IN THE
Court of Appeals of Indiana Tina Marie Campbell, FILED Appellant-Petitioner/Mother Dec 30 2024, 10:22 am
CLERK Indiana Supreme Court Court of Appeals v. and Tax Court
Jeffrey Allen Campbell, Appellee-Respondent/Father
December 30, 2024 Court of Appeals Case No. 24A-DC-1004 Appeal from the Lake Superior Court The Honorable Calvin D. Hawkins, Special Judge Trial Court Cause No. 45D02-2110-DC-670
Opinion by Judge Pyle Judges Weissmann and Felix concur.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 24A-DC-1004 | December 30, 2024 Page 1 of 31 Pyle, Judge.
Statement of the Case
[1] Tina Campbell (“Mother”) appeals the trial court’s order dissolving her
marriage to Jeffrey Campbell (“Father”) (collectively “Parents”). Mother
argues that: (1) the trial court abused its discretion when it awarded Parents
joint physical custody of their two children (“the children”); (2) the trial court
failed to rule on one issue and abused its discretion when it ruled on another
issue that Parents had stipulated would be deferred to the final hearing; (3) the
trial court abused its discretion when it divided the marital property; and (4) the
non-disparagement clause in the dissolution decree amounts to an
unconstitutional prior restraint on speech.
[2] We conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion when it awarded
Parents joint physical custody of the children and affirm that portion of the trial
court’s order. However, we further conclude that: (1) the trial court failed to
rule on one issue and abused its discretion when it ruled on another issue that
Parents had stipulated would be deferred to the final hearing; (2) the trial court
abused its discretion when it divided the marital property; and (3) the non-
disparagement clause in the dissolution decree amounts to an unconstitutional
prior restraint on speech. Accordingly, we reverse those portions of the trial
court’s order and remand with instructions for the trial court to: (1) rule on the
two issues that Parents’ stipulations in the May 2022 provisional order deferred
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 24A-DC-1004 | December 30, 2024 Page 2 of 31 to the final hearing; (2) re-divide the marital property; and (3) strike the non-
disparagement clause from the dissolution decree.
We affirm in part, reverse in part, and remand with instructions.
Issues
1. Whether the trial court abused its discretion when it awarded Parents joint physical custody of the children.
2. Whether the trial court failed to rule on one issue and abused its discretion when it ruled on another issue that Parents had stipulated would be deferred to the final hearing.
3. Whether the trial court abused its discretion when it divided the marital property.
4. Whether the non-disparagement clause in the dissolution decree is a prior restraint on speech.
Facts
[3] Parents were married in September 2010. Their son, C. (“C.”), was born in
January 2012, and their daughter, Ca. (“Ca.”), was born in July 2013. In
October 2021, Mother filed a dissolution petition.
[4] In May 2022, the trial court issued a provisional order (“the May 2022
provisional order”), which provided that Parents had stipulated to the
following:
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 24A-DC-1004 | December 30, 2024 Page 3 of 31 D. Each party shall have temporary use and possession of the vehicle in his or her possession and shall be responsible for any and all obligations due and owing thereon, including automobile insurance. Parties defer the issue of who is responsible for Mother’s car payment provisionally until final hearing.
* * * * *
G. Any arrearages in child support or extracurricular activities shall be deferred and/or any credits given for the same shall be deferred until the final hearing.
(App. Vol. 2 at 29).
[5] Parents also stipulated in the May 2022 provisional order that Mother would
have temporary physical custody of the children. In addition, the trial court
awarded Mother parenting time that included four overnight visits with the
children each week. The trial court further awarded Father parenting time that
included three overnight visits with the children each week.
[6] The day before the two-day February 2024 dissolution hearing, Mother filed a
written request for findings of fact and conclusions thereon pursuant to Trial
Rule 52(A). At the hearing, Mother testified that she and the children were
very close. Mother further testified that the “structure, stability, [and] the
family life that [she was] providing currently [was] truly what [was] best for
them.” (Tr. Vol. 1 at 64). In addition, the trial court admitted into evidence
Mother’s Exhibit 1, which included several photographs of Mother and the
children “making memories.” (Tr. Vol. 1 at 11). Mother, who also testified
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 24A-DC-1004 | December 30, 2024 Page 4 of 31 that the children were doing well in school, asked the trial court to award her
sole physical custody of the children.
[7] Mother also testified that the loan for the Toyota Highlander that she drove was
in both her and Father’s names. She further testified that Father had paid her
monthly car payment during the course of the marriage. After the trial court
had issued the provisional order, Mother had begun making the payments.
Mother asked the trial court to order Father to reimburse her for the $254
monthly car payments that she had made following the issuance of the
provisional order until the time of the final hearing. Mother agreed to pay off
the remainder of the loan from her share of the net proceeds of the sale of the
marital residence. Mother further testified that Father had accrued a child
support arrearage of $8,052 from the date that she had filed the dissolution
petition until the issuance of the provisional order. She asked the trial court to
order Father to pay her that arrearage.
