Opinion by
Rice, P. J.,
The defendants rest tbeir case mainly on the proposition that where there is a devise for life with remainder over to testator’s children “ then living ” or “ then surviving,” the words “ then living ” or “ then surviving ” shall be taken to refer to the period of the testator’s death. If by this is meant that there is an established rule of construction or of law which gives to the words a fixed meaning, a rule which may be invoked to override the actual intent of the testator, or which precludes inquiry into the intent, the proposition is not sound in principle, nor is it sustained, at least not to the full extent contended for, by the authorities. In the construction of wills the great general and controling rule is that the intent, of the testator shall prevail, by which “ is meant his actual, personal, individual intent, not a mere presumptive conventional intent inferred from the use of a set phrase or a familiar form of words: ” Tyson’s Estate, 191 Pa. 218. “ With the desire to reduce to a minimum the perplexity and uncertainty inseparable from the subject, courts have established certain more or less artificial and arbitrary canons of construction, by which certain forms of expression are presumed to have certain meanings, and in doubtful cases these presumptions are held to be decisive. But all these canons are subservient to the great rule as to the intent, and are made to aid, not to override it. As in all such cases, care is required that tools shall not become fetters, and that the real end shall not be sacrificed to what was intended only as the means of reaching it:” Mitchell, J., in Woelper’s Appeal, 126 Pa. 562. In doubtful cases the courts favor that construction which, consistently with the words of the instrument, will give an absolute rather than a defeasible estate, a vested rather than a contingent one, and which will result in a -disposition in conformity to the general rules of inheritance, rather than one which will disinherit an heir-at-law. There are good reasons for so doing, amongst which is the strong probability that they thereby carry out the real intent of the testator. But an examination of the cases will show that they go no further than to establish the general rule that the phrase under consideration and similar phrases will be construed to refer to the death of the testator, unless it clearly appears that he meant it to refer to. a different period. When the intention has been apparent, [556]*556the courts have not been prevented by any rule of their own making to carry it out, even though the result was to make the remainder contingent. See Woelper’s Appeal, supra, McBride v. Smyth, 54 Pa. 245, Buzby’s Appeal, 61 Pa. 111, Delbert’s Appeal, No. 1, 83 Pa. 462, List v. Rodney, 83 Pa. 483, Cascaden’s Estate, 153 Pa. 170, Martin’s Estate, 185 Pa. 51, Rudy’s Estate, 185 Pa. 359, and Mergenthaler’s Appeal, 15 W. N. C. 441. Some of the cases supposed to assert or recognize a more rigid rule are reviewed by Justice Mitchell in Woelper’s Appeal, supra. These are Johnson v. Morton, 10 Pa. 245, Ross v. Drake, 37 Pa. 375, and Barker’s Appeal, 2 Cent. Rep. 282. The cases of Minnig v. Batdorff, 5 Pa. 503, and Buckley v. Reed, 15 Pa. 83, although not noticed in the opinion, were cited by counsel and were undoubtedly considered. These cases, therefore, may be passed without further comment. In Manderson v. Lukens, 23 Pa. 31, the devise was to the widow during her life or widowhood, and “ whenever her death or marriage should take place ” it was to be equally divided between the testator’s children, “ which may be then alive, or who may have left legitimate heirs.” The word “ whenever ” was properly construed to refer to the period when the property was to be divided, not to the period when the estate was to vest. The difficulty in the case arose out of the subsequent clause, which, read literally, would have been absurd, because, as the court pointed out, it gave the land to the children even though they should be dead. Of course the testator did not mean this. There was, therefore, occasion and necessity for construction; and applying the general principles which may be invoked in doubtful cases the court held, not that there was an inflexible rule of law which governed the case, irrespective of the actual intent of the testator, but that, having regard to his intent, the plain object of the clause Vvas to prevent the estate of the devisees from being defeated by their death during the precedent estate. In Womrath v. McCormick, 51 Pa. 504, the devise was to the widow for life and “ at her decease to be divided into as many parts ” as the testator should “then have.children living, the issue of any deceased child to represent their parents.” It was held, following Manderson v. Lukens, that the vesting of the estate in the children of the testator at his death was not prevented by the postponement of the division of the property [557]*557until the termination of the life estate carved out; therefore, they and the widow could convey a good title. The case is more closely analogous to the present than Manderson v. Lu-kins, but, conceding that the decision has not been qualified or shaken by later decisions, the parallel is not perfect, as will appear hereafter. Crawford v. Ford, 7 W. N. C. 532, belongs to the same class. Letchworth’s Appeal, 30 Pa. 175, and Lip-man’s Appeal, 'are also not parallel with the present case in their facts. The former enforces the general