OPINION
Kem Thompson Frost, Chief Justice'1
This appeal presents an interesting issue of first impression under Texas, Rule of Civil Procedure 91a, a rule adopted in 2013 governing dismissal of baseless claims.- At issue is whether a trial court may consider a Rule 91a movant a “prevailing party” entitled to attorney’s fees under the rule if the trial court determines the respondent nonsuited- the claims to avoid an adverse ruling on the 91a motion. We conclude that a trial court may not do so. We also address whether the trial court erred in consolidating two cases, whether the consolidation violated the bankruptcy stay, whether the trial court abused its discretion in assessing. sanctions, and whether the failure to recuse the trial judge amounted to an abuse of discretion. We modify the trial court’s judgment to delete the award of costs and attorney’s fees under Rule 91a, and affirm the judgment as modified.
I. Factual and Procedural Background
Appellees/plaintiffs Swamplot Industries, L.L.C., -Laurence David Albert, and Beth Anne Brinsdon (collectively the “Swamplot Parties”) filed suit against appellant/defendant Mark Thuesen and the condominium association of which he was president.. The condominium association’s insurer, appellee. Amerisure Insurance Company, provided Thuesen with a defense in the action. Thuesen filed counterclaims pro se.
After the litigation was underway, on November 13,- 2013, . Thuesen filed for bankruptcy, triggering < the automatic bankruptcy stay under title 11, section 362 of the United States Code. The Swamplot Parties sought relief from the bankruptcy stay. . The bankruptcy court granted relief, allowing the Swamplot Parties to “prosecute, liquidate and settle claims and defenses asserted” against Thuesen only as long as Amerisure was providing Thuesen’s defense. After getting relief from the stay, the Swamplot Parties ,moved for summary judgment.. Thuesen, acting pro se, then filed a separate lawsuit against Swamplot Industries’s lawyers, Michael Patrick Doyle and Jeffrey Lewis Raizner, [295]*295and their law firm, Doyle Raizner L.L.P. (hereinafter collectively the “Doyle Parties”); Thuesen also sued Amerisure and the Swamplot Parties.
Motion to Consolidate
The Swamplot Parties settled their claims against Thuesen in the first lawsuit. The Swamplot Parties and the Doyle Parties all moved to consolidate the second lawsuit with the first lawsuit in March 2014. The Swamplot Parties’ settlement caused Amerisure to stop providing Thuesen with a defense in the first suit, and-Thuesen’s defense counsel notified the trial court of that fact on April 8, 2014. Thereafter, the trial court sighed an order confirming the nonsuit with prejudice of the Swamplot Parties’ claims against Thuesen in the first lawsuit. About one month later, the trial court consolidated the second suit into the first suit.
Motions to Dismiss under Rule 91a
The Swamplot Parties moved to dismiss Thuesen’s claims against them under Texas Rule of Civil Procedure 91a.1 Thuesen then amended his pleadings. In response, the Swamplot Parties filed an amended motion to dismiss under 91a. A week before the scheduled hearing on this motion, Thuesen nonsuited all of his claims against the Swamplot Parties.
Aivard of Attorney’s Fees Under Rule 91a
After the nonsuit, the Swamplot Parties moved the trial court to consider them “prevailing parties” as to the claims Thuesen originally asserted against them in the second suit that were consolidated into the first suit (hereinafter the “2014 Claims”). The Swamplot Parties asserted that because Thuesen nonsuited his claims without prejudice to avoid an adversé ruling on the Swamplot Parties’ motion to dismiss, the Swamplot Parties should be considered the “prevailing parties” and the trial court should order1 Thuesen’s claims dismissed with prejudice. The trial court granted this motion, found that Thuesen had nonsuited the 2014 Claims to avoid an unfavorable ruling on the merits, ordered that the Swamplot Parties would be considered “prevailing parties” as to the 2014 Claims, and dismissed the 2014 Claims with prejudice.
The Swamplot Parties then filed a motion in which they sought to recover under Rule 91a costs and reasonable and necessary attorney’s fees incurred with respect to the 2014 Claims. The trial court granted this motion, and ordered Thuesen to pay the Swamplot Parties .specified amounts' as costs and as reasonable and necessary attorney’s fees in the trial court and in the event of an appeal.
Sanctions
Thuesen filed a series of documents in the trial court that prompted the trial court to sanction him. Each 8.5⅛⅛ by ll-4nch page of these documents contained a 6.5-inch colored, computer-generated Star-of-David watermark. In addition, each of the proposed orders Thuesen submitted to the trial court.also contained a separate, bold-faced black Star-of-David symbol next to the signature line for the trial judge.
