Mr. Justice Graves
delivered the opinion of the court.
The count in the declaration on which this case was tried charges that on the ninth day of December, 1905, the Chicago Union Traction Company was in the hands of receivers, one of whom was the appellant; that such receivers in their capacity as such were there, through their agents and servants, operating a certain street car propelled by electricity in a northwesterly direction along Elston avenue and approaching Irving Park boulevard in Chicago at a high and dangerous rate of speed; that appellee was there standing at the corner of Elston avenue and Irving Park boulevard waiting to board that car there as a passenger; that about fifty-feet south from Irving Park boulevard in the street ear track on Elston avenue there was a switch used by-defendants to divert cars from their street car tracks on Elston avenue to their street car tracks on Irving Park boulevard; that when this car was approaching that switch at a high rate of speed, the switch was open; that the servants of defendants then and there in charge of said car carelessly and negligently failed to see the condition of said switch and paid no heed whatever to the same, and carelessly and negligently failed to slack the speed of said car as it came upon said switch, and that the said car was by said open switch diverted from the track on Elston avenue along said switch leading into Irving Park boulevard, and there struck and injured appellee.
This count was filed on December 15, 1906. A plea of the general issue was filed by plaintiff in error and ■the other receivers of Chicago Union Traction Company. After the case had been at issue for about two years, and on November 25, 1908, plaintiff in error, then being the only remaining receiver, entered his motion for leave to file a special plea denying that at the time and places of the injury complained of he owned, controlled or was operating the street railway or car in question. It does not appear that this motion was called to the attention of the court until both parties had announced their readiness to proceed to trial and a jury had been called into the jury box. The motion was then called up, heard and denied, and the trial proceeded. This motion was not supported by any showing why it was not filed earlier. The verdict of the jury was for defendant in error for $12,-695. A remittitur of $1,695 was filed by defendant in error, and judgment was entered for $11,000. The denial of the motion of plaintiff in error for leave to file the special plea is assigned for error.
The granting of leave to file proper amended or additional pleas is usually within the discretion of the trial court, subject to review for an abuse of such discretion. City of Chicago v. Cook, 204 Ill. 373; Clause v. Bullock Printing Co., 20 Ill. App. 113; Ferguson v. Miles, 3 Gilm. 358; Lumber Co. v. Daugherty, 125 Ill. App. 258; Telephone Co. v. Likes, 124 Ill. App. 459; Byerly v. Wilson, 123 Ill. App. 662.
When such leave is asked for at a proper time it should not as a rule be denied, but when the issues in a case have been settled for a long time, and the case is reached for, or is on trial, motions for leave to file amended or additional pleas that inject into the case new issues or unsettle the issues already made up, should not be allowed without a showing of some reason or excuse for the delay in making the motion. City of Chicago v. Cook, 204 Ill. 373; Lumber Co. v. Daugherty, 125 Ill. App. 258. The proposed plea, if filed, would have added an entirely new feature to the case and one which the plaintiff might well have been then unprepared to meet. The only excuse offered for the delay in presenting the defense sought to be set up by the proffered plea is that, until the Supreme Court handed down its opinion ffr the case of Chicago Union Traction Co. v. Jerka, 227 Ill. 95, it had been supposed that the defense sought to be made by the plea could be made under the general issue, and that in the Jerka case it was first suggested that a special plea was required. That counsel for plaintiff in error are mistaken in that statement is shown by the language used by the court in the Jerka case. It is there said, “ * * * The plea of not guilty did not put in issue the ownership of the street car line or the cars operated thereon. * * * This view we regard as firmly established in this state by the following cases: McNulta v. Lockridge, 137 Ill. 270; Illinois Life Asso. v. Wells, 200 Ill. 445; Chicago City Ry. Co. v. Carroll, 206 Ill. 318; Pennsylvania Co. v. Chapman, 220 Ill. 428.” Even if the opinion in the Jerka case had been the first expression of our Supreme Court on the subject, the circumstances could hardly be regarded as furnishing a valid excuse for delay in asking for leave to file the special plea, for the opinion in that ease had been handed down more than a- year and a half before plaintiff in error made any effort to interpose such plea in this case, and there is no claim that counsel were not familiar with that opinion long before the special plea was tendered. Under the facts in this case it was no abuse of discretion to deny the leave to file the special plea.
It is next urged that the verdict is not supported by the evidence. Upon this contention it is insisted that there are at least two material averments of the declaration concerning which there is no positive evidence, and that even though a single fact may be assumed from proper circumstantial evidence, two material facts cannot be so assumed from the same evidence, or, in other words, that one presumption cannot be based on a prior presumption.