principle, which is everywhere conceded, that the law inclines to treat the whole interest as vested, and not as contingent, and therefore in case of doubt or mere probability, it declares the interest vested. It was therefore held that if upon a fair construction of the whole will it appears that the devise was not to such children as should be living at a particular time, but a mere direction for distribution among lfis natural heirs at a particular time, the heirs living at the testator’s death would take a vested interest. In the latter case, the language of the devise of the residue was ambiguous, and it was held that this “ very uncertainty of meaning as derived from the will ” was decisive in favor of the appellants. Chief Justice Loweie said: “ The rule of equality of descent to relatives of the same degree, is so just that the law adopts it when the 'law is to govern, and prefers it when the law is called upon to interpret.” But is the law called upon to interpret in the present case ? This preliminary question must be answered in the affirmative before the rule can be invoked. The “preference,” “bias,” “leaning,” “inclination” (all these expressions are used in the cases), of the court have no place in the decision if the intent of the testator is clear, and he has not attempted to do something unlawful. The case that is supposed to be so nearly like the present in its facts as to rule it is Cressons’s Appeal, 76 Pa. 19. That it is not so, but that the question arisins; in the construction of a devise like that under consideration was expressly left undecided, we think can be clearly shown. In the second item of his will the testator devised a lot to his wife in fee. In the third item he devised her another lot for her life. In the fourth item he gave her an annuity “ for the comfortable support of herself and the board of our children during their minority.” In the fifth item he gave the residue of his estate “ to all my children who shall [558]*558.then be living,” etc. The court admitted that this was not an ■easy will to interpret, but upon a view of all its provisions concluded that the testator’s intention was to vest the remainder in all his children living at his death.
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
Opinion by
Rice, P. J.,
The defendants rest tbeir case mainly on the proposition that where there is a devise for life with remainder over to testator’s children “ then living ” or “ then surviving,” the words “ then living ” or “ then surviving ” shall be taken to refer to the period of the testator’s death. If by this is meant that there is an established rule of construction or of law which gives to the words a fixed meaning, a rule which may be invoked to override the actual intent of the testator, or which precludes inquiry into the intent, the proposition is not sound in principle, nor is it sustained, at least not to the full extent contended for, by the authorities. In the construction of wills the great general and controling rule is that the intent, of the testator shall prevail, by which “ is meant his actual, personal, individual intent, not a mere presumptive conventional intent inferred from the use of a set phrase or a familiar form of words: ” Tyson’s Estate, 191 Pa. 218. “ With the desire to reduce to a minimum the perplexity and uncertainty inseparable from the subject, courts have established certain more or less artificial and arbitrary canons of construction, by which certain forms of expression are presumed to have certain meanings, and in doubtful cases these presumptions are held to be decisive. But all these canons are subservient to the great rule as to the intent, and are made to aid, not to override it. As in all such cases, care is required that tools shall not become fetters, and that the real end shall not be sacrificed to what was intended only as the means of reaching it:” Mitchell, J., in Woelper’s Appeal, 126 Pa. 562. In doubtful cases the courts favor that construction which, consistently with the words of the instrument, will give an absolute rather than a defeasible estate, a vested rather than a contingent one, and which will result in a -disposition in conformity to the general rules of inheritance, rather than one which will disinherit an heir-at-law. There are good reasons for so doing, amongst which is the strong probability that they thereby carry out the real intent of the testator. But an examination of the cases will show that they go no further than to establish the general rule that the phrase under consideration and similar phrases will be construed to refer to the death of the testator, unless it clearly appears that he meant it to refer to. a different period. When the intention has been apparent, [556]*556the courts have not been prevented by any rule of their own making to carry it out, even though the result was to make the remainder contingent. See Woelper’s Appeal, supra, McBride v. Smyth, 54 Pa. 245, Buzby’s Appeal, 61 Pa. 111, Delbert’s Appeal, No. 1, 83 Pa. 462, List v. Rodney, 83 Pa. 483, Cascaden’s Estate, 153 Pa. 170, Martin’s Estate, 185 Pa. 51, Rudy’s Estate, 185 Pa. 359, and Mergenthaler’s Appeal, 15 W. N. C. 441. Some of the cases supposed to assert or recognize a more rigid rule are reviewed by Justice Mitchell in Woelper’s Appeal, supra. These are Johnson v. Morton, 10 Pa. 245, Ross v. Drake, 37 Pa. 375, and Barker’s Appeal, 2 Cent. Rep. 282. The cases of Minnig v. Batdorff, 5 Pa. 503, and Buckley v. Reed, 15 Pa. 