[8] In addition, during Mother’s testimony, the trial court admitted into evidence
Mother’s Exhibit 20, which was Mother’s list of Parents’ assets, including her
request for a distribution of those assets. Mother’s list included: (1) a horse
trailer valued at $5,000; (2) Father’s Lincoln FD Retirement Account valued at
$181,462.99; (3) Father’s Lincoln Retirement Account valued at $66,361.41; (4)
Mother’s Lincoln Retirement Account valued at $17,802.17; (5) Mother’s
Lincoln Retirement Account valued at $43,147.63; (6) a Jet Bandsaw valued at
$800; (7) a Grizzly Planer valued at $2,000; and (8) the marital residence valued
at $258,000.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 24A-DC-1004 | December 30, 2024 Page 5 of 31 [9] Mother also included her Toyota Highlander on her list, but she listed the value
as zero. Mother’s list also included a Bobcat Skidder (“the Bobcat”) valued at
$28,000. Mother included in the liabilities section of her list Father’s
$23,432.67 credit card debt on the Bobcat. Mother further testified that she had
not included the value of her horse on her list because the horse was a pet.
Mother asked the trial court to award her 60% of the marital assets and to
award Father 40% of the marital assets. In addition, Mother asked the trial
court to order any equalization payment payable to her from Father to come
from Father’s proceeds from the sale of the marital residence.
[10] Father testified that he has always been active in the children’s lives. For
example, Father has participated in the children’s school events and has taken
the children to medical appointments. Father also helps the children with their
homework and specifically testified as follows:
We do math homework. We do spelling tests using the presidents so they can do a two for one, learn the presidents and learn how to spell. We play the capitals game whenever we’re driving in the car instead of listening to the radio or getting on devices where I’ll name a state and they have to name the capital or I name the capital, they have to name the state. I speak Spanish with the children often, try to get them to learn another language. I have [C.] come out in the garage and measure things with me, so he can put the math to real life experience, understand how that works. It also helps better with fractions when you are using a tape measure.
(Tr. Vol. 2 at 52). Father also took the children on vacation to Florida and
would like to take them on international trips. However, according to Father,
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 24A-DC-1004 | December 30, 2024 Page 6 of 31 Mother refuses to allow the children to apply for passports. In addition, Father
takes the children to the YMCA so that they stay active. Further, Father, who
had been living in the marital residence, testified that following the sale of the
marital residence, he planned to live as close as possible to the children. Father
further testified that he had accrued a child support arrearage of $3,856 from the
date that Mother had filed the dissolution petition until the issuance of the
provisional order.
[11] In addition, during Father’s testimony, the trial court admitted into evidence
Father’s Exhibit G, which was Father’s list of Parents’ assets, including his
request for a distribution of those assets. Father’s list included: (1) the marital
residence valued at $258,000; (2) Father’s Lincoln FG Retirement Account
valued at $181,462.99; (3) Father’s Lincoln Retirement Account valued at
$66,361.41; (4) Mother’s Lincoln Financial Group Retirement Account valued
at $43,147.63; and (5) Mother’s Lincoln Financial Group 403B Plan Retirement
Account valued at $17,802.17.
[12] Father’s list also included Mother’s Toyota Highlander, which he valued at
$12,162.47. He included a notation that the Kelley Blue Book value of the
vehicle was $30,000 and that Mother still owed $17,838.53 on the vehicle’s
loan. In addition, Father’s list included the Bobcat, which he valued at
$4,567.63. He included a notation that Parents had agreed that the value of the
Bobcat was $28,000 but that he still owed a $23,432.87 credit card debt for the
Bobcat.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 24A-DC-1004 | December 30, 2024 Page 7 of 31 [13] Father further testified that he had begun contributing to the $181,462.99
retirement account eighteen years before the marriage. He did not know how
much he had contributed to that account during those eighteen years, but he
testified that it was “a significant amount[.]” (Tr. Vol. 2 at 114). Father asked
the trial court to award him that portion of the account that had accrued prior
to the marriage. Father further testified that Mother had begun paying into one
of her retirement accounts two to five years before the marriage and that she
could also “have credit for how many years she had her pension before [they
had] got[ten] married.” (Tr. Vol. 2 at 161).
[14] In addition, Father testified that the Jet Bandsaw and the Grizzly Planer that
Mother had included on her marital assets list did not exist. According to
Father, Mother had simply been confused about his tools and he had never
owned those items. Father further testified that he owned a Grizzly Bandsaw,
which was extremely old and had no value. He offered to give that item to
Mother. Father also testified that he owned a twenty-year-old planer that a co-
worker had given to him and that he would be surprised if he could sell it for
$40.
[15] The only other witness who testified at the hearing was Guardian Ad Litem
Jennifer Irons Jostes (“GAL Irons Jostes”). According to GAL Irons Jostes,
who had met with the children several times, the children have good
relationships with and love both parents. When asked if she believed that the
children loved Father at the same level that they loved Mother, GAL Irons
Jostes responded, “Absolutely.” (Tr. Vol. 1 at 122). GAL Irons Jostes further
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 24A-DC-1004 | December 30, 2024 Page 8 of 31 testified that the children rely on Father for help with their homework.
Specifically, she testified as follows:
They will tell you that mother also helps with their homework. But, according to the kids, mom’s really good at art, and she can help them but she’s not the best teacher. They will gush about their father and his ability to help them with their homework and to really explain things so that they can understand, and that is who they turn to to help them when they’re struggling. And they both have actually had some problems with math over this last semester, and they were very quick to tell me that dad’s been really helping them get through that.
(Tr. Vol. 1 at 122).