The two averments in the declaration which plaintiff in error insists are not supported by positive evidence, are, first, that the switch was open, and, second, that the servants of the defendant in charge of the car negligently failed to see that the switch was open. We think counsel for plaintiff in error are mistaken in their conception of what are the material averments of negligence in the declaration.
Only such averments of negligence are material as are necessary to state a case upon which the plaintiff would be entitled to recover. An averment that defendant negligently failed to do some act does not make even the negligent failure to do such act actionable. Whether it is actionable depends in part upon whether such failure was the proximate cause of the injury.
The averment in the declaration in the case at bar “that the servants of the defendants then and there in charge of said car carelessly and negligently failed to see the condition of said switch” is not a material averment and, if true, snch negligent failure did not cause the injury. The material averments of negligence in this declaration are that the defendants by their servants ran the ear at a high and dangerous rate of speed as it approached an open switch and negligently and carelessly failed to slacken its speed as it came upon said switch. Therein a cause of action is stated, and if the proof sustains these averments, then defendant in error was entitled to recover whether the servants of defendants failed to see that the switch was open or wilfully ran into it seeing and knowing it was open.
While there is no direct proof that the switch was open at the time, the circumstances in evidence we think fully warranted the jury in finding that it was open.
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Mr. Justice Graves
delivered the opinion of the court.
The count in the declaration on which this case was tried charges that on the ninth day of December, 1905, the Chicago Union Traction Company was in the hands of receivers, one of whom was the appellant; that such receivers in their capacity as such were there, through their agents and servants, operating a certain street car propelled by electricity in a northwesterly direction along Elston avenue and approaching Irving Park boulevard in Chicago at a high and dangerous rate of speed; that appellee was there standing at the corner of Elston avenue and Irving Park boulevard waiting to board that car there as a passenger; that about fifty-feet south from Irving Park boulevard in the street ear track on Elston avenue there was a switch used by-defendants to divert cars from their street car tracks on Elston avenue to their street car tracks on Irving Park boulevard; that when this car was approaching that switch at a high rate of speed, the switch was open; that the servants of defendants then and there in charge of said car carelessly and negligently failed to see the condition of said switch and paid no heed whatever to the same, and carelessly and negligently failed to slack the speed of said car as it came upon said switch, and that the said car was by said open switch diverted from the track on Elston avenue along said switch leading into Irving Park boulevard, and there struck and injured appellee.
This count was filed on December 15, 1906. A plea of the general issue was filed by plaintiff in error and ■the other receivers of Chicago Union Traction Company. After the case had been at issue for about two years, and on November 25, 1908, plaintiff in error, then being the only remaining receiver, entered his motion for leave to file a special plea denying that at the time and places of the injury complained of he owned, controlled or was operating the street railway or car in question. It does not appear that this motion was called to the attention of the court until both parties had announced their readiness to proceed to trial and a jury had been called into the jury box. The motion was then called up, heard and denied, and the trial proceeded. This motion was not supported by any showing why it was not filed earlier. The verdict of the jury was for defendant in error for $12,-695. A remittitur of $1,695 was filed by defendant in error, and judgment was entered for $11,000. The denial of the motion of plaintiff in error for leave to file the special plea is assigned for error.
The granting of leave to file proper amended or additional pleas is usually within the discretion of the trial court, subject to review for an abuse of such discretion. City of Chicago v. Cook, 204 Ill. 373; Clause v. Bullock Printing Co., 20 Ill. App. 113; Ferguson v. Miles, 3 Gilm. 358; Lumber Co. v. Daugherty, 125 Ill. App. 258; Telephone Co. v. Likes, 124 Ill. App. 459; Byerly v. Wilson, 123 Ill. App. 662.
When such leave is asked for at a proper time it should not as a rule be denied, but when the issues in a case have been settled for a long time, and the case is reached for, or is on trial, motions for leave to file amended or additional pleas that inject into the case new issues or unsettle the issues already made up, should not be allowed without a showing of some reason or excuse for the delay in making the motion. City of Chicago v. Cook, 204 Ill. 373; Lumber Co. v. Daugherty, 125 Ill. App. 258. The proposed plea, if filed, would have added an entirely new feature to the case and one which the plaintiff might well have been then unprepared to meet. The only excuse offered for the delay in presenting the defense sought to be set up by the proffered plea is that, until the Supreme Court handed down its opinion ffr the case of Chicago Union Traction Co. v. Jerka, 227 Ill. 95, it had been supposed that the defense sought to be made by the plea could be made under the general issue, and that in the Jerka case it was first suggested that a special plea was required. That counsel for plaintiff in error are mistaken in that statement is shown by the language used by the court in the Jerka case. It is there said, “ * * * The plea of not guilty did not put in issue the ownership of the street car line or the cars operated thereon. * * * This view we regard as firmly established in this state by the following cases: McNulta v. Lockridge, 137 Ill. 270; Illinois Life Asso. v. Wells, 200 Ill. 445; Chicago City Ry. Co. v. Carroll, 206 Ill. 318; Pennsylvania Co. v. Chapman, 220 Ill. 428.” Even if the opinion in the Jerka case had been the first expression of our Supreme Court on the subject, the circumstances could hardly be regarded as furnishing a valid excuse for delay in asking for leave to file the special plea, for the opinion in that ease had been handed down more than a- year and a half before plaintiff in error made any effort to interpose such plea in this case, and there is no claim that counsel were not familiar with that opinion long before the special plea was tendered. Under the facts in this case it was no abuse of discretion to deny the leave to file the special plea.