[296]*296The trial court issued an order requiring Thuesen to appear to show cause why he should not be sanctioned for filing the Star-of-David documents. Thereafter, Thuesen continued to file documents containing the Star-of-David watermark and symbol. The trial court sanctioned Thuesen by striking all documents containing the watermark. The trial court allowed Thuesen thirty days to request leave to refile the documents without any Star-of-David watermarks or symbols, but Thuesen did not do so. Thuesen, however, moved to recuse the trial judge, who declined to recuse himself and referred the motion to the presiding judge of the Second Judicial Administrative Region for assignment. An assigned judge denied the recusal motion.
On appeal, Thuesen challenges the trial court’s consolidation of the cases, the award of fees and costs, the sanctions, and the denial of his recusal motion.
II. Issues and Analysis
A. Consolidation
In his first two appellate issues, Thuesen asserts that the trial court erred in consolidating the second suit into the first suit. A trial court has broad discretion to consolidate cases, and appellate courts review such decisions for an abuse of that discretion. See Guar. Fed. Sav. Bank v. Horseshoe Operating Co., 793 S.W.2d 652, 658 (Tex.1990) (op. on reh’g); Eagle Fabricators, Inc. v. Rakowitz, 344 S.W.3d 414, 421 (TexApp. — Houston [14th Dist.] 2011, no pet.).
In his first issue, Thuesen argues that the trial court erred in consolidating the cases because the consolidation caused him prejudice. Thuesen contends he suffered prejudice because Doyle and Raizner were the attorneys in the first case and potential witnesses in the second case.
According to Thuesen, if he called them to testify at trial, they would have a dual role as attorneys and witnesses. But, Thuesen nonsuited all of his claims and none of them ever went to trial. Presuming, without deciding, that the trial court abused its discretion in consolidating the two cases, any such error did not probably cause the rendition of an improper judgment, nor did it probably prevent Thuesen from properly presenting the case on appeal. Any error was harmless. See Tex.R.App. P. 44.1(a); Liebbe v. Rios, No. 05-07-00381-CV, 2008 WL 1735448, at *4 (Tex.App.—Dallas Apr. 16, 2008, no pet.) (mem.op.) (concluding that any error in consolidating two cases was harmless). Accordingly, we overrule Thueseris first issue.
Under his second issue, Thuesen asserts the trial court erred in consolidating the cases because the Swamplot Parties and the Doyle Parties violated the bankruptcy stay in seeking consolidation and the trial court violated the bankruptcy stay in granting consolidation. When a defendant files a bankruptcy petition, an automatic stay goes into effect under the United States Bankruptcy Code. See 11 U.S.C. § 362(a)(1) (current through P.L. 114-93 (excluding P.L. 114-74 and 114-92)). Subject to enumerated exceptions not applicable in the case under review, this stay applies to:
(1) the commencement or continuation, including the issuance or employment of process, of a judicial, administrative, or other action or proceeding against the debtor that was or could have been commenced before the commencement of the case under this title, or to recover a claim against the debtor that arose before the commencement of the case under this title;
(2) the enforcement, against the debtor or against property of the estate, of a [297]*297judgment obtained before the commencement of the case under this title;
(3) any act to obtain possession of property of the estate or of property from the estate or to exercise control over property of the estate;
(4) any act to create, perfect, or enforce any lien against property of the estate;
' (5) any act to create, perfect, or enforce against property of the debtor any lien to the extent that such lien 'secures a claim that arose before the commencement of .the ease under this title;
• (6) any act to collect, assess, or recover a claim against the debtor that arose before the commencement of the case under this title;
(7) the setoff of any- debt owing to the debtor that arose before the commencement of the case under this title against any claim against the debtor; and ■
(8) the commencement or continuation of a proceeding before the United State's Tax Court concerning a tax liability of a debtor that is a corporation for a taxable period the bankruptcy court may determine or concerning the tax liability of a debtor who is an individual for a taxable period ending before the date of the order for relief under this title. .
Id. (emphasis added). The bankruptcy court may grant relief from the stay. See 11 U.S.C. § 362(d). If the bankruptcy court has not granted such relief and a party or state court takes an action that violates the bankruptcy stay, such action is void. York v. State, 373 S.W.3d 32, 37-40 (Tex.2012). Parties do not violate the bankruptcy stay by nonsuiting claims against a bankruptcy debtor while the stay is in effect and without obtaining relief from the stay. See Darr v. Altman, 20 S.W.3d 802, 807 (Tex.App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2000, no pet.). In addition, the bankruptcy,stay does not preclude a state court from proceeding as to claims asserted by the bankruptcy debtor or as to claims arising after the debtor filed the bankruptcy, .petition. See Campbell v. Countrywide Home Loans, Inc., 545 F.3d 348, 353 (5th Cir.2008) (stating that bankruptcy stay does not apply to claims that arise post-petition); Bellini Imports, Ltd. v. Mason and Dixon Lines, Inc., 944 F.2d 199, 201 (4th Cir.1991) (holding that bankruptcy stay does not apply to actions arising post-petition); Clarke v. Hunters Glen Community Ass’n, No. 14-03-00971-CV, 2004 WL 1313294, at *2 (Tex.App. — Houston [14th Dist.] June 15, 2004, no pet.) (stating that bankruptcy stay does not apply to claims asserted by the bankruptcy debtor) (mem.op.).