[16] GAL Irons Jostes also testified that Mother is hypercritical of everything that
happens when the children are at Father’s house. GAL Irons Jostes was not
sure if Mother did not trust Father or just needed to control everything that
concerned the children. GAL Irons Jostes further testified that Father is not
critical of Mother and wants the children to have a positive relationship with
her.
[17] GAL Irons Jostes recommended that Parents share physical custody of the
children. She also testified that the children did not like the current schedule of
going back and forth between Mother and Father during the week. According
to GAL Irons Jostes, the children would like to spend a week at a time with
each parent.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 24A-DC-1004 | December 30, 2024 Page 9 of 31 [18] In April 2024, the trial court issued a dissolution order with findings of fact and
conclusions thereon.1 The trial court’s order provides, in relevant part, as
follows:
STIPULATIONS
f. The Father is awarded the Toyota Tundra vehicle which he drives and which has no loan associated with it. The Mother is awarded the Toyota Highlander vehicle which she drives. There is a loan in both parties’ names associated with the Mother’s vehicle. The Mother shall pay off the remainder of the vehicle loan in full from her share of the net proceeds from the sale of the marital residence.
FINDINGS OF FACT
1. The Court finds that the Guardian Ad Litem’s testimony is credible and her investigation is based on substantial meetings with the children and the parties and review of all of the relevant documents. . . .
2. The GAL met with the children on more than one occasion and the children were consistent in their wishes to have an equal amount of time with both Mother and Father.
1 Mother asserts that the trial court “essentially adopt[ed] verbatim most of [Father’s] proposed order[.]” (Mother’s Br. 9). We have reviewed Mother’s proposed thirty-seven-page order, Father’s proposed twenty- three-page order, and the trial court’s nine-page order. Our review reveals that the trial court adopted some, but not all, of Father’s proposed findings. Trial Rule 52(C) encourages trial courts to request that the parties submit proposed findings of fact and conclusions thereon, and it is not uncommon or per se improper for trial courts to enter findings that are verbatim reproductions of these submissions. In re Marriage of Nickels, 834 N.E.2d 1091, 1095 (Ind. Ct. App. 2005). We have explained that trial courts are faced with an enormous volume of cases, and “[t]he need to keep the docket moving is properly a high priority for our trial bench.” Id. (cleaned up). “For this reason, the practice of adopting a party’s proposed findings is not prohibited.” Id. (cleaned up). When a trial court adopts a party’s findings of fact and conclusions thereon as its own, the trial court is ultimately responsible for their correctness. Pilkington v. Pilkington, 227 N.E.3d 885, 891 n.3 (Ind. Ct. App. 2024).
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 24A-DC-1004 | December 30, 2024 Page 10 of 31 3. The children reported to the GAL on more than one occasion that they did not want to have parenting time where they were pivoting back and forth within the same week between the households and wished that they had more consistent time with each parent.
4. The GAL recommended that the children spend two weeks on and two weeks off at each home.
5. The Court finds that from Mother’s testimony, Father’s testimony, and GAL’s testimony, the children are doing exceptionally well; they have adapted to living in separate households; there have been no school issues; and, the children earned good grades.
16. The Court finds that Father substantially supported Mother and the children provisionally up through the date of the Provisional Court Order.
CONCLUSIONS OF LAW & ORDER OF THE COURT
8. The Court adopts the Guardian Ad Litem’s recommendations and finds that the parties shall now share physical custody of the parties’ minor children.
10. Neither parent will disparage the condition of the other parent[‘]s[] home or the parenting skills or the lack thereof to medical providers, school personnel, coaches, etc., without a good faith basis that it is having an impact on either child’s health.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 24A-DC-1004 | December 30, 2024 Page 11 of 31 16. As Mother and Father will now share physical custody of the parties’ children, they will each be awarded one- week, alternating year-round. The parties will exchange their children on Friday after school. If there is not school on Friday, then the time shall be 4:00 P.M.
(App. Vol. 2 at 12-19).
[19] The trial court also completed a marital assets sheet to distribute Parents’
property. The trial court listed the marital residence but did not assign it a
value. Rather, the trial court simply noted that the house would be sold and
that the parties were to divide the proceeds equally. Further, the trial court
included in the marital pot $112,507.05 of Father’s $181,462.99 Lincoln
Retirement Account, which the trial court identified as a Lincoln Financial
Group account. However, the trial court excluded $68,955.54, which it
calculated was 38% of the account, from the marital pot because the “account
[was] premarital[.]” (App. Vol. 2 at 23). The trial court also included in the
marital pot $23,731 of Mother’s $66,361.41 Lincoln Financial Group
Retirement Account. The trial court excluded $43,147.63, which it calculated
was 45% of the account, from the marital pot because the “account [was]
premarital[.]” (App. Vol. 2 at 23).
[20] In addition, the trial court included the Bobcat in the marital pot with a value of
$4,567.63. The entry included a note that Father owed a $23,432.67 credit card
debt for the Bobcat. In addition, the trial court included in the marital pot one
horse trailer valued at $1,000 and another horse trailer valued at $5,000.
Further, the trial court’s marital assets sheet stated that the Grizzly Planer and
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 24A-DC-1004 | December 30, 2024 Page 12 of 31 the Jet Bandsaw did not exist. The trial court also ordered Father to pay
Mother a $42,545.01 equalization payment from his “Lincoln LG Retirement”
Account. (App. Vol. 2 at 23).