It is next urged that the verdict is not supported by the evidence. Upon this contention it is insisted that there are at least two material averments of the declaration concerning which there is no positive evidence, and that even though a single fact may be assumed from proper circumstantial evidence, two material facts cannot be so assumed from the same evidence, or, in other words, that one presumption cannot be based on a prior presumption.
The two averments in the declaration which plaintiff in error insists are not supported by positive evidence, are, first, that the switch was open, and, second, that the servants of the defendant in charge of the car negligently failed to see that the switch was open. We think counsel for plaintiff in error are mistaken in their conception of what are the material averments of negligence in the declaration.
Only such averments of negligence are material as are necessary to state a case upon which the plaintiff would be entitled to recover. An averment that defendant negligently failed to do some act does not make even the negligent failure to do such act actionable. Whether it is actionable depends in part upon whether such failure was the proximate cause of the injury.
The averment in the declaration in the case at bar “that the servants of the defendants then and there in charge of said car carelessly and negligently failed to see the condition of said switch” is not a material averment and, if true, snch negligent failure did not cause the injury. The material averments of negligence in this declaration are that the defendants by their servants ran the ear at a high and dangerous rate of speed as it approached an open switch and negligently and carelessly failed to slacken its speed as it came upon said switch. Therein a cause of action is stated, and if the proof sustains these averments, then defendant in error was entitled to recover whether the servants of defendants failed to see that the switch was open or wilfully ran into it seeing and knowing it was open.
While there is no direct proof that the switch was open at the time, the circumstances in evidence we think fully warranted the jury in finding that it was open. The proof shows that when the car reached the switch it turned into it and ran off from the main track onto the switch track without being derailed and without more commotion than is usual when a car passes onto a switch at a high rate of speed. There is direct testimony by several witnesses as to the rate of speed the car was going before and at the time it ran onto the switch track. It was for the jury to say from this evidence whether the switch was open, as alleged ; whether such speed was under the circumstances a high and dangerous rate of speed when it approched the switch, as alleged; whether that speed was slackened as the car came upon the switch, which is negatived by the allegation; whether the operation' of the car as shown by the evidence was negligent, as alleged, and whether it was, as alleged, because of such negligence that defendant in error was injured. The jury found the defendants guilty, thereby finding all these material facts to be proven as alleged, and we are not prepared to say such finding is against the manifest weight of the evidence.
It is manifest that of all these material facts, so found to be true by the jury, one only, namely, whether the switch was open, is left to be presumed from the circumstances, and that in finding the defendants guilty the rule prohibiting the resting of one presumption on another presumption was not violated. •
It is claimed the damages fixed are excessive. The verdict was for $12,695. A remittitur of $1,695 was filed by defendant in error and judgment was entered by the court for $11,000. Defendant in error was ten years of age at the time of the injury. The injury was very considerable. The right foot of defendant in error was crushed, necessitating the amputation of the toes and part of the metatarsal bones of the foot. His recovery, so far as he has recovered, was complicated by an attack of tetanus. Up to the time of the trial the foot was tender and the wound had several times broken open. He walked with a limp and suffered some pain in the foot, ankle and heart. Yet, in view of the character of the injury, he has made a good recovery and has left a fairly serviceable foot. While there is no rule by which damages of this character can be computed, it seems to us that this judgment is larger than mere compensation will warrant, and no claim is made for punitive damages. We, however, see no evidence in the size of the verdict that the same was the result of passion or prejudice.
If defendant in error will within ten days file a remittitur for $3,000, the judgment will be affirmed for $8,000. Otherwise, the same will be reversed and the cause remanded.
Affirmed if remittitur filed for $3,000; otherwise reversed and remanded.
Remittitur filed and judgment affirmed August 20,-1912.