Before consolidating the, cases, the trial court signed an order confirming the nonsuit with prejudice of all claims against Thuesen in the first lawsuit. Even though no relief from the stay , had been granted as to this action when it was taken, the trial court’s confirmation of the nonsuit of the claims against Thuesen did not violate the- bankruptcy stay.2 See Darr, 20 S.W.3d at 807. Before the consolidation of the cases, the Doyle Parties moved to dismiss Thuesen’s claims against them in the second suit under Rule 91a and sought reasonable and necessary attorney’s fees and costs. See Tex.R. Civ. P. 91a. This motion was pending when the trial court consolidated the cases. In this motion, the Doyle Parties sought reasonable and necessary attorney’s fees and costs if they were successful in obtaining a dismissal of Thuesen’s claims against them [298]*298under Rule 91a. These claims were filed in February 2014, more than three months after Thuesen filed his bankruptcy petition. For purposes of analysis, we presume that the Doyle Parties’ request for reasonable and necessary attorney’s fees and costs against Thuesen under Rule 91a is a claim. Because the claim arose post-petition, it could not have been commenced before Thuesen filed his bankruptcy petition. Therefore, the commencement or continuation of this claim against Thuesen did not violate the bankruptcy stay.3 See Campbell, 545 F.3d at 353; Bellini Imports, Ltd., 944 F.2d at 201.
When the trial court signed the challenged consolidation order, the only claim against Thuesen in either of the consolidated cases was a post-petition claim. Continuing this claim did not violate the bankruptcy stay.' See Campbell, 545 F.3d at 353; Bellini Imports, Ltd., 944 F.2d at 201. Therefore, even though no relief from the stay had been granted as to this consolidation of cases when it occurred, the trial court did not violate the bankruptcy stay- in granting consolidation, nor did the Swamplot Parties or-the Doyle Parties violate the bankruptcy in seeking consolidation. See Campbell, 545 F.3d at 353; Bellini Imports, Ltd., 944 F.2d at 201; Clarke, 2004 WL 1313294, at *2.
Thuesen also asserts that the consolidation violated the trial court’s February 5, 2014 order granting relief from the bankruptcy stay. This order allowed the Swamplot Parties to “prosecute, liquidate and settle claims and defenses asserted” against Thuesen only as long as Amerisure was providing Thuesen’s defense. The bankruptcy court ordered, however, that in the event Amerisure ceased providing Thuesen with a defense, “no further action may be taken by or against Mark Thuesen in the state court lawsuit ... without further order of this Court.” Because the bankruptcy stay did not prevent the parties from seeking consolidation or the trial court from granting consolidation, it was not necessary for the parties to secure relief from the stay as to these actions. See Campbell, 545 F.3d at 353; Bellini Imports, Ltd., 944 F.2d at 201; Clarke, 2004 WL 1313294, at *2. .To the extent Thuesen asserts the actions taken by the Swamplot Parties violated the bankruptcy court’s February 5, 2014 order, as-opposed to the bankruptcy stay, any failure to' comply - with this order did not violate the bankruptcy stay,- and these actions were permitted under the bankruptcy court’s June 26, 2014 order. In the June.26, 2014 order, the bankruptcy court allowed the Swamplot Parties to take any action they wished in this lawsuit.
Neither the Swamplot -Parties’ request for consolidation nor the trial court’s order granting consolidation violated the bankruptcy stay. See Campbell, '545 F.3d at 353; Bellini Imports, Ltd., 944 F.2d at 201; Clarke, 2004 WL 1313294, at *2. Accordingly, we- overrule Thuesen’s second issue.
B. Fees
Under his third, fourth, and fifth issues, Thuesen asserts that the trial court could not grant the Swamplot Parties’ Rule 91a motion after Thuesen nonsuited his claims against the Swamplot Parties. Thuésen also argues that only a “prevailing party on the motion” may recover costs and reasonable and necessary attorney’s fees under Rule 91a.7 and that, though the trial court found the that the Swamplot Parties were prevailing parties as to the 2014 Claims, the trial' court did not find that the Swamplot Parties were prevailing parties on their Rule 91a motion. Thuesen. as[299]*299serts that the Swamplot Parties were not entitled to attorney’s fees under Rule 91a.7.
Within sixty days after being served with Thuesen’s original petition in the second suit, the Swamplot Parties filed a motion seeking the dismissal of the 2014 Claims under Rule 91a. At least three days before this motion was set for submission to the trial court, Thuesen amended his petition. In response and less than forty-five days after filing their original Rule 91a motion, the Swamplot Parties filed an amended Rule 91a motion and set it for consideration on the trial court’s submission • docket. ' But, a week before 'the submission date, Thuesen filed notices that he had nonsuited without prejudice all of his claims against the Swamplot Parties.