[21] The trial court’s order also included the following two findings:
29. The Court finds that there is a basis to deviate from this presumption of a 50/50 division of the marital estate and awards each party their premarital portions of their retirement accounts.
30. The Court denies Mother’s request to award her more than 50% of the marital estate as she has not met her burden as the parties’ incomes are relatively similar, Mother is working full time and this was not a long-term marriage.
(App. Vol. 2 at 25).
[22] Mother now appeals.
Decision
[23] At the outset, we note that there is a well-established preference in Indiana for
granting latitude and deference to the trial court in family law matters. Steele-
Giri v. Steele, 51 N.E.3d 119, 124 (Ind. 2016). Appellate courts “are in a poor
position to look at a cold transcript of the record, and conclude that the trial
judge, who saw the witnesses, observed their demeanor, and scrutinized their
testimony as it came from the witness stand, did not properly understand the
significance of the evidence.” Id. (cleaned up). “Appellate deference to the
determinations of our trial court judges, especially in domestic relations
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 24A-DC-1004 | December 30, 2024 Page 13 of 31 matters, is warranted because of their unique, direct interactions with the
parties face-to-face, often over an extended period of time.” Hahn-Weisz v.
Johnson, 189 N.E.3d 1136, 1141 (Ind. Ct. App. 2022). “Thus enabled to assess
credibility and character through both factual testimony and intuitive
discernment, our trial judges are in a superior position to ascertain information
and apply common sense, particularly in the determination of the best interests
of the involved children.” Id.
[24] “On appeal it is not enough that the evidence might support some other
conclusion, but it must positively require the conclusion contended for by
appellant before there is a basis for reversal.” Steele-Giri, 51 N.E.3d at 124
(cleaned up). “Appellate judges are not to reweigh the evidence nor reassess
witness credibility, and the evidence should be viewed most favorably to the
judgment.” Id. (cleaned up).
[25] We further note that Mother requested specific findings and conclusions
pursuant to Indiana Trial Rule 52. The purpose of Trial Rule 52(A) is to
provide the parties and the reviewing court with the theory upon which the trial
court decided the case in order that the right of review for error may be
effectively preserved. In re Paternity of S.A.M., 85 N.E.3d 879, 885 (Ind. Ct.
App. 2017). When a trial court enters findings of fact and conclusions of law
pursuant to Trial Rule 52, we apply the following two-tiered standard of review:
(1) whether the evidence supports the findings; and (2) whether the findings
support the judgment. Hazelett v. Hazelett, 119 N.E.3d 153, 157 (Ind. Ct. App.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 24A-DC-1004 | December 30, 2024 Page 14 of 31 2019). The trial court’s findings and conclusions will be set aside only if they
are clearly erroneous, that is, if the record contains no facts or inferences
supporting the judgment. Id. A judgment is clearly erroneous when a review of
the record leaves us with a firm conviction that a mistake has been made. Id.
We neither reweigh the evidence nor assess the credibility of the witnesses but
consider only the evidence most favorable to the judgment. Id.
[26] Lastly, we note that Father did not file an appellee’s brief. When an appellee
does not submit a brief, we do not undertake the burden of developing
arguments for that party. Easterday v. Everhart, 201 N.E.3d 264, 268 (Ind. Ct.
App. 2023). Instead, we apply a less strict standard of review and may reverse
if the appellant establishes prima facie error. Id. Prima facie error is “error at
first sight, on first appearance, or on the face of it.” Id. (cleaned up). “Still, we
are obligated to correctly apply the law to the facts in the record in order to
determine whether reversal is required.” Jenkins v. Jenkins, 17 N.E.3d 350, 352
(Ind. Ct. App. 2014). We now turn to the issues in this case.
[27] Mother argues that: (1) the trial court abused its discretion when it awarded
Parents joint physical custody of their two children; (2) the trial court failed to
rule on one issue and abused its discretion when it ruled on another issue that
Parents had stipulated would be deferred to the final hearing; (3) the trial court
abused its discretion when it divided the marital property; and (4) the non-
disparagement clause in the dissolution decree amounts to an unconstitutional
prior restraint on speech. We address each of her contentions in turn.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 24A-DC-1004 | December 30, 2024 Page 15 of 31 1. Child Custody
[28] Mother argues that the trial court abused its discretion when it awarded Parents
joint physical custody of the children. She specifically contends that the trial
court should have awarded her sole physical custody of the children. We
review child custody determinations for an abuse of discretion. Rasheed v.
Rasheed, 142 N.E.3d 1017, 1021 (Ind. Ct. App. 2020), trans. denied.
[29] In an initial custody determination, both parents are presumed equally entitled
to custody, and the trial court shall “enter a custody order in accordance with
the best interests of the child.” I.C. § 31-17-2-8. In determining the best
interests of the child, the court shall consider all relevant factors, including the
(1) The age and sex of the child.
(2) The wishes of the child’s parent or parents.
(3) The wishes of the child, with more consideration given to the child’s wishes if the child is at least fourteen (14) years of age.
(4) The interaction and interrelationship of the child with:
(A) the child’s parent or parents;
(B) the child’s sibling; and
(C) any other person who may significantly affect the child’s best interests.
(5) The child’s adjustment to the child’s:
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 24A-DC-1004 | December 30, 2024 Page 16 of 31 (A) home;
(B) school; and
(C) community.
(6) The mental and physical health of all individuals involved.
