report to Deputy 12 Prosecutor Cruz. ECF Nos. 14 at 9, 33 at 2. Tofsrud alleges that the statement
13 elicited from Detective Erickson was the product of “deceptive interrogation 14 techniques.” ECF No. 14 at 9. 15 The investigation was reassigned to Sergeant Carr and Sergeant Waters who 16 handled the bulk of the investigation. ECF Nos. 14 at 10, 15 at 6. On March 22,
17 2018, Sergeant Carr interviewed Tofsrud, and Tofsrud was read his administrative 18 rights. ECF Nos. 14 at 11, 15 at 7. 19 Tofsrud contacted the City’s Human Resources (“HR”) Department with
20 respect to the handling of the IA investigation by Lieutenant Staben. ECF Nos. 14 at 21 10, 15 at 7. On May 4, 2018, Tofsrud filed a discrimination/harassment complaint 1 with HR, outlining behavior by Lieutenant Staben. ECF No. 14 at 14, 15 at 9. 2 Tofsrud was advised that the HR complaint would not be investigated until after the
3 IA investigation had been completed. ECF Nos. 14 at 14, 15 at 9. 4 On May 25, 2018, an administrative review panel concluded that Tofsrud had 5 violated several policies including SPD Policy 340.3.5(f): “knowingly making false,
6 misleading, or malicious statements that are reasonably calculated to harm or destroy 7 the reputation, authority or official standing of the Department or members thereof.” 8 ECF No. 34-2 at 22, 24. The administrative review panel found that “Tofsrud was 9 [not] consistent in his accusations against Cpl. McCullough during the entire
10 investigation” and “levied many accusations not only against McCullough but also 11 Sgt. Vigessa and Officer Stephanie Kennedy for various levels of untruthfulness and 12 called into question their integrity.” ECF No. 34-2 at 22.
13 On June 22, 2018, Chief Meidl authored a Letter of Reprimand outlining the 14 policy violations found to have been committed by Tofsrud. ECF No. 34-4. ECF 15 No. 34-4 (“While I did not find that you knowingly made these false allegations, I 16 find that your actions and statements were reckless.”).
17 On June 24, 2018, Tofsrud submitted a letter of rebuttal addressing the IA 18 investigation, findings of the administrative review panel, and Letter of Reprimand. 19 ECF Nos. 14 at 12, 15 at 8.
20 On September 21, 2018, Spokane Police Guild President John Griffin 21 submitted a letter to Chief Meidl asking him to reconsider the Letter of Reprimand 1 that was issued to Tofsrud. ECF No. 54-9. President Griffin also met with members 2 of the administrative review panel. ECF Nos. 14 at 12, 15 at 8. Chief Meidl
3 declined to reconsider the Letter. ECF No. 54-10. 4 On August 30, 2018, Plaintiff was served with a potential impeachment 5 disclosure (“PID”) letter by Chief Criminal Deputy Prosecutor Mark Cipolla. ECF
6 Nos. 14 at 13, 15 at 10. Corporal McCullough also was issued a PID letter. ECF 7 Nos. 14 at 16, 15 at 10. The Prosecutor’s Office confirmed its decision to maintain 8 Tofsrud on the Potential Impeachment Disclosure List (“PIDL”), colloquially known 9 as the “Brady list,” in January of 2019. ECF No. 54-2.
10 On November 20, 2018, a report was submitted regarding Tofsrud’s HR 11 complaint. ECF Nos. 14 at 15, 15 at 9. Tofsrud claims that the report lacked crucial 12 information and the HR investigation was inadequate. ECF No. 14 at 15–16.
13 After returning from medical leave, Tofsrud was transferred to the North 14 Precinct where his duties would include screening cases, distributing stickers for the 15 scat program, and conducting background investigations for [prospective] senior 16 volunteers at the precinct. ECF Nos. 14 at 17, 15 at 10. Tofsrud was assigned to an
17 office in the reception area of the precinct where Department of Corrections 18 offenders would report to their probation officers. ECF Nos. 14 at 17, 15 at 10. The 19 office was previously occupied by a Brady officer. ECF Nos. 14 at 17, 15 at 10.
20 After a discussion with his superiors, it was decided that Tofsrud would share an 21 office with his former partner. ECF Nos. 14 at 18, 15 at 10. On August 14, 2019, 1 Tofsrud was directed to report to the Academy for training. ECF Nos. 14 at 18, 15 2 at 11. Tofsrud contends the training had no relative connection to Plaintiff’s new
3 assignment. ECF No. 14 at 18. Tofsrud further contends that he was denied other 4 training opportunities, including the opportunity to attend a leadership conference. 5 ECF No. 34-1 at 5–6, 10–11.
6 Tofsrud was purportedly being “actively recruited” to join the Major Crimes 7 Unit and alleges that he no longer was considered for any of the several open 8 positions after the IA investigation. ECF No. 14 at 5. However, Tofsrud had not 9 formally applied for a position in the Major Crimes Unit. ECF No. 34-1 at 13, 15.
10 Tofsrud initiated the present matter seeking monetary damages and injunctive 11 relief under 42 USC § 1983 for unlawful retaliation under the First Amendment, 12 violations of due process and equal protection under the Fourteenth Amendment,
13 and state law claims of defamation and outrage. See ECF No. 14. 14 Defendants Spokane Police Department, Craig Meidl, Justin Lundgren, and 15 Dave Staben (collectively “Defendants”) seek dismissal of all claims. See ECF No. 16 32.
17 LEGAL STANDARD 18 Summary judgment is appropriate if the evidence, viewed in the light most 19 favorable to the nonmoving party, shows “that there is no genuine issue as to any
20 material fact and that the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. 21 Civ. P. 56(c). Only disputes over facts that might affect the outcome of the suit will 1 preclude the entry of summary judgment, and the disputed evidence must be “such 2 that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party.” Anderson v.