Two weeks later, the trial court granted the Swamplot Parties’ motion to be considered “prevailing parties” as to the 2014 Claims, found that Thuesen had nonsuited the 2014 Claims to avoid an unfavorable ruling on the merits, ordered that the Swamplot Parties be considered’“prevailing parties” as to the’ 2014 Claims, and dismissed the 2014 Claims with prejudice. The trial court later ordered Thuesen to pay the Swamplot’- Parties specified amounts as costs and as reasonable and necessary attorney’s fees in the’ trial court as well as conditional fee amounts in the event of an appeal.
Liberally construing Thuesen’s arguments under his third, fourth, and fifth issues, we conclude Thuesen asserts that the trial court erred in awarding the Swamplot Parties attorney’s fees and costs under Rule 91a because Thuesen nonsuited his claims against the Swamplot Parties before the trial court ruled on their Rule 91a motion. The Swamplot Parties assert they were the “prevailing parties” on the Rule 91a motion because Thuesen took a nonsuit to 'avoid an adverse ruling on the motion. Whether a party requesting relief under Rule 91a should be considered a “prevailing party on the motion” in this context- appears to be an issue of first impression in Texas.
As part of legislation it enacted in 2011, the 'Legislature provided that “[t]he supreme court shall adopt rules to provide for the dismissal of’causes of action that have no basis in law or fact on motion and without evidence.” See Act of May 25, 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., ch. 203, § 1.01, 2011 Vernon’s Tex. Sess. Law Serv. 758, 758 (codified at Tex. Gov’t Code § 22.004(g)). The Legislature also specifically addressed the award of costs and reasonable- and necessary attorney’s fees to the prevailing party on the trial court’s granting or denial of a motion to dismiss under the rules to be adopted by the high court:
In a civil proceeding, on a trial court’s granting or denial, in whole or in part, of a motion to dismiss filed under the rules adopted by the supreme court under .Section 22.004(g), Government Code, the court shall award costs and reasonable and necessary attorney’s fees to the prevailing party. This section does not apply to actions by or against the state, other governmental entities, or public officials acting in their official capacity or under color of law.
Act of May 25, 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., ch. 203, § 1.02, 2011 Vernon’s Tex. Sess. Law Serv. 758, 758 (codified at Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem.Code § 30.021).
In response to this legislation, the Supreme Court of Texas promulgated Rule 91a, entitled “Dismissal of Baseless Causes of Action,”. which provides in • pertinent part:
91a.l Motion and Grounds. Except in a case brought under the Family Code or a case governed by Chapter 14 of the Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code, a party may move to dismiss a [300]*300cause of action on the grounds that it has no basis in law or fact. A cause of action has no basis in law if the allegations, taken as trae, together with inferences reasonably drawn from them, do not entitle the claimant to the relief sought. A cause of action has no basis in fact if no reasonable person could believe the facts pleaded.
91a.2 Contents of Motion. A motion to dismiss must state that it is made pursuant to this rule, must identify each cause of action to which it is addressed, and must state specifically the reasons the cause of action has no basis in law, no basis in fact, or both.
91a.3 Time for Motion and Ruling. A motion to dismiss must be:
(a) filed within 60 days after the first pleading containing the challenged cause of action is served on the movant;
(b) filed at least 21 days before the motion is heard; and
(c) granted or denied within 45 days after the motion is filed.
91a.4 Time for Response. Any response to the motion must be filed no later than 7 days before the date of the hearing.
91a.5 Effect of Nonsuit or Amendment; Withdrawal of Motion.
(a) The court may not rule on a motion to dismiss if, at least 3 days before the date of the hearing, the respondent files a nonsuit of the challenged cause of action, or the movant files a withdrawal of the motion.
(b) If the respondent amends the challenged cause of action at least 3 days before the date of the hearing, the mov-ant may, before the date of the hearing, file a withdrawal of the motion or an amended motion directed to the amended cause of action.
(c) Except by agreement of the parties, the court must rule on a motion unless it has been withdrawn or the cause of action has been nonsuited in accordance with (a) or (b). In ruling on the motion, the court must not consider a nonsuit or amendment not filed as permitted by paragraphs (a) or (b).
(d) An amended motion filed in accordance with (b) restarts the time periods in this rule.
91a.6 Hearing; No Evidence Considered. Each party is entitled to at least 14 days’ notice of the hearing on the motion to dismiss. The court may, but is not required to, conduct an oral hearing on the motion. Except as required by 91a.7, the court may not consider evidence in ruling on the motion and must decide the motion based solely on the pleading of the cause of action, together with any pleading exhibits permitted by Rule 59.