(7) Evidence of a pattern of domestic or family violence by either parent.
(8) Evidence that the child has been cared for by a de facto custodian . . . .
I.C. § 31-17-2-8.
[30] Here, our review of the evidence reveals that, at the time of the dissolution
hearing, Parents’ son, C., was twelve years old, and their daughter, Ca., was ten
years old. Mother wanted sole physical custody of the children, and Father
wanted to share physical custody of the children with Mother. The children
love both parents and want to spend equal time with each parent. Specifically,
the children told GAL Irons Jostes that they would like to spend a week at a
time with each parent.2 In addition, the children are doing well in school and
2 Mother points out that the trial court’s order states that GAL Irons Jostes recommended that the children spend two weeks on and two weeks off at each parent’s home and then ordered that the children spend alternating one-week periods at each parent’s home. Mother specifically argues as follows:
Thus, the Order on appeal contains two very different joint physical custody plans (a “two weeks on and two weeks off” plan and an arrangement wherein each parent is “awarded one- week, alternating year round”). These two very different parentings plans are incongruent and in direct conflict with each other. It is difficult to ascertain which joint physical custody arrangement the trial court actually ordered.
(Mother’s Br. 38). We disagree and find no difficulty in ascertaining the joint physical custody arrangement that the trial court actually ordered. Our review of the evidence reveals that when GAL Irons Jostes testified,
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 24A-DC-1004 | December 30, 2024 Page 17 of 31 primarily rely on Father for help with their homework. GAL Irons Jostes
recommended that the trial court award Parents joint physical custody of the
children. This evidence supports the trial court’s findings and award to Parents
of joint physical custody of the children. Mother’s arguments regarding the
statutory factors are simply invitations to reweigh the evidence, which we
cannot do. See Steele-Giri, 51 N.E.3d at 124. The trial court did not abuse its
discretion when it awarded Parents joint physical custody of the children.
2. Issues Deferred Until Final Hearing
[31] Mother next argues that the trial court failed to rule on one issue and abused its
discretion when it ruled on another issue that Parents had stipulated would be
deferred to the final hearing. Specifically, she first argues that the trial court
failed to rule on who was responsible for her car payments during the pendency
of the May 2022 provisional order. Mother also specifically argues that the trial
court abused its discretion when it concluded that Father had substantially
supported Mother and the children provisionally up through the date of the
she recommended that the children spend alternating one-week periods at each parent’s home. The trial court adopted GAL Irons Jostes’ recommendation and ordered that the children spend alternating one-week periods at each parent’s home. The trial court’s separate finding that GAL Irons Jostes recommended that the children spend two weeks on and two weeks off at each parent’s home is simply an immaterial misstatement that does not alter the parenting time schedule that GAL Irons Jostes recommended and that the trial court ordered. As recommended by GAL Irons Jostes and as set forth in the trial court’s order, the children are to spend alternating one-week periods with each parent.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 24A-DC-1004 | December 30, 2024 Page 18 of 31 provisional order, failed to determine the amount of Father’s child support
arrearage, and failed to order Father to pay Mother that arrearage.
A. Mother’s Car Payment
[32] A stipulation is “a voluntary agreement between opposing parties concerning
some relevant point.” Inland Steel Company v. Pavlinac, 865 N.E.2d 690, 697
(Ind. Ct. App. 2007). Therefore, Parents’ stipulations in the May 2022
provisional order are similar to a provisional agreement. We interpret
settlement agreements under a de novo standard. Scott v. Corcoran, 135 N.E.3d
931, 939 (Ind. Ct. App. 2019). The rules governing contracts are applicable
when we interpret the terms of the agreement. Id. If the terms are clear and
unambiguous, the terms “are deemed conclusive.” Id. (cleaned up).
[33] Regarding Mother’s car payment, our review of the May 2022 provisional order
reveals that Parents stipulated that they were “defer[ring] the issue of who is
responsible for Mother’s car payment provisionally until final hearing.” (App.
Vol. 2 at 29). These terms are clear and unambiguous.
[34] At the hearing, Mother testified that Father had paid her monthly car payment
during the course of the marriage. After the trial court had issued the
provisional order, Mother had begun making the payments. Mother asked the
trial court to order Father to reimburse her for the $254 monthly car payments
that she had made following the issuance of the provisional order until the time
of the final hearing. However, the trial court failed to address this issue in its
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 24A-DC-1004 | December 30, 2024 Page 19 of 31 order. Therefore, we remand this case to the trial court with instructions for the
trial court to determine which parent is responsible for the cost of Mother’s car
payments from the time of the provisional order until the final hearing.
B. Father’s Child Support Arrearage
[35] The May 2022 provisional order also deferred the issue of Father’s child
support arrearage to the final hearing.3 At the hearing, Mother testified that
Father’s child support arrearage from the time she filed the dissolution petition
until the trial court’s issuance of the May 2022 provisional order was $8,052.
Father testified that his child support arrearage from that period of time was
$3,856. The trial court determined that Father had “substantially supported
Mother and the children provisionally up through the date of the Provisional
Court Order.” (App. Vol. 2 at 15). However, the trial court failed to determine
the amount of Father’s child support arrearage and failed to order Father to pay
Mother that arrearage. In other words, the trial court essentially reduced
Father’s arrearage from the time Mother filed the dissolution petition to the
issuance of the May 2022 provisional order to zero.