83, although not noticed in the opinion, were cited by counsel and were undoubtedly considered. These cases, therefore, may be passed without further comment. In Manderson v. Lukens, 23 Pa. 31, the devise was to the widow during her life or widowhood, and “ whenever her death or marriage should take place ” it was to be equally divided between the testator’s children, “ which may be then alive, or who may have left legitimate heirs.” The word “ whenever ” was properly construed to refer to the period when the property was to be divided, not to the period when the estate was to vest. The difficulty in the case arose out of the subsequent clause, which, read literally, would have been absurd, because, as the court pointed out, it gave the land to the children even though they should be dead. Of course the testator did not mean this. There was, therefore, occasion and necessity for construction; and applying the general principles which may be invoked in doubtful cases the court held, not that there was an inflexible rule of law which governed the case, irrespective of the actual intent of the testator, but that, having regard to his intent, the plain object of the clause Vvas to prevent the estate of the devisees from being defeated by their death during the precedent estate. In Womrath v. McCormick, 51 Pa. 504, the devise was to the widow for life and “ at her decease to be divided into as many parts ” as the testator should “then have.children living, the issue of any deceased child to represent their parents.” It was held, following Manderson v. Lukens, that the vesting of the estate in the children of the testator at his death was not prevented by the postponement of the division of the property [557]*557until the termination of the life estate carved out; therefore, they and the widow could convey a good title. The case is more closely analogous to the present than Manderson v. Lu-kins, but, conceding that the decision has not been qualified or shaken by later decisions, the parallel is not perfect, as will appear hereafter. Crawford v. Ford, 7 W. N. C. 532, belongs to the same class. Letchworth’s Appeal, 30 Pa. 175, and Lip-man’s Appeal, 'are also not parallel with the present case in their facts. The former enforces the general principle, which is everywhere conceded, that the law inclines to treat the whole interest as vested, and not as contingent, and therefore in case of doubt or mere probability, it declares the interest vested. It was therefore held that if upon a fair construction of the whole will it appears that the devise was not to such children as should be living at a particular time, but a mere direction for distribution among lfis natural heirs at a particular time, the heirs living at the testator’s death would take a vested interest. In the latter case, the language of the devise of the residue was ambiguous, and it was held that this “ very uncertainty of meaning as derived from the will ” was decisive in favor of the appellants. Chief Justice Loweie said: “ The rule of equality of descent to relatives of the same degree, is so just that the law adopts it when the 'law is to govern, and prefers it when the law is called upon to interpret.” But is the law called upon to interpret in the present case ? This preliminary question must be answered in the affirmative before the rule can be invoked. The “preference,” “bias,” “leaning,” “inclination” (all these expressions are used in the cases), of the court have no place in the decision if the intent of the testator is clear, and he has not attempted to do something unlawful. The case that is supposed to be so nearly like the present in its facts as to rule it is Cressons’s Appeal, 76 Pa. 19. That it is not so, but that the question arisins; in the construction of a devise like that under consideration was expressly left undecided, we think can be clearly shown. In the second item of his will the testator devised a lot to his wife in fee. In the third item he devised her another lot for her life. In the fourth item he gave her an annuity “ for the comfortable support of herself and the board of our children during their minority.” In the fifth item he gave the residue of his estate “ to all my children who shall [558]*558.then be living,” etc. The court admitted that this was not an ■easy will to interpret, but upon a view of all its provisions concluded that the testator’s intention was to vest the remainder in all his children living at his death. But surely the will would not have been difficult of interpretation if the rule of construction were as inflexible as here contended for. The court evidently did not so regard it, for they took pains to show that,, as it was placed, the word “ then ” referred to no distinct time by grammatical construction or manifest intention, and being obscure in reference, all the other considerations arose which gave a preference to a vested estate rather than a contingent one, and avoided the conclusion that a considerable portion of the estate intended for the children’s benefit was left without proper disposition during the widow’s life. But the court further said: “ Had the subject of the fifth item been wholly the same property devised and bequeathed to the widow for life” (as it is in the case at bar), “the subject itself would have indicated her death as the period of vesting in the children.” It is clear, therefore, that this is not a binding precedent which rules the present case in the defendant’s favor.