91a.7 Award of Costs and Attorney Fees Required. Except in an action by or against .a governmental entity or a public official acting in his or her official capacity or under color of law, the court must award the prevailing party on the motion all costs and reasonable and necessary attorney fees incurred with respect to the challenged cause of action in the trial court. The court must consider evidence regarding costs and fees in determining the award.
Tex.R. Civ. P. 91a.
We review the trial court’s interpretation of Rule 91a de novo. See Johnson v. City of Fort Worth, 774 S.W.2d 653, 655-56 (Tex.1989); Thomas v. Olympus/Nelson Prop. Mgmt., 148 S.W.3d 395, 399 (Tex.App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2004, no pet.). In construing Rule 91a, our objective is to determine and give effect to the intent of the rule. See Nat’l Liab. & Fire Ins. Co. v. Allen, 15 S.W.3d 525, 527 [301]*301(Tex.2000); Thomas, 148 S.W,3d at 399. If possible, we must ascertain that intent from the rule’s language and not look to extraneous matters for an intent the- rule does not state. See Nat’l Liab. ,& Fire Ins. Co., 15 S.W.3d at 527; Thomas, 148 S.W.3d at 399. If the meaning of the rule’s language is unambiguous, we adopt the interpretation supported by the plain meaning of the rule’s words, St. Luke’s Episcopal Hosp. v. Agbor, 952 S.W.2d 503, 505 (Tex.1997); Thomas, 148 S.W.3d at 399. We must not engage in forced or strained construction; instead, we must yield to the plain sense of the words used in Rule 91a. St. Luke’s Episcopal Hosp., 952 S.W.2d at 505; Thomas, 148 S.W.3d at 399.
Under the timetables contained in the rule, a Rule 91a motion must be filed promptly, and the trial court must grant or deny the motion promptly. ■ See Tex. Gov’t Code § 22.004(g) (West, Westlaw through 2015 R.S.) (requiring rule adopted by supreme court to provide that the motion to dismiss shall be granted or denied within 45 days of the filing of the motion); Tex.R. Civ. P. 91a.3, 91a.4, 91a.5. In adopting Rule 91a, the Supreme Court of Texas anticipated the possibility that a claimant might nonsuit claims that are the subject of a Rule 91a motion. Tex.R. Civ. P. 91a.5. Both the Legislature and the high court tied the award of costs and reasonable and necessary attorney’s fees to a party’s prevailing “on the motion.” See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem.Code § 30.021 (West, West-law through 2015 R.S.) (stating that “on a trial court’s granting or denial, in whole or in part, of a motion to dismiss ... the court shall award costs and reasonable and necessary attorney’s fees to the prevailing party”); Tex.R. Civ. P. 91a.7 (stating that “the court must award the prevailing party on the motion all costs and reasonable and necessary attorney fees incurred with respect to the challenged cause of action in the trial court”); Guillory v. Seaton, LLC, 470 S.W.3d 237, 243-44 (Tex.App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2015, pet. filed) (stating that the award of attorney’s fees under Rule 91a.7 is based upon which party prevails on the motion). Though they could have done so, the Legislature and the high court did not provide that the trial court- must award costs and attorney’s fees under Rule 91a to a party who prevailed on the claim or who prevailed in the lawsuit. See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem.Code § 30.021 (West, Westlaw through 2015 R.S.); Tex.R. Civ. P. 91a.7; Guillory, 470 S.W.3d at 243-44. In interpreting the provision’s meaning, we adhere to the text.
We conclude that, under the plain meaning of the phrase “prevailing party on the motion,” a party cannot be a prevailing party on a motion if the trial court did not rule on the motion because absent a ruling, no party has prevailed on the motion. See In re Sheshtawy, 478 S.W.3d 82, 85 (Tex.App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2015, no pet.) (holding trial court properly granted defendant’s motion to dismiss under Rule 91a and properly awarded the defendant reasonable and necessary attorney’s fees under Rule 91a because defendant was the prevailing party on the motion). Under the unambiguous language of Rule 91a, a claimant, up until three days before the hearing date on the motion to dismiss under Rule' 91a, may nonsuit the claims challenged in the Rule 91a motion. Tex.R. Civ. P. 91a.5. If a claimant does so, the trial court cannot rule on the Rule 91a motion, and thus the movant cannot recover costs and attorney’s fees under Rule 91a because the movant is not the prevailing party on the motion.4 See Tex.R. Civ. P. 91a.5, 91a.7.
[302]*302The Swamplot Parties timely filed their original motion to dismiss under Rule 91a. See Tex.R. Civ. P. 91a.3. At least three days before this motion was set for hearing, Thuesen amended his petition. In response and less than forty-five days after filing their original Rule 91a motion, the Swamplot Parties filed- an amended Rule 91a motion. See Tex.R. Civ. P. 91a,5(b). A week before the hearing date for the amended motion, Thuesen filed notices that he had nonsuited, without prejudice, all of his claims against the Swamplot Parties.