3 The trial court determined that Father’s child support arrearage from the time of the May 2022 provisional order until the date of the final hearing was $7,924. The trial court ordered that Father pay that amount to Mother at the rate of $100 per week until the arrearage was paid in full. Mother does not challenge the trial court’s determination of that arrearage. She only challenges the trial court’s failure to find and to order Father to pay her a child support arrearage that had accrued from the time that she filed the dissolution petition until the time of the May 2022 provisional order.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 24A-DC-1004 | December 30, 2024 Page 20 of 31 [36] Decisions regarding child support matters are within the sound discretion of the
trial court. Hicks v. Smith, 919 N.E.2d 1169, 1171 (Ind. Ct. App. 2010), trans.
denied. We reverse a child support decision only if there has been an abuse of
discretion or the decision is contrary to law. Id. An abuse of discretion occurs
if the trial court’s decision is clearly against the logic and effect of the facts and
circumstances before it. Id.
[37] One of the purposes of child support is to provide children with regular and
uninterrupted support. Id. It has long been held that the right to support lies
exclusively with the children and that a custodial parent holds the child support
payments in trust for the children’s benefit. Id. As a constructive trustee, the
custodial parent is the trustee of the non-custodial parent’s obligation to pay
and may not contract away the benefits of the constructive trust. Id. In
addition, once the funds have accrued to the children’s benefit, the trial court
lacks the power to reduce, annul, or vacate the child support order retroactively.
Id. at 1171-72. Thus, a party is generally required to make support payments in
the manner specified in the child support order until the order is modified or set
aside. Id. at 1172.
[38] Here, Mother testified that Father’s child support arrearage from the time she
filed the dissolution petition until the trial court’s issuance of the May 2022
provisional order was $8,052. Father testified that his child support arrearage
from that period of time was $3,856. Based on Parents’ testimony of an
outstanding child support arrearage, the trial court simply lacked the power to
reduce the arrearage to zero. Accordingly, the trial court abused its discretion.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 24A-DC-1004 | December 30, 2024 Page 21 of 31 We, therefore, reverse the trial court’s ruling on this issue and remand with
instructions for the trial court to determine Father’s child support arrearage
from the time Mother filed the dissolution petition until the trial court’s
issuance of the May 2022 provisional order and to order Father to pay Mother
that arrearage.
3. Division of the Marital Property
[39] Mother also argues that the trial court abused its discretion when it divided
Parents’ property. She specifically contends that the trial court failed to include
the value of all Parents’ property in the marital pot for distribution and that the
trial court improperly valued some of the marital assets.
A. Marital Pot
[40] The division of marital assets is within the trial court’s discretion, and we will
reverse a trial court’s decision only for an abuse of that discretion. Smith v.
Smith, 136 N.E.3d 275, 281 (Ind. Ct. App. 2019). On review, we will not
reweigh the evidence or assess the credibility of witnesses. Id. Further, we will
consider only the evidence most favorable to the trial court’s disposition of the
marital property. Id.
[41] It is well-settled that in a dissolution action, all marital property goes into the
marital pot for division, whether it was owned by either spouse before the
marriage, acquired by either spouse in his or her own right, or acquired by their
joint efforts. IND. CODE § 31-15-7-4(a); Falatovics v. Falatovics, 15 N.E.3d 108, Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 24A-DC-1004 | December 30, 2024 Page 22 of 31 110 (Ind. Ct. App. 2014). For purposes of dissolution, property means “all the
assets of either party or both parties.” I.C. § 31-9-2-98(b). “The requirement
that all marital assets be placed in the marital pot is meant to insure that the
trial court first determines that value before endeavoring to divide property.”
Montgomery v. Faust, 910 N.E.2d 234, 238 (Ind. Ct. App. 2009). Indiana’s “one-
pot” theory prohibits the exclusion of any asset in which a party has a vested
interest from the scope of the trial court’s power to divide and award.
Falatovics, 15 N.E.3d at 110. Although the trial court may decide to award a
particular asset solely to one spouse as part of its just and reasonable property
division, it must first include the asset in its consideration of the marital estate
to be divided. Id. The systematic exclusion of any marital asset from the
marital pot is erroneous. Id.
[42] In Falatovics, the trial court excluded the husband’s interest in two parcels of
real estate from the marital estate. On appeal, we concluded that the interest
should have been included in the marital pot. Id. at 111. Further, we explained
that although INDIANA CODE § 31-15-7-5 creates a rebuttable presumption that
an equal division of the marital property between the parties is just and
reasonable, an equal division may not be just and reasonable based on a proper
consideration of all the factors set forth in the statute. Id. at 111-12. We
therefore remanded the case with instructions for the trial court to include the
husband’s interest in the real estate parcels in the marital pot and to redistribute
the marital assets as it deemed appropriate. Id. at 112.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 24A-DC-1004 | December 30, 2024 Page 23 of 31 [43] Here, Father had a $181,462.99 Lincoln Financial Group Retirement Account
at the time of the dissolution hearing. Father had begun contributing to this
retirement account eighteen years before Parents had married. The trial court
included $112,463.99 of this retirement account in the marital pot, which was
valued and distributed to the parties. However, the trial court excluded
$68,955.54 from the marital pot because the account was premarital. Further,
at the time of the dissolution hearing, Mother had a $66,361.41 Lincoln
Financial Group Retirement Account. Mother had begun contributing to this
account two to five years before the marriage. The trial court included $23,731
of this retirement plan in the marital pot. However, the trial court excluded
$43,147.63 from the marital pot because the account was premarital. Similarly,
the trial court failed to include the value of the residence in the marital pot.