3 Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986). 4 “[A] party seeking summary judgment always bears the initial responsibility 5 of informing the district court of the basis for its motion and identifying those
6 portions of [the record] which it believes demonstrate the absence of a genuine issue 7 of material fact.” Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323–24 (1986). Parties 8 opposing summary judgment must cite to “particular parts of materials in the record” 9 establishing a genuine dispute. Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c)(1). “[T]here is no issue for
10 trial unless there is sufficient evidence favoring the non-moving party for a jury to 11 return a verdict for that party. If the evidence is merely colorable or if not 12 significantly probative, summary judgment may be granted.” Anderson, 477 U.S. at
13 249–50 (internal citations omitted). 14 DISCUSSION 15 I. 42 U.S.C. § 1983—First Amendment 16 Plaintiff claims that his referral of Corporal McCullough’s potential
17 misconduct was protected speech under the First Amendment, and that speech was 18 the sole motivating factor for subsequent retaliatory actions. ECF No. 14 at 22–23. 19 Defendants argue that they are entitled to summary judgment on Tofsrud’s
20 retaliation claim under the First Amendment because (1) Tofsrud did not speak as a 21 private citizen, but rather, as a public employee; and (2) Defendants had an 1 adequate justification for treating the employee differently from other members of 2 the general public. ECF No. 32 at 8–10.
3 “The First Amendment does not protect speech by public employees that is 4 made pursuant to their employment responsibilities—no matter how much a matter 5 of public concern it might be.” Coomes v. Edmonds School Dist. No. 15, 816 F.3d
6 1255, 1260 (9th Cir. 2016) (citing Garcetti v. Ceballos, 547 U.S. 410, 423–24 7 (2006)). In evaluating First Amendment retaliation claims, courts employ the 8 following five-factor inquiry. Coomes, 816 F.3d at 1259. “First, the plaintiff bears 9 the burden of proof at trial of showing (1) that she spoke on a matter of public
10 concern; (2) that she spoke as a private citizen rather than a public employee; and 11 (3) that the relevant speech was ‘a substantial or motivating factor in the adverse 12 employment action.’” Id. (quoting Eng v. Cooley, 552 F.3d 1062, 1070–71 (9th
13 Cir. 2009)). “If the plaintiff establishes such a prima facie case, the burden of 14 proof shifts to the government to show that (4) ‘the state had an adequate 15 justification for treating the employee differently from other members of the 16 general public’; or (5) ‘the state would have taken the adverse employment action
17 even absent the protected speech.’” Coomes, 816 F.3d at 1259 (quoting Eng, 553 18 F.3d at 1070–72). 19 “For the purposes of this argument, the Defendants admit that Plaintiff spoke
20 on a matter of public concern. However, Defendants do not concede that Plaintiff 21 spoke as a private citizen.” ECF No. 53 at 6. 1 “[W]hen public employees make statements pursuant to their official duties, 2 the employees are not speaking as citizens for First Amendment purposes, and the
3 Constitution does not insulate their communications from employer discipline.” 4 See, e.g., Garcetti, 547 U.S. at 422 (holding that district attorney’s memo 5 addressing the proper disposition of a pending criminal case was not protected
6 speech because memo was written pursuant to attorney’s official duties as calendar 7 deputy). Speech which “owes its existence to an employee’s professional 8 responsibilities” is not protected by the First Amendment. Id. at 421. 9 “[W]hether the plaintiff spoke as a public employee or a private citizen [] is
10 a mixed question of fact and law.” Posey v. Lake Pend Oreille Sch. Dist. No. 84, 11 546 F.3d 1121, 1129 (9th Cir. 2008). The proper inquiry to determine the scope of 12 an employee’s professional duties is a practical one. Garcetti, 547 U.S. at 424.
13 “[T]he scope and content of a plaintiff’s job responsibilities is a question of 14 fact.” Id. at 1130. The Court must, as a matter of law, decide the “‘ultimate 15 constitutional significance’ of those facts.” Johnson v. Poway Unified Sch. Dist., 16 658 F.3d 954, 966 (9th Cir. 2011) (quoting Eng, 552 F.3d at 1071). “[A]nalyzing
17 whether Garcetti applies involves the consideration of factual circumstances 18 surrounding the speech at issue, [but] the question of whether [plaintiff’s] speech is 19 entitled to protection is a legal conclusion properly decided at summary judgment.”
20 Charles v. Grief, 522 F.3d 508, 513 n.17 (5th Cir. 2008) (citation omitted). 21 1 “In evaluating whether a plaintiff spoke as a private citizen, [the court] must 2 therefore assume the truth of the facts as alleged by the plaintiff with respect to
3 employment responsibilities.” Eng, 552 F.3d at 1071. With respect to Tofsrud’s 4 position as an employee with SPD, Tofsrud testified that although he was not a 5 commander, he held an “informal leadership role . . . within the Targeted Crimes
6 Unit.” ECF No. 34-1 at 6. According to Tofsrud, as part of his normal course of 7 practice and consistent with his training and assignment, he “review[ed] arrest 8 reports and investigation outlines prepared by other units,” such as PACT. ECF 9 No. 42 at 4; see also ECF No. 54-3 (City of Spokane job description for Detective
10 position). He also “worked closely with confidential informants to investigate and 11 prosecute major criminal violations at a high level.” ECF No. 40 at 2 (citing ECF 12 No. 42 at 3). Accordingly, for purposes of resolving this motion, the Court
13 assumes as true that Tofsrud held an informal leadership role within the TCU, and 14 his official duties included reviewing arrest reports and investigations, even those 15 prepared by other units, as well as working closely with confidential informants. 16 The Ninth Circuit has articulated the following “guiding principles” in
17 determining the scope of a plaintiff’s job duties for the purposes of the First 18 Amendment: (1) whether or not the employee confined his communications to his 19 chain of command; (2) the subject-matter of the communication; and (3) whether
20 the employee spoke in direct contravention to his supervisor’s orders. Dahlia v. 21 Rodriguez, 735 F.3d 1060, 1074–76 (9th Cir. 2013). “These principles serve as a 1 necessary guide to analyzing the fact-intensive inquiry mandated by Garcetti.” Id. 2 at 1076.
3 “[P]articularly in a highly hierarchical employment setting such as law 4 enforcement, whether or not the employee confined his communications to his 5 chain of command is a relevant, if not necessarily dispositive, factor in determining
6 whether he spoke pursuant to his official duties.” Dahlia, 735 F.3d at 1074. 7 “When a public employee communicates with individuals or entities outside of his 8 chain of command, it is unlikely that he is speaking pursuant to his duties.” Id.; 9 see Freitag v. Ayers, 468 F.3d 528, 546 (9th Cir. 2006) (holding that correctional
10 officer’s communications with a state senator and the inspector general were 11 protected speech, but internal reports were not constitutionally protected). 12 A basis for the Letter of Reprimand issued to Tofsrud was that “instead of
13 filing a formal complaint through [his] chain of command or directly with Internal 14 Affairs, [Tofsrud] chose to make [his] allegation directly to a prosecuting 15 attorney,” thereby he “inappropriately circumvented [his] chain of command.” 16 ECF No. 34-4 at 3. The fact that Tofsrud did not confine his communications to
17 his chain of command “is a relevant factor in determining whether he spoke 18 pursuant to his official duties.” Dahlia, 735 F.3d at 1074. Here, however, it is 19 “not necessarily dispositive.” Id.