The Swamplot Parties timely filed their amended motion to dismiss under Rule 91a and timely set the motion for hearing. See Tex.R. Civ. P. 91a.3, 91a.5. Under the plain wording of Rule 91a, because Thuesen nonsuited without prejudice all the claims that w¿re the subject of the amended motion at least three days before the hearing date, the trial court was not permitted to rule on the Swamplot Parties’ amended motion to dismiss, and the trial court did not rule on this motion.5 See Tex.R. Civ. P. 91a.5(a). Though the trial court awarded costs and reasonable and necessary attorney’s fees to the Swamplot Parties under Rule 91a, the trial court did not do so based on a finding that the Swamplot Parties were prevailing parties on the amended motion to dismiss under Rule 91a; instead, the trial court awarded these costs and fees based on a finding that the Swam-plot Parties were prevailing parties as to the 2014 Claims. But, prevailing as to claims nonsuited more than three days before the hearing date for a Rule 91a motion on which the trial court did not rule does not trigger the award of costs and fees mandated under Rule 91a.7. See Tex.R. Civ. P. 91a,7. Because the Swam-plot Parties did not prevail on their amended motion to dismiss,- they may not recover costs and fees under Rule 91a. See id. And, because this rule was the sole basis for the trial court’s award of costs and fees, the trial court erred in making this award. See id.6
The Swamplot Parties rely upon the Supreme Court of Texas’s decision in Epps v. Fowler to argue that they should be considered the- prevailing parties on the motion because Thuesen took a nonsuit to avoid an adverse ruling on the merits. See 351 S.W.3d 862, 871 (Tex.2011). In Epps, the high court applied a contract provision providing that “ ‘[t]he prevailing party in any legal proceeding related to the contract is entitled to recover reasonable attorney’s fees and all costs of such proceeding incurred by the prevailing party.’ ” Id. at 865.- • 1
The Epps court did not interpret or apply Rule 91a. See id. at 864-72. The [303]*303court held that a defendant is not a prevailing party in the legal proceeding if the plaintiff nonsuits all of its claims without prejudice unless the court determines, on the defendant’s motion, that the plaintiff took the nonsuit to avoid an unfavorable judgment. See id. at 864-65, 870. In Epps, the high court also concluded that a defendant is a prevailing party in the legal proceeding if the plaintiff nonsuits all of its claims with prejudice. See id. at 868-69.
■ The contractual language in Epps reflects an agreement between parties to require the losing party in a lawsuit to pay the costs and reasonable attorney’s fees incurred by the prevailing party in the lawsuit. See id. at 865. Though this contractual provision and Rule 91a both use the term “prevailing party,” the contractual provision refers to the prevailing party in a “legal proceeding,” and Rule 91a refers to the “prevailing party on the [Rule 91a] motion.” Tex.R. Civ. P. 91a.7; Epps, 351 S.W.3d at 865. In addition to requiring that the party prevail on a Rule 91a motion, the rule also prevents the trial court from granting such a motion if the claimant nonsuits the challenged claims at least three days before the date of the hearing on the Rule 91a motion. See Tex.R. Civ. P. 91a.5. Because of the differences between the text of the prevailing-party provision in Epps and the text of Rule 91a, the Epps decision is not on point. See Tex.R. Civ. P. 91a; Epps, 351 S.W.3d at 864-65.
Unlike the prevailing-party provision in Epps, Rule 91a . provides a procedure by which the claimant can avoid the mandatory award of costs and attorney’s fees under Rule 91a.7 by nonsuiting the. challenged claims at least three days before the hearing date on the motion. ■ See Tex.R. Civ. P. 91a; Epps, 351 S.W.3d at 864-65. Though this procedure means that the mandatory award of costs and attorney’s fees, under Rule 91a.7 is not. available if the claimant nonsuits the claims in time, this procedure, incentivizes a claimant having little or no chance of avoiding dismissal under Rule 91a to non-suit and put an end to the litigation costs for the challenged claims. See Tex.R. Civ. P. 91a. • See also Gaskill v. VHS San Antonio Partners, LLC, 456 S.W.3d 234, 236-39 (Tex.App.—San Antonio 2014, pet. denied) (noting one reason notice of the hearing on the Rule 91a motion is required is to give the claimant notice of- the deadline to nonsuit the challenged claims); Dailey v. Thorpe, 445 S.W.3d 785, 790 (Tex.App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2014, no pet.) (noting claimant has option to nonsuit if faced with Rule 91a motion); Stedman v. Paz, — S.W.3d -, 2015 WL 5157598, at *2 (Tex.App.—Corpus Christi Sept. 2, 2015, no' pet.) (mem.op,) (same). Simply stated, Rule 91a has a built-in cost-avoidance mechanism, and Thuesen took advantage of it by nonsuiting at least three days before the hearing on the Swamplot Parties’ amended Rule 91a motion. See Tex.R. Civ. P. 91a.5.