Thus, here, as in Falatovics, the trial court failed to include the total value of the
parties’ retirement accounts and the value of the marital residence in the marital
pot for distribution.
[44] Accordingly, we conclude that the trial court abused its discretion when it failed
to include all property in the marital pot. We therefore reverse that portion of
the trial court’s order dividing the marital estate and remand with instructions
for the trial court to: (1) include the total value of Father’s retirement account,
Mother’s retirement account, and the marital residence in the marital pot; (2)
redistribute the assets and debts as deemed appropriate; and (3) enter findings
that either an equal division of the parties’ retirement accounts is just and
reasonable under the circumstances or, alternatively, that the presumption of
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 24A-DC-1004 | December 30, 2024 Page 24 of 31 equal division has been rebutted by evidence which could include that a portion
of the parties’ retirement accounts had accrued before Parents’ marriage, and
thus an equal division would not be just and reasonable. The trial court is
instructed to recalculate the division of marital assets accordingly without the
necessity of a hearing. See Kendrick v. Kendrick, 44 N.E.3d 721, 729 (Ind. Ct.
App. 2015) (remanding the case to the trial court with instructions to include in
the marital pot that portion of the husband’s retirement account earned before
the marriage without the necessity of a hearing), trans. denied.
B. Valuation of the Marital Assets
[45] Mother also argues that the trial court abused its discretion in valuing some of
the marital assets. We address those issues because they may arise on remand
when the trial court redistributes the marital pot.
[46] The trial court has broad discretion in ascertaining the value of property in a
dissolution action, and we will not disturb its valuation absent an abuse of that
discretion. Meyer v. East, 205 N.E.3d 1066, 1072 (Ind. Ct. App. 2023). The trial
court does not abuse its discretion if there is sufficient evidence and reasonable
inferences therefrom to support the result. Id. In other words, we will not
reverse the trial court unless the decision is clearly against the logic and effect of
the facts and circumstances before it. Id. at 1072-73. We will not reweigh
evidence, and we will consider the evidence in a light most favorable to the
judgment. Id. at 1073.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 24A-DC-1004 | December 30, 2024 Page 25 of 31 [47] Mother first argues that the trial court erred when it valued the Bobcat at
$4,567.63 when the parties had agreed that the value of the Bobcat was $28,000.
Our review of the trial court’s order reveals that the trial court made a separate
notation on the marital assets list that Father owed a $23,432.67 credit card
debt for the Bobcat. Technically, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in
valuing the Bobcat. However, the better practice would have been for the trial
court to value the Bobcat at $28,000 and to include Father’s $23,432.67 debt in
a separate liabilities section. See id. (explaining that the marital property
includes both assets and liabilities).
[48] Mother further argues that the trial court abused its discretion when it included
in the marital pot two horse trailers, one valued at $1,000 and another valued at
$5,000. Mother contends that she testified that she has one horse trailer and
that its value is $5,000. Mother is correct. Further, our review of the record
reveals that there was no evidence presented during the hearing regarding a
second horse trailer. The trial court abused its discretion in including two horse
trailers in the marital pot.
[49] In addition, Mother argues that the trial court abused its discretion when it
stated on the marital assets sheet that the Jet Bandsaw and the Grizzly Planer
do not exist. Our review of the evidence reveals that Father testified that he has
never owned a Jet Bandsaw or a Grizzly Planer and that those items on
Mother’s list of assets do not exist. The trial court did not abuse its discretion in
determining that those assets do not exist.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 24A-DC-1004 | December 30, 2024 Page 26 of 31 [50] Lastly, Mother argues that the trial court abused its discretion when it ordered
Father to pay her an equalization payment from his Lincoln LG Retirement
Account. She contends that there are four Lincoln Retirement Accounts, two
belong to Father and two belong to Mother. According to Mother, the trial
court’s order is not clear from which account the equalization payment is to
come. We disagree.
[51] First, if Father is making the payment, it will come from one of his two
accounts. Second, Father’s marital assets list includes a Lincoln FG Retirement
Account and a Lincoln Retirement Account. It appears that the trial court
committed a scrivener’s error when it ordered the equalization payment to
come from Father’s Lincoln LG Retirement Account rather than the Lincoln
FG Retirement Account. The trial court can correct this error on remand.
Further, we find no ambiguity and no abuse of discretion in the trial court
awarding Father an asset and then ordering Father to make an equalization
payment from that asset.
4. Non-Disparagement Clause
[52] Lastly, Mother argues that the non-disparagement clause in the dissolution
decree is an unconstitutional prior restraint on speech. We agree.