20 In making a practical, fact-specific inquiry, the Court considers the 21 relationship between the SPD and Spokane County Prosecuting Attorney’s Office 1 as separate, but coexisting entities. See, e.g., ECF No. 44 at 3 (“As part of my 2 assignment I have testified in state and federal courts here in Eastern Washington
3 on behalf of the prosecution.”). Tofsrud did not communicate with a state senator, 4 the inspector general, or the public through the press. See Freitag, 468 F.3d at 5 545–46; see also Alaska v. EEOC, 564 F.3d 1062, 1071 (9th Cir. 2009). Rather,
6 his communications were with Deputy Prosecutor Cruz. Although Cruz was 7 “outside the workplace” in the sense that he is not employed by SPD, he was 8 intimately related to the matter by virtue of being a prosecutor working on the case 9 involving Corporal McCullough’s arrest of the confidential informant. ECF No.
10 34-3 at 4 (“Eugene Cruz issued the first of many different legal ‘opinions’ on this 11 particular arrest.”); see also ECF No. 41-1 at 5 (memo from Deputy Prosecutor 12 Cruz opining that the case involving the CI should be dismissed).
13 The subject matter of the communication is also “highly relevant to the 14 ultimate determination whether the speech is protected by the First Amendment.” 15 Dahlia, 735 F.3d at 1074–75. Whereas a routine report pursuant to normal 16 departmental procedure about a particular incident or occurrence is typically within
17 an employee’s duties, “broad concerns about corruption or systemic abuse” are less 18 likely to be reasonably classified as being within the job duties of an average 19 public employee. Id.
20 Here, the subject matter of the communication was Corporal McCullough’s 21 stop and arrest of a confidential informant. Of particular significance is the fact 1 that the individual stopped and arrested by Corporal McCullough and Sergeant 2 Vigessa was a confidential informant utilized by Tofsrud. ECF Nos. 14 at 6, 15 at
3 5. The communication focused on a particular case, as opposed to “broad 4 concerns” about the PAC Team. Dahlia, 735 F.3d at 1075. Such concerns seemed 5 to have arisen only after Tofsrud’s meeting with Deputy Prosecutor Cruz. ECF
6 No. 42 at 10 (Tofsrud indicating that after meeting with DPA Cruz, he reflected on 7 similar complaints regarding PACT investigations). Although Tofsrud states that 8 he was “aware that past reports of misconduct had not received attention,” ECF 9 No. 42 at 11, Tofsrud’s communication with Deputy Prosecutor Cruz, by his own
10 recollection, was limited to the case involving Corporal McCullough and the 11 confidential informant. ECF No. 34-1 at 4 (Tofsrud testifying that he “met with 12 Mr. Cruz one time to discuss the discrepancies in the report.”); see also 34-2 at 15
13 (Tofsrud responding that he “didn’t discuss anything in particular with [DPA 14 Cruz]” regarding PACT). 15 Finally, where a public employee speaks in direct contravention to his 16 supervisor’s orders, that speech may fall outside the speaker’s professional duties.
17 Dahlia, 735 F.3d at 1075. Tofsrud had a conversation with Sergeant Preuninger 18 prior to speaking with Deputy Prosecutor Cruz. ECF No. 34-2 at 18. According to 19 Tofsrud, “Sergeant Preuninger endorsed my intention to meet with prosecutor
20 Cruz, saying ‘go talk to him.’” ECF No. 42 at 8 (citing ECF No. 41-1 at 17). 21 However, the “Internal Affairs investigation was inconclusive concerning the exact 1 content or level of detail [Tofsrud] provided to Sgt. Preuninger regarding this 2 matter.” ECF No. 34-4 at 2.
3 Although “external communications are ordinarily not made as an employee, 4 but as a citizen,” given the factual circumstances underlying the speech at issue, 5 the Court finds that Tofsrud was speaking as an SPD detective i.e. a “public
6 employee.” Davis v. McKinney, 518 F.3d 304, 313 (5th Cir. 2008) (citing Freitag, 7 468 F.3d 528); see also Dahlia, 735 F.3d at 1089 (O’Scannlain & Kozinski, JJ., 8 concurring) (“[T]he police have a unique role in society that makes it inappropriate 9 to rely on case law involving other types of public employment to decide that
10 officers’ speech will be protected when delivered ‘to persons outside the work 11 place,’ i.e., outside their own police department.”). 12 As set forth by Tofsrud himself in his claim for damages against Spokane
13 County, “Tofsrud’s concern was not to implicate McCullough but to ensure 14 prosecutions based on good probable cause and the attempt to salvage his cases 15 which featured the arrestee as a [confidential informant].” ECF No. 54-2 at 5. 16 Any “attempt to salvage his cases which featured the arrestee as a CI,” id., was
17 necessarily undertaken in Tofsrud’s role as a public employee, as opposed to as a 18 private citizen. 19 Although Tofsrud’s job duties may not include disclosing concerns to the
20 Prosecutor’s Office, Tofsrud’s job duties, including working with this specific 21 confidential informant, compelled the disclosure at issue. In other words, his 1 speech “owe[d] its existence” to official responsibilities. See Garcetti, 547 U.S. at 2 421. Accordingly, Tofsrud cannot demonstrate that he spoke to Deputy Prosecutor
3 Cruz as a private citizen. In speaking as a public employee, Tofsrud’s speech was 4 not protected. Id. at 421–22 (“Restricting speech that owes its existence to a public 5 employee’s professional responsibilities does not infringe any liberties the
6 employee might have enjoyed as a private citizen.”). Accordingly, Defendants are 7 entitled to summary judgment on Tofsrud’s First Amendment retaliation claim. 8 II. 42 U.S.C. § 1983—Fourteenth Amendment 9 A. Substantive & Procedural Due Process
10 Tofsrud asserts both procedural and substantive due process claims against 11 Defendants arising out of the Brady listing and subsequent change in job duties, 12 lost overtime, and training opportunities. ECF No. 14 at 18–21. Tofsrud further
13 claims that Defendants “failed to provide adequate notice and opportunity to be 14 heard regarding his [discipline] and his Brady listing.” Id. Additionally, Tofsrud 15 contends that the “investigation against [him] was so flawed that it deprived him of 16 due process.” Id.