Because Thuesen nonsuited in time, the trial court was not permitted to grant the Rule 91a motion or to dismiss the challenged claims under Rute 91a, and the trial court did not do so. See id. In this context, the Swamplot Parties cannot be considered.prevailing parties on the Rule 91a motion, and therefore, the mandatory award of costs and attorney’s fees under Rule 91a.7 is not available. See Tex.R. Civ. P. 91a,5.
We conclude the trial court erred in awarding costs and attorney’s fees to the Swamplot Parties under Rule 91a. See Tex.R. Civ. P. 91a.5, 91a.7. Accordingly, to the extent Thuesen argues under his third, fourth, and fifth issues that the trial court erred by awarding the Swamplot Parties [304]*304attorney’s fees and costs, we sustain these issues.7
C. Sanctions
In his sixth issue, Thuesen asserts the trial court abused its discretion in sanctioning him for filing documents that contained a large, gray Star-of-David watermark in the background and a smaller Star-of-David symbol near the judge’s signature line. After Thuesen filed these pleadings, the trial court issued a show-cause order, requiring Thuesen to appear in person and show cause why he should not be sanctioned for filing these documents. Thuesen ■ did not appear at the show-cause hearing, and the trial court issued an order sanctioning Thuesen by striking all the Star-of-David documents. The trial court allowed Thuesen thirty days to request leave to refile the documents without any Star-of-David watermarks or symbols.
On appeal, Thuesen asserts the trial court erred in issuing sanctions because the trial court issued the sanctions sua sponte and therefore the sanctions were relief not supported by the pleadings, and Thuesen did not have notice and an opportunity to be heard before the trial court imposed sanctions. Appellate courts review a trial court’s sanctions rulings under an abuse-of-discretion standard. Chrysler Corp. v. Blackmon, 841 S.W.2d 844, 852-53 (Tex.1992); In re N.R.C., 94 S.W.3d 799, 808 (Tex.App.—Houston [ 14th Dist.] 2002, pet. denied).
A trial court has the inherent power to impose sanctions on its own motion. See In re Bennett, 960 S.W.2d 35, 40 (Tex.1997); Bostow v. Bank of America, No. 14-04-00256-CV, 2006 WL 89446, at *9 (Tex.App.—Houston [14th Dist.] Jan. 17, 2006, no pet.) (mem.op.). Because the trial court has the inherent power to issue sanctions on its own motion, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in sanctioning Thuesen in the absence of a request for sanctions by any party. See In re Bennett, 960 S.W.2d at 40; Rubio v. Walsh, No. 03-13-00698-CV, 2015 WL 4908585, at *3 (Tex.App.—Austin Aug. 13, 2015, no pet.) (mem.op.) (rejecting argument that sanctions relief was not supported by request for that relief because trial court has inherent power to sanction).
Thuesen also asserts in passing that the trial court did not make findings of fact supporting its sanctions ruling. To the contrary, the trial court found in its order that the dark gray Star-of-David watermark obscured the text, impeded readability, and was inappropriate, offensive, and interfered with the dignified business of the court.
As for Thuesen’s contention that he did not have notice and an opportunity to be heard, the record reveals that the trial court ordered the Swamplot Parties to take responsibility for personally serving
[305]*305the show-cause order on Thuesen. Thuesen was receiving notice at a post-office box. On July 31, 2014, the trial court issued the show-cause order, setting the show-cause hearing for September 8, 2014. Before the scheduled hearing, the Swam-plot Parties filed a brief supporting a sanctions award. The trial court’s order and the brief were served on Thuesen both at his post-office box and by email. The Swamplot Parties attempted but failed to effect personal service on Thuesen at the last physical address filed with the trial court clerk. But, it is apparent from the record that Thuesen received the documents. On August 25, 2014, Thuesen filed a response to the Swamplot Parties’ motion for attorney’s fees and costs under Rule 91a. In that filing, Thuesen responded to documents served at his post-office-box address and email address days before the show-cause order. Thuesen attached a printout of the scheduled hearings and trial settings in the case, including the September 8th show-cause hearing regarding sanctions. The record reflects that the trial court afforded Thuesen notice and a reasonable opportunity to be heard before imposing sanctions. See Braden v. South Main Bank, 837 S.W.2d 733, 738 (Tex. App. — Houston [14th Dist.] 1992, writ denied).
We reject Thuesen’s arguments that the trial court abused its discretion by imposing the sanctions. See In re Bennett, 960 S.W.2d at 40; Braden, 837 S.W.2d at 738. Accordingly, we overrule Thuesen’s sixth issue.