The First Amendment to the United States Constitution, made applicable to the States through the Fourteenth Amendment, provides that “Congress shall make no law . . . abridging the freedom of speech. . . .” U.S. Const., amend. I. “A prior restraint is a term used to describe ‘administrative and judicial orders forbidding certain communications when issued in
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 24A-DC-1004 | December 30, 2024 Page 27 of 31 advance of the time that such communications are about to occur.’” WPTA-TV v. State, 86 N.E.3d 442, 447 (Ind. Ct. App. 2017) (quoting Alexander v. United States, 509 U.S. 544, 550, 113 S.Ct. 2766, 125 L.Ed.2d 441 (1993)). “Restraining orders and injunctions that forbid future speech activities,” such as non- disparagement orders, “are classic examples of prior restraints.” In re Paternity of G.R.G., 829 N.E.2d 114, 124 (Ind. Ct. App. 2005) (citation omitted); see also Shak v. Shak, 484 Mass. 658, 144 N.E.3d 274, 277 (2020) (“Nondisparagement orders are, by definition, a prior restraint on speech.”).
“The common thread running through free speech cases is that prior restraints on speech and publication are the most serious and the least tolerable infringement on free speech rights.” WPTA-TV, 86 N.E.3d at 447 (citing Neb. Press Ass’n. v. Stuart, 427 U.S. 539, 96 S.Ct. 2791, 49 L.Ed.2d 683 (1976)). Thus, while “a prior restraint is not per se unconstitutional,” id., it does come to a court “‘bearing a heavy presumption against its constitutional validity.’” In re Paternity of K.D., 929 N.E.2d 863, 868 (Ind. Ct. App. 2010) (quoting N.Y. Times Co., v. U.S., 403 U.S. 713, 824, 91 S.Ct. 2140, 29 L.Ed.2d 822 (1971)). To determine whether a prior restraint is constitutional under the First Amendment, the United States Supreme Court “has looked to (a) ‘the nature and extent’ of the speech in question, (b) ‘whether other measures would be likely to mitigate the effects of unrestrained’ speech, and (c) ‘how effectively a restraining order would operate to prevent the threatened danger.’” Shak, 144 N.E.3d at 279 (quoting Neb. Press Ass’n, 427 U.S. at 562, 96 S.Ct. 2791). In addition, “‘the [United States Supreme] Court has repeatedly emphasized that the prior censorship of expression can be justified only by the most compelling government[al] interest.’” David K. v. Lane, 839 F.2d 1265, 1276 (7th Cir. 1988) (quoting Brown v. Glines, 444 U.S. 348, 364, 100 S.Ct. 609, 62 L.Ed.2d 540 (1980) (Brennan, J., dissenting)).
There is a compelling government interest “in protecting children from being exposed to disparagement between their parents.”
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 24A-DC-1004 | December 30, 2024 Page 28 of 31 Shak, 144 N.E.3d at 279 (quotation and citation omitted); see also Globe Newspaper Co. v. Superior Court, 457 U.S. 596, 607, 102 S.Ct. 2613, 73 L.Ed.2d 248 (1982) (noting safeguarding the physical and psychological well-being of minors is a compelling state interest); G.R.G., 829 N.E.2d at 125 (holding a non- disparagement order was constitutionally permissible where it furthered the best interests of the child).
Israel v. Israel, 189 N.E.3d 170, 179–80 (Ind. Ct. App. 2022), reh’g denied, trans.
denied.
[53] In the Israel case, the father argued that a non-disparagement clause was an
unconstitutional prior restraint on speech. That non-disparagement clause
provided as follows:
The parties shall refrain from making disparaging comments about the other in writing or conversation to or in the presence of [Child], friends, family members, doctors, teachers, associated parties, co-workers, employers, the parenting coordinator, media, the press, or anyone. Disparaging remarks include[e], but are not limited to, negative statements, criticisms, critiques, insults[,] or other defamatory comments. The parties shall not say or do anything or allow a third party to say or do anything about the other party in [Child’s] presence that may estrange [Child] from the other party or impair his regard for the other party. The parties shall not involve [Child] in matters that are adult matters and that solely involve the parents or the other parent.
Id. at 175.
[54] We concluded that to the extent the non-disparagement clause prohibited each
parent from disparaging the other in their child’s presence, the order furthered
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 24A-DC-1004 | December 30, 2024 Page 29 of 31 the compelling State interest in protecting the best interests of that child and did
not violate the First Amendment. Id. at 180. We noted that the father did not
contend otherwise. Id. However, we agreed with the father that the non-
disparagement clause went “far beyond furthering that compelling interest to
the extent it prohibit[ed] the parents from ‘making disparaging comments’
about the other in the presence of ‘anyone’ even when [the child was] not
present.” Id. Thus, we concluded that the portion of the non-disparagement
clause, which provided that it included “friends, family members, doctors,
teachers, associated parties, co-workers, employers, the parenting coordinator,
media, the press, or anyone[,]” was an unconstitutional prior restraint on
speech that had to be stricken. Id. Accordingly, we remanded the case to the
trial court to modify the non-disparagement clause in conformity with our
opinion. Id.
[55] Here, the non-disparagement clause does not prohibit each parent from
disparaging the other in the presence of either of their children. Rather, the
non-disparagement clause prohibits each parent from disparaging the other to
medical professionals, school personnel, coaches, etc. We conclude, as we did
in Israel, that this clause is an unconstitutional prior restraint on speech that
must be stricken. We, therefore, remand this case to the trial court with
instructions to strike the non-disparagement clause from the dissolution order.
See id.
[56] Affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded with instructions.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 24A-DC-1004 | December 30, 2024 Page 30 of 31 Weissmann, J., and Felix, J., concur.
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT Debra Lynch Dubovich Levy & Dubovich Merrillville, Indiana
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 24A-DC-1004 | December 30, 2024 Page 31 of 31