17 “A threshold requirement to a substantive or procedural due process claim is 18 the plaintiff's showing of a liberty or property interest protected by the 19 Constitution.” Wedges/Ledges of Cal., Inc. v. City of Phoenix, 24 F.3d 56, 62 (9th
20 Cir. 1994) (citing Bd. of Regents v. Roth, 408 U.S. 564, 569 (1972)). Since both 21 substantive and procedural due process claims require the deprivation of a 1 constitutionally protected property or liberty interest, the Court assesses first 2 whether Tofsrud adequately has alleged such an interest.
3 1. Property Interest 4 Tofsrud claims that he has “property interest in his job” and Defendants 5 deprived him of his constitutionally protected interests by “effectively end[ing] his
6 employability as a police officer.” ECF No. 14 at 19. Tofsrud further claims that 7 the Brady listing “effectively blacklisted Plaintiff.” Id. Defendants counter that 8 Plaintiff’s substantive due process claim is subject to dismissal on summary 9 judgment because the Spokane County Prosecuting Attorney’s Office, not
10 Defendants, issue Brady letters, and Tofsrud’s inclusion on the Brady list does not 11 foreclose him access to his chosen profession. ECF No. 32 at 10–12. 12 “The substantive component of the Due Process Clause forbids the
13 government from depriving a person of life, liberty, or property in such a way that 14 . . . interferes with rights implicit in the concept of ordered liberty.” Engquist v. 15 Oregon Dep't of Agric., 478 F.3d 985, 996 (9th Cir. 2007). “[T]here is substantive 16 due process protection against government employer actions that foreclose access
17 to a particular profession to the same degree as government regulation.” Id. at 998 18 (dismissing substantive due process claim where there was no evidence that the 19 defendants caused the plaintiff’s job search difficulties).
20 However, substantive due process claims in the public employment context 21 are limited to “extreme cases, such as a ‘government blacklist,’ which when 1 circulated or otherwise publicized to prospective employers effectively excludes 2 the blacklisted individual from his occupation, much as if the government had
3 yanked the license of an individual in an occupation that requires licensure.” Id. at 4 997–98 (citing Olivieri v. Rodriguez, 122 F.3d 406, 408 (7th Cir. 1997)). “Stated 5 differently, one does not have a constitutional right to a specific job or position, but
6 only to ‘a liberty interest in pursuing an occupation of one’s choice.’” Lane v. 7 Marion County, No. 6:19-CV-287-MC, 2020 WL 5579820, at *3 (D. Or. Sept. 17, 8 2020) (quoting Engquist, 478 F.3d at 997). 9 The Court finds that there is insufficient evidence to support the conclusion
10 that Tofsrud has been “blacklisted” from an occupation in law enforcement, nor 11 that this case falls into the narrow category of fact patterns identified by the 12 Engquist court.
13 First, Tofsrud has not been “blacklisted” from an occupation in law 14 enforcement as his employment with the City of Spokane Police Department 15 continued after he received the Letter of Reprimand and he was placed on a Brady 16 list. See, e.g., Lane, No. 6:19-CV-287-MC, 2020 WL 5579820, at *3 (holding that
17 plaintiff’s inclusion on the Brady list did not violate plaintiff’s right to work in his 18 chosen occupation given that plaintiff was currently employed by the Sherriff’s 19 Office); see also Boyd v. Edwards, No. 6:15–cv–238–MC, 2015 WL 3407890, at
20 *2 (D. Or. 2015) (“Boyd is still employed as an OSP officer, so he cannot meet the 21 extremely high bar to make out a substantive due process violation.”). 1 In response to summary judgment, Plaintiff now contends that “either he 2 continues working under an administration which has already [allegedly] abused
3 him and retaliated against him or resign and face the end of his career.” ECF No. 4 40 at 13. See Heidt v. City of McMinnville, No. 3:15-CV-00989-SI, 2016 WL 5 7007501, at *11 (D. Or. Nov. 29, 2016) (describing “constructive discharge”
6 meaning that an “employee quit because his working conditions were such that a 7 reasonable person would feel he or she had no choice but to quit or retire”) (citing 8 Knappenberger v. City of Phoenix, 566 F.3d 936, 940 (9th Cir. 2009)). However, 9 Tofsrud remains employed by the City as a detective, and Tofsrud did not assert a
10 theory of “constructive discharge” in his First Amended Complaint. ECF Nos. 14, 11 40 at 13, 42 at 2. 12 Second, Tofsrud’s conclusory allegation that he is unable to transfer laterally
13 to a different department, ECF No. 14 at 19, is unsubstantiated by the record. 14 Tofsrud does not allege nor does the record support that Tofsrud has attempted to 15 transfer to another police agency and has been unable to do so because of either the 16 Letter of Reprimand or his inclusion on the Brady list. See Lane, No. 6:19-CV-
17 287-MC, 2020 WL 5579820, at *4 (“Providing evidence of one unsuccessful 18 application with another law enforcement agency falls far short of establishing one 19 is blacklisted from a career in law enforcement.”); see also Tillotson v. Dumanis,
20 567 F. App’x 482, 483 (9th Cir. 2014) (“Evidence of four rejections “fall[s] far 21 short of [establishing] a complete prohibition” on Tillotson obtaining employment 1 as a police officer.”) (quoting Lowry v. Barnhart, 329 F.3d 1019, 1023 (9th Cir. 2 2003)).