D. Recusal
Under his seventh issue, Thuesen argues that the presiding judge of the trial court should have been recused because the anti-Semitic statements attributed to Thuesen in various documents Swamplot filed in the trial court caused the trial judge, who is Jewish, to have personal bias or prejudice against Thuesen. Thuesen argues that the trial judge’s “deep-seated antagonism has made fair judgment impossible” and was evident in the judge’s sua sponte issuance of sanctions regarding the Star-of-David documents, allegedly without notice or an opportunity to be heard. Thuesen raised these issues in a recusal motion. An assigned judge denied the motion to recuse.
Our appellate record does not contain a reporter’s record from the oral hearing on the recusal motion, though the record does contain the recusal motion and attached evidence and the order denying recusal. We presume for the sake of argument that the recusal hearing was not an evidentiary hearing, that the only evidence considered by the assigned judge was the evidence filed in the clerk’s record, and that we may review the denial of this motion without a reporter’s record of the recusal hearing.
We review the denial of the recu-sal motion for an abuse of discretion. See Tex.R. Civ. P. 18a(j); Sommers v. Concepcion, 20 S.W.3d 27, 41 (Tex.App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2000, pet. denied). The parties have not cited and research has not revealed any case from the Supreme Court of Texas addressing the legal standard that applies when a party moves for recu-sal of a judge based on the judge’s alleged bias, prejudice, or partiality. This court has adopted the legal standard articulated in the majority opinion in Liteky v. United States. See 510 U.S. 540, 542-56,114 S.Ct. 1147, 1150-58, 127 L.Ed.2d 474 (1994); Samson v. Ghadially, No. 14-12-00522-CV, 2013 WL 4477863, at *5 (Tex.App.—Houston [14th Dist.] Aug. 20, 2013, no pet.) (mem.op.); Sommers, 20 S.W.3d at 41; Ludlow v. DeBerry, 959. S.W.2d 265, 271, 282-83 (Tex.App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1997, no pet.). Under this standard, if a party seeks recusal of a judge based on the judge’s alleged bias, prejudice, or par[306]*306tiality and if that party does not show that the alleged bias, prejudice, or partiality arose from events occurring outside of judicial proceedings, then the judge may not be recused unless the judge has displayed a- deep-seated favoritism or antagonism that would make fair judgment impossible. See Liteky, 510 U.S. at 550-51, 555-56, 114 S.Ct. at 1155, 1157-58; Sommers, 20 S.W.8d at 41, 44; Ludlow, 959 S.W.2d at 271,. 283. A bias, prejudice, or partiality arising from events occurring outside of judicial proceedings arises from an “extrajudicial source.” Liteky, 510 U.S. at 550-51, 555-56, 114 S.Ct. at 1Í55, 1157-58; Sommers, 20 S.W.3d at 41, 44. An examr pie of this type of bias is the statement alleged to have been made by the trial judge in a World War I espionage case against German-American defendants that “ ‘[ojne must have' a very judicial mind, indeed, not [to be] prejudiced against the German Americans’ because their ‘hearts are reeking with disloyalty.’ ” Liteky, 510 U.S. at 555, 114 S.Ct. at 1157 (quoting Berger v. United States, 255 U.S 22,28, 41 S.Ct. 230, 231, 65 L.Ed. 481 (1921)).
We already have concluded that the trial court did not err in sanctioning Thuesen sua sponte and that the trial court afforded Thuesen notice and a reasonable opportunity to be heard regarding the sanctions. After reviewing the evidence Thuesen submitted in support of his motion, we conclude that the assigned judge did not abuse her discretion by impliedly finding that (1) Thuesen failed to 'prove any bias, prejudice, or partiality by the presiding judge arising from events occurring outside of judicial proceedings, and (2) Thuesen failed to prove that the presiding judge displayed a deep-seated favoritism or antagonism that would make fair judgment impossible. See Liteky, 510 U.S. at 550-51, 555-56, 114 S.Ct. at 1155, 1157-58; Sommers, 20 S.W.3d at 41, 44; Ludlow, 959 S.W.2d at 271, 283. Thuesen has not shown that the assigned judge erred in deñying his motion to recuse. Accordingly,.we overrule the seventh issue.
III. Conclusion
Any error by the trial court in consolidating the two cases was harmless, and the consolidation of the two cases did not .violate the bankruptcy stay. To. the extent Thuesen asserts the actions taken by the Swamplot Parties violated the bankruptcy court’s February 5, 2014 order, any such actions were permitted under the bankruptcy court’s June 26, 2014 order. The trial court did not abuse its discretion in sanctioning. Thuesen for filing the Star-of-David documents, and the trial court afforded Thuesen notice and a reasonable opportunity to be heard before imposing the sanctions. The assigned judge did not abuse her discretion in denying Thuesen’s motion to recuse the presiding judge. The trial court, however, erred in awarding costs and attorney’s fees to the Swamplot Parties under Rule 91a. Because Rule 91a was the only basis for the award, the award cannot stand. Accordingly, we modify the trial court’s judgment to delete the award of costs and attorney’s fees, and we affirm the judgment as modified.