Buzby’s Appeal, 61 Pa. 111 fairly illustrates the doctrine that the rule of construction will not override the intent but will control where an opposite intent does not clearly appear. Testator devised to trustee for use of his son William for life and from and immediately after his decease, then in trust for the children of the said William that shall “ then be living ” and issues of such of them as shall “then be deceased,” and for want of such child or children or lawful issue, “ then in trust for the use of my right heirs forever.” It was held that the remainder in fee limited to the children of William living at his decease was contingent or executory, while the limitation over by the words, “ then in trust for my right heirs forever ” was construed to refer to the date of the death of the testator. “ Obviously the word then is not used in this clause as an adverb of time, but as a conjunction, signifying in that case, in that event or contingency. If this be its meaning, there is nothing to prevent the general rule from applying, and the words must be construed as referring to the heirs of the testator at the time of his death.” The general rule here referred to is, that a limitation in remainder to heirs will be construed to mean those who [559]*559were such at the testator’s death, with the important qualification expressed in this case and recognized or expressed in all the well-considered cases, “ unless a different intent clearly 'appears.”
Keeping these general principles in mind, what is the proper construction of this will? The clause that has given rise to the difficulty reads as follows: “ First, I give, devise and bequeath to my beloved wife, Christianna Schmidt, all my estate, real, personal and mixed, for and during her natural life, or so .long as she remains my widow unmarried, and after her death or remarriage I give, devise and bequeath the same unto all my children, then living, under the following conditions.” The word “ then ” was used as an adverb of time, and not as a conjunction signifying, merely in that case, in that event or contingency. Tins is as obvious as that it was used in the latter sense in the limitation over to the heirs of the testator construed in Buzby’s Appeal, supra. It is equally as obvious that it refers to the period of the widow’s death or remarriage. That was the period or the event of which the testator was speaking, and he had spoken of no other. There is no other event to which it can refer unless we add words to the will. Nor was this a mere postponement of the time of enjoyment. “ It was a selection of individuals from a class to be donees of a right; a description of persons not a regulation of the interest given: ” McBride v. Smyth, 54 Pa. 245. In such cases the rule applies that where the devise or bequest is to such person or persons as-shall live to a certain age, or be living at a certain time, without any distinct gift to the whole class, preceding such restrictive description, so that the uncertain event forms part of the description of the person or persons who are to take the devise or bequest is necessarily contingent: Smith on Executory Interests, 281; Fairfax’s Appeal, 103 Pa. 166; Craige’s Appeal, 126 Pa. 223; Coggins’s Appeal, 124 Pa. 10, 34; Martin’s Estate, 185 Pa. 51; Mergenthaler’s Appeal, 15 W. N. C. 441. The arguments against this construction are so completely answered in the opinion delivered by Justice Strong in McBride v. Smyth, supra, that we feel justified in quoting therefrom at length. He says : “It is argued by the appellee that this construction excludes the widow and issue of any child who may have died before the designated period of vesting arrived, and [560]*560that the testator ought not to be supposed to have intended such, exclusion. We are, however, in searching for his intent, confined to what he said. It is not ours to make a will for him, however impro vident or inequitable we may think the dispositions he made. A court may indeed strike out unmeaning and repugnant words and phrases, when the real meaning of a testator admits of no-doubt. But to strike out, as it is suggested we may in this case, from the description of devisees the words ‘such of’ and ‘as may. be living ’ and make it read ‘ my children ’ is more than striking-out redundant, unmeaning and repugnant words. It is substituting devisees for those designated, and that, when there is-nothing to show that the intention requires it. The words are not redundant, nor are they unmeaning or repugnant to any plain wish of the testator. . . . Equally unwarranted should we be in inserting after the description of devisees (‘such of my children as may be living when the youngest of them living-shall attain the age of twenty-one years ’) the words ‘ and the issue of such as shall then be dead.’ To do so involves the assumption that such was the testator’s intent; an assumption which rests upon nothing in the will itself, but solely