3 Third, Tofsrud’s contention that Defendants have effectively “blacklisted” 4 Tofsrud from his law enforcement career and advancement by “labeling him as a 5 liar” mischaracterizes the evidence. ECF No. 40 at 13. The Letter of Reprimand
6 issued by SPD Chief Meidl is devoid of the terms “liar” or “lying,” but rather 7 states: 8 By bringing unsubstantiated allegations of untruthfulness on the part of Corporal McCullough to the attention of the Spokane County Prosecutor’s 9 Office, you inappropriately circumvented your chain of command and the Internal Affairs process and harmed the reputation of members of the 10 department. While I do not find that you knowingly made these false allegations, I find that your actions and statements were reckless. 11 ECF No. 34-4 at 2–3. 12 Although Tofsrud’s placement on the Brady list was based on the Letter of 13 Reprimand, ECF No. 54-1 at 7–8, the Spokane County Prosecuting Attorney Larry 14 Haskell and Chief Criminal Deputy Prosecutor Mark Cipolla, not the Defendants, 15 were the decisionmakers with respect to whether Tofsrud was placed on the list. 16 ECF No. 34-5 at 6. Other courts have found that prosecutors are entitled to 17 absolute prosecutorial immunity for such decisions. See Harris v. Chelan County, 18 No. 2:17-CV-0137-JTR, 2019 WL 1923924, at *4 (E.D. Wash. Apr. 30, 2019) 19 (granting summary judgment against Plaintiff on substantive and procedural due 20 process claims pertaining to Brady list designation because absolute immunity 21 1 applies to a prosecutor’s decision to “Brady list” an officer); Pendell v. Spokane 2 County, No. 2:19-CV-00426-SAB, 2020 WL 3270150, at *3 (E.D. Wash. June 17,
3 2020) (“Defendants Driscoll and Haskell are entitled to absolute prosecutorial 4 immunity for the decision to place Deputy Pendell on the [Potential Impeachment 5 Disclosure List].”). Thus, to the extent that Tofsrud claims that he was labeled as a
6 “liar” by virtue of being placed on the Brady list, that designation was not made by 7 the named Defendants. 8 As the record does not support a conclusion that Tofsrud has been 9 “blacklisted” from engaging in his chosen profession of law enforcement by the
10 named Defendants, Tofsrud’s substantive due process claim based on the right to 11 work in his chosen occupation fails. 12 2. Entitlement to Terms & Conditions of Employment
13 Tofsrud also claims that he has “lost overtime work, lost training and 14 promotion opportunities, advancement, and disqualification from testifying in the 15 course of employment.” ECF No. 14 at 20. 16 “Generally, the right to a particular position or to receive overtime hours is
17 not a constitutionally protected property interest.” Heidt, No. 3:15-CV-00989-SI, 18 2016 WL 7007501, at *10. “Public employees have a ‘property interest’ in the 19 terms and conditions of their employment if that interest is established ‘by existing
20 rules or understandings that stem from an independent source such as state law 21 rules or understandings that secure certain benefits and that support claims of 1 entitlement to those benefits.’” Id. (quoting Bd. of Regents, 408 U.S. at 577). A 2 reasonable expectation of entitlement is derived from the wording of the
3 independent source of law, and the “extent to which the entitlement is couched in 4 mandatory terms.” Wedges/Ledges, 24 F.3d at 62. 5 Overtime Work
6 In the First Amended Complaint, Tofsrud claims that his entitlement to “fair 7 and equal access to overtime and promotional and training opportunities . . . arises 8 out of SPD’s promises of specific treatment in specific circumstances including 9 disciplinary action implemented upon existence of just cause, made in City and
10 Department disciplinary policies, the Brady best practice policy and the collective 11 bargaining agreement.” ECF No. 14 at 19. However, Tofsrud concedes that his 12 claim and suit alleged violations of federal statutory rights, and “not rights under a
13 collective bargaining unit.” ECF Nos. 33 at 4, 45 at 4. Tofsrud has not alleged any 14 independent authority or pointed to evidence in the record that gives him the right 15 to work overtime hours or receive training, specifically leadership training where 16 Tofsrud had no formal leadership or command position. ECF No. 34-1 (Tofsrud
17 describing his role within TCU as an “informal leadership role.”). 18 “Although Plaintiff has a property interest in continued employment under 19 Washington law, see RCW 41.14.120, this provision does not give [Tofsrud] an
20 entitlement to future promotions or overtime, and is only “triggered by removal, 21 suspension, demotions, or discharge.” Pendell, No. 2:19-CV-00426-SAB, 2020 1 WL 3270150, at *6. Under RCW 41.14.120, “[n]o person in the classified civil 2 service . . . shall be removed, suspended, demoted, or discharged except for cause,”
3 and proscribes the procedures due when triggered. See Pendell, No. 2:19-CV- 4 00426-SAB, 2020 WL 3270150, at *6 (“Placement on the PIDL does not amount 5 to removal, suspension, or demotion.”). Thus, Tofsrud cannot show that the statute
6 does anything more than create procedural guarantees, as opposed to creating a 7 reasonable expectation of opportunities for overtime work. See, e.g., Stiesberg v. 8 State of Cal., 80 F.3d 353, 357 (9th Cir. 1996) (finding that officer’s transfer from 9 one post to another, which had no adverse effect on his rank, pay, or privileges, did
10 not deprive plaintiff of a property interest protected by the Due Process Clause). 11 In response to summary judgment, Tofsrud contends that he has “articulated 12 a substantive due process claim in alleging that he was demoted or transferred
13 arbitrarily.” ECF No. 40 at 14. The facts, as alleged by Tofsrud, include that after 14 returning from medical leave, he was transferred to the North Precinct to a less 15 desirable office where his duties would include screening cases, distributing 16 stickers for the scat program, and conducting background investigations for
17 perspective senior volunteers at the precinct. ECF No. 14 at 17; see also ECF No. 18 54-3 at 2 (examples of job functions for City of Spokane Detectives includes 19 “performs general police duties and other related work as required.”); ECF No. 54-
20 7 at 3 (Major Eric Olsen testifying that Tofsrud was reassigned to the North 21 Precinct “for the productiveness of both [the TCU and PACT] units.”). Like the 1 plaintiff in Stiesberg, Tofsrud’s transfer or reassignment to the North Precinct does 2 not constitute a deprivation of a property interest protected by the Due Process
3 Clause. Stiesberg, 80 F.3d at 357 (“[W]e reject the proposition that merely 4 transferring an employee without notice gives rise to a due process claim.”). 5 Promotions & Training Opportunities
6 Tofsrud alleges that he was being recruited for an opening in the Major 7 Crimes Unit, and that recruitment ceased subsequent to the events at issue. ECF 8 No. 3401 at 13. However, “the prospect of a promotion does not give rise to such 9 an entitlement, and the fact that a person was not promoted is not grounds for a due
10 process property claim.” Pendell, No. 2:19-CV-00426-SAB, 2020 WL 3270150, 11 at *5 (citing Nunez v. City of Los Angeles, 147 F.3d 867, 871-72 (9th Cir. 1998)). 12 Furthermore, Tofsrud never formally applied for a position, and he has not directed
13 the Court to an independent source of law which provides an entitlement to future 14 promotions. See id. at *6 (“Although Plaintiff is correct that he has a property 15 interest in continued employment under Washington law, see Wash. Rev. Code 16 41.14.120, he is incorrect that this provision gives him an entitlement to future
17 promotions.”). 18 / / 19 / /
20 / / 21 1 Ability to Testify 2 Tofsrud contends that Defendants caused his disqualification from testifying
3 in the course of employment. ECF No. 14 at 20 (“As a direct and proximate result 4 of the acts and omissions of Defendants complaint of herein, Plaintiff has suffered . 5 . . disqualification from testifying in the course of employment.”). However,
6 Tofsrud’s inclusion on the Brady list is not a complete bar on his ability to testify 7 in court. As set forth by Chief Deputy Prosecutor Cipolla, “just because a person 8 is on the list, doesn’t mean [the Prosecutor’s Office” just lay[s] down and die[s].” 9 ECF No. 34-5 at 4. According to Chief Deputy Prosecutor Cipolla, there is no
10 “hard and fast rule” systematically excluding officers on the list from testifying. 11 Id. For example, Corporal McCullough has testified in court since receiving his 12 Brady letter. ECF No. 34-5 at 7. Rather, from Chief Deputy Prosecutor Cipolla’s
13 perspective, it depends on what the Brady issue is. Id. 14 Tofsrud has failed to provide an independent source entitling him to 15 overtime work, training and promotion opportunities, and the ability to testify in 16 court. Accordingly, Tofsrud cannot establish that he was deprived of a protected
17 property interest. 18 3. Liberty Interest 19 Tofsrud did not expressly claim a liberty interest in his occupation. See ECF
20 No. 14. However, “the Due Process clause does recognize such an interest if a 21 public employer terminates an employee and, in doing so, makes a charge that 1 might seriously damage the employee’s standing or impose a stigma on him that 2 prevents him from taking advantage of other employment in his chosen
3 profession.” Pendell, No. 2:19-CV-00426-SAB, 2020 WL 3270150, at *6 (citing 4 Blantz v. California Dep't of Corr. & Rehab., Div. of Corr. Health Care Servs., 5 727 F.3d 917, 925 (9th Cir. 2013)). Thus, the Court turns to whether Defendants’
6 “stigmatizing statements” in this context triggered the protections of due process. 7 “If, in the course of dismissing an employee, the government takes steps or 8 makes charges that so severely stigmatize the employee that she cannot avail 9 herself of other employment opportunities, a claim for deprivation of liberty will
10 stand.” Hyland v. Wonder, 972 F.2d 1129, 1141 (9th Cir. 1992) (citing Bd. of 11 Regents, 408 U.S. at 573–574). “Stigmatizing statements that merely cause 12 ‘reduced economic returns and diminished prestige, but not permanent exclusion
13 from, or protracted interruption of, gainful employment within the trade or 14 profession’ do not constitute a deprivation of liberty.” Blantz, 727 F.3d at 925 15 (quoting Stretten v. Wadsworth Veterans Hosp., 537 F.2d 361, 366 (9th Cir.1976)). 16 To satisfy the “stigma-plus” test, plaintiff must show that “the accuracy of
17 the charge is contested,” that there is “some public disclosure of the charge,” and 18 the charge “is made in connection with the termination of employment or the 19 alteration of some right or status recognized by state law.” Pendell, No. 2:19-CV-
20 00426-SAB, 2020 WL 3270150, at *6 (quoting Vanelli v. Reynolds Sch. Dist., 667 21 F.2d 773, 778 (9th Cir. 1982)). 1 The Court recognizes that “placement on a ‘Brady list’ involves a negative 2 credibility finding and can have severe employment consequences.” Heidt, No.
3 3:15-CV-00989-SI, 2016 WL 7007501, at *11 (“Because Heidt remains employed, 4 the Court dismisses with prejudice Heidt’s claim that his liberty interest has been 5 unconstitutionally deprived.”). However, similar to the plaintiff in Heidt, Tofsrud
6 “does not allege that he was terminated—his current claim involves only a change 7 in job duties and an inability to receive overtime hours or training.” Heidt, No. 8 3:15-CV-00989-SI, 2016 WL 7007501, at *11; see also Pendell, No. 2:19-CV- 9 00426-SAB, 2020 WL 3270150, at *6–7 (declining to expand due process
10 jurisprudence to cover all adverse employment decisions in the context of liberty 11 interest claims, “given language and subsequent caselaw from the Ninth Circuit 12 that is specific to employment termination.”).
13 As discussed supra, Tofsrud has not demonstrated that he would, in fact, be 14 deprived of all employment in his field by virtue of his placement on the Brady 15 list. See Pendell, No. 2:19-CV-00426-SAB, 2020 WL 3270150, at *6. “If 16 [Plaintiff] has shown any damage to his reputation, it has only deprived him of
17 prestige and future possibilities of promotions and advancement.” Id. “This is 18 insufficient to make out a liberty interest claim and therefore Plaintiff is not 19 entitled to the process he desires.” Id.
20 Accordingly, Tofsrud’s allegations fail to articulate the deprivation of a 21 constitutionally protected liberty interest. 1 Tofsrud has failed to support that a protected property or liberty interest is 2 implicated in this case. See Wedges/Ledges, 24 F.3d at 62 (“A threshold
3 requirement to a substantive or procedural due process claim is the plaintiff's 4 showing of a liberty or property interest protected by the Constitution.”). 5 Accordingly, Defendants are entitled to summary judgment on Tofsrud’s
6 substantive and procedural due process claims under the Fourteenth Amendment. 7 B. Equal Protection 8 “Plaintiff concedes several factual conditions . . . render[ ] his Equal 9 Protection claim invalid.” ECF No. 40 at 16. “Understanding the ‘class of one’
10 theory of equal protection is disfavored in the Ninth Circuit[,] Plaintiff wishes to 11 focus the Court on his other claims and agrees to voluntarily dismiss his [Equal 12 Protection] cause of action.” ECF No. 40 at 15–16. Accordingly, Plaintiff’s Equal
13 Protection claim is dismissed with prejudice. 14 III. Defamation 15 Defendants argue that they are entitled to summary judgment because 16 “Plaintiff cannot identify anyone who communicated the allegedly defamatory
17 statements to others.” ECF No. 32 at 17. 18 The elements a plaintiff must establish in a defamation case are (1) falsity, 19 (2) an unprivileged communication, (3) fault, and (5) damages. Mohr v. Grant,
20 153 Wash.2d 812, 822, 108 P.3d 768 (2005). The falsity prong is satisfied with 21 1 evidence that a statement is provably false or leaves a false impression. Id. at 825, 2 108. P.3d 738.
3 “When a defendant in a defamation action moves for summary judgment, 4 the plaintiff has the burden of establishing a prima facie case on all four elements.” 5 Paterson v. Little, Brown & Co., 502 F. Supp. 2d 1124, 1132 (W.D. Wash. 2007)
6 (citing LaMon v. Butler, 112 Wash.2d 193, 197, 770 P.2d 1027 (1989)). “The 7 prima facie case must consist of specific, material facts, rather than conclusory 8 statements, that would allow a jury to find that each element of defamation exists.” 9 Paterson, 502 F. Supp. 2d at 1132 (citing LaMon, 112 Wash.3d at 197, 770 P.2d
10 1027). 11 The basis for Tofsrud’s defamation claim is a moving target. In the First 12 Amended Complaint, Tofsrud claims that “Defendants made statements in the
13 form of the IA investigation, memos and reports, letters, emails, and public 14 comments in which they labeled Plaintiff as untruthful.” ECF No. 14 at 25. 15 However, Tofsrud fails to identify with particularity the statements, speakers, and 16 recipients of the alleged defamatory statements.
17 When deposed and asked to state the basis for his defamation claim, Tofsrud 18 testified that “the entire process defamed me. So, I guess we’ve yet to identify 19 who the entire process included, but the entire process defamed me . . . one of the
20 worst things that you can have as a police officer is to be called a ‘Brady officer.’ 21 So that is defaming in my mind.” ECF No. 34-1 at 16; see also ECF No. 45 at 5 1 (“Tofsrud considered the entire process to be based on false information that 2 harmed his reputation.”). This evidence fails to establish a prima facie case for
3 defamation. 4 In response to summary judgment, Tofsrud contends that the Letter of 5 Reprimand, finding that Tofsrud had violated SPD Policies including “knowingly
6 making false, misleading, or malicious statements,” which was forwarded to the 7 Spokane County Prosecuting Attorney’s Office, is false and actionable as 8 defamation. ECF No. 40 at 17; see also ECF No. 34-4 at 3 (Chief Meidl stating 9 that “[w]hile I do not find that you knowingly made these false allegations, I find
10 that your actions and statements were reckless.”). Defendants contend that if this 11 the basis for Plaintiff’s defamation claim, the communication between Chief Meidl 12 and the Prosecutor’s Office is privileged. ECF No. 53 at 11; see Lackey v. Lewis
13 County, No. C09–5145RJB, 2009 WL 3294848, at *12 (W.D. Wash. Oct. 9, 2009) 14 (finding defamation claim was subject to dismissal because the plaintiff failed to 15 prove that Lewis County Prosecuting Attorney’s communication to Mason County 16 Prosecutor regarding officer’s Brady designation was not privileged).
17 Furthermore, as there are only specific allegations asserted against 18 Defendant Meidl, Defendants argue that Defendants Lundgren and Staben should 19 be dismissed as a matter of law. The Court agrees that there are no specific
20 allegations or evidence of defaming communications made by Defendants 21 1 Lundgren and Staben and dismisses Plaintiff’s defamation claim against them with 2 prejudice.
3 “A privileged communication involves the occasion where an otherwise 4 slanderous statement is shared with a third person who has a common interest in 5 the subject and is reasonably entitled to know the information.” Pate v. Tyee
6 Motor Inn, Inc., 77 Wash.2d 819, 821, 467 P.2d 301 (1970). Most situations in 7 which the common interest privilege applies involve persons from the same 8 organization or enterprise. Moe v. Wise, 97 Wash.App. 950, 957, 989 P.2d 1148 9 (1999).
10 Here, it is undisputed that the Letter of Reprimand was shared with the 11 Spokane County Prosecuting Attorney’s Office. Pursuant to a memorandum 12 entitled “Potential Impeachment Disclosure Guidelines,” created on January 8,
13 2018, and shared with local law enforcement leadership, ECF No. 54-13 at 2, the 14 Prosecutor’s Office “relies on law enforcement agencies to conduct investigations 15 into allegations of officer misconduct, and to advise [the Prosecutor’s Office] of 16 the results of those investigations.” ECF No. 54-13 at 4. “On completion of the
17 investigation, the agency is requested to notify the PID Deputy of all relevant 18 information. This should be done whether or not the agency determined that the 19 allegations were well founded.” Id. at 5.
20 Once an internal affairs investigation commenced and concluded, Chief 21 Meidl advised the Prosecutor’s Office of the results of the investigation pursuant to 1 the Guidelines. The Prosecutor’s Office had a common interest in the information, 2 based on the prosecutors’ duties set forth in Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83
3 (1963). Therefore, the Prosecutor’s Office was reasonably entitled to the results of 4 the underlying investigation. Accordingly, the Letter of Reprimand authored by 5 Chief Meidl falls within the common interest privilege.
6 If a qualified privilege applies, such has the common interest privilege, the 7 burden then shifts to the plaintiff to show that the publisher abused the privilege. 8 Alpine Indus. Computers, Inc. v. Cowles Pub. Co., 114 Wash.App. 371, 382, 57 9 P.3d 1178 (2002). “Whether the speaker has abused a qualified privilege such that
10 the privilege is lost is ordinarily a question of fact for the jury unless the facts 11 support only one reasonable conclusion.” Little v. Kitsap Transit, No. C08- 12 5010RJB, 2008 WL 4621584, at *12 (W.D. Wash. Oct. 17, 2008) (citing Moe, 97
13 Wash.App. at 963, 989 P.2d 1148). 14 Defamation plaintiffs can demonstrate that a qualified privilege has been 15 abused in one of five ways: (1) the speaker knew the statement to be false or acted 16 in reckless disregard as to its falsity, (2) the speaker did not make the statement for
17 the purpose of protecting the common interest, (3) the speaker knowingly 18 published the matter to a person who is not covered by the privilege, (4) the 19 speaker did not reasonably believe the subject matter was necessary to serve the
20 common interest, or (5) the speaker published both privileged and unprivileged 21 1 statements. Moe, 97 Wash.App. at 989, 989 P.2d 1148. Evidence of abuse of the 2 privilege must be clear and convincing. Id.
3 Tofsrud argues that Plaintiffs can show that Chief Meidl knew the falsity of 4 the statement “Detective Tofsrud made a knowingly false, misleading statement” 5 based upon contradictory statements in the Letter of Reprimand. ECF No. 40 at
6 17. 7 The statement “Detective Tofsrud made a knowingly false, misleading 8 statement” does not appear verbatim in the Letter of Reprimand. ECF No. 34-4 at 9 2–3. Rather, the Letter states that after reviewing the matter, Chief Meidl found
10 Tofsrud to have violated SPD policies, including “knowingly making false, 11 misleading or malicious statements . . . .” Id. The Letter of Reprimand then states 12 “[w]hile I do not find that you knowingly made these false allegations, I find that
13 your actions and statements were reckless.” ECF No. 34-4 at 3. 14 The Court does not find that Chief Meidl’s statement that Tofsrud’s “actions 15 and statements were reckless” is a contradiction, but rather serves as clarification 16 as to the basis for sustaining the findings of SPD policy violations by the
17 Administrative Review Panel. Furthermore, the finding regarding recklessness is 18 not clear and convincing evidence that Chief Meidl forwarded the Letter of 19 Reprimand with actual-malice knowledge as to the falsity of the Letter’s contents.
20 Tolan v. Washington, No. C04-2091JLR, 2005 WL 1378755, at *3 (W.D. Wash. 21 June 8, 2005) (“A defendant abuses the official duty privilege if he publishes a 1 statement with actual malice-knowledge of the statement's falsity or reckless 2 disregard for its truth or falsity.”) (citation omitted). The record also does not
3 indicate that Chief Meidl forwarded the Letter of Reprimand for an unreasonable 4 purpose not encompassed by the common interest or that he knowingly published 5 the Letter to a person who was not part of the Spokane County Prosecuting
6 Attorney’s Office. 7 Defendants asserted that “any written or oral statements made or otherwise 8 attributed to any or all of the named Defendants are protected by either a qualified 9 privilege or an absolute privilege.” ECF No. 15 at 23. Tofsrud argued in response
10 to summary judgment that “Defendants have not articulated any basis under which 11 this communication would be privileged and therefore, Plaintiff has carried his 12 burden on this element.” ECF No. 40 at 18. In replying, Defendants asserted the
13 common interest privilege presumably because Tofsrud had failed to identify with 14 sufficient particularity which statements formed the basis of his defamation claim 15 prior to his response to summary judgment. Since Tofsrud failed to identify with 16 particularity which statements formed the basis of his defamation claim, and since
17 he already has argued that “the speaker knew the statement to be false or acted in 18 reckless disregard as to its falsity” and the Court has rejected that as a basis for 19 abuse of privilege, the Court finds that it is futile to allow Plaintiff to attempt to
20 rebut the privilege with a sur-reply. 21 1 IV. Outrage 2 Tofsrud claims that “Defendants’ acts of investigating and labeling a law
3 enforcement officer as a liar . . . consists of an extraordinary transgression of the 4 bounds of socially tolerable conduct that is extreme and outrageous.” ECF No. 1 5 at 24. Defendants contend that summary judgment is appropriate on Tofsrud’s
6 claim for outrage because the issuance of a Letter of Reprimand after a lengthy 7 investigation does not amount to the requisite “extreme and outrageous conduct.” 8 ECF No. 32 at 18–19. Tofsrud argues that the facts, when considered in the 9 context of a career in law enforcement, are sufficiently “shocking and outrageous.”
10 ECF No. 40 at 20. 11 “The tort of outrage requires the proof of three elements: (1) extreme and 12 outrageous conduct, (2) intentional or reckless infliction of emotional distress, and
13 (3) actual result to plaintiff of severe emotional distress.” Kloepfel v. Bokor, 149 14 Wash.2d 192, 195, 66 P.3d 630 (2003). A claim for outrage must be predicated on 15 behavior “so outrageous in character, and so extreme in degree, as to go beyond all 16 possible bounds of decency, and to be regarded as atrocious, and utterly intolerable
17 in a civilized community.” Grimsby v. Samson, 85 Wash.2d 52, 59, 530 P.2d 291 18 (1975) (citing Restatement (Second) of Torts § 46 cmt. d). 19 Although “whether conduct is sufficiently outrageous is ordinarily a jury
20 question,” “the trial court must initially determine if reasonable minds could differ 21 1 on whether the conduct was extreme enough to result in liability.” Kirby v. City of 2 Tacoma, 124 Wash.App. 454, 473, 98 P.3d 827 (2004).
3 The Court finds that Defendants’ actions were not so extreme as to shock the 4 conscience. See id. at 473–74, 98 P.3d 827 (“Workplace disciplinary actions such 5 as writing administrative reports, receiving oral reprimands, and internal affairs
6 investigations are not ‘so outrageous in character, and so extreme in degree, as to 7 go beyond all possible bounds of decency, and to be regarded as atrocious, and 8 utterly intolerable in a civilized community.’”) (quoting Grimsby, 85 Wash.2d at 9 59, 530 P.2d 291). In Kirby, Division II of the Washington State Court of Appeals
10 found that Kirby, a police officer, had failed to show that there was a genuine issue 11 of material fact as to his claim of outrageous conduct where he alleged various 12 adverse employment actions, including that he was the subject of numerous
13 administrative investigations, “some of which lasted for months and some for up to 14 two years.” Kirby, 124 Wash.App. at 460–61, 474, 98 P.3d 827. 15 Thus, even in the context of a career in law enforcement, Tofsrud has failed 16 to set forth specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue of material facts or
17 evidence supporting his prima facie case with respect to his tort claim for outrage. 18 Therefore, Plaintiff’s claim of outrage is dismissed with prejudice. 19 Accordingly, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED:
20 1. Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment, ECF No. 32, is 21 GRANTED. 1 2. Plaintiff’s claims against Defendants are DISMISSED WITH 2 PREJUDICE.
3 3. Judgment shall be entered for Defendants. 4 4. Any remaining, pending motions are DENIED AS MOOT, and any 5 hearing dates are STRICKEN.
6 IT IS HEREBY ORDERED. The District Court Clerk is directed to enter 7 this Order, enter judgment as directed, provide copies to counsel, and close the file 8 in this case. 9 DATED June 2, 2021.
10 s/ Rosanna Malouf Peterson ROSANNA MALOUF PETERSON 11 United States District Judge 12 13 14 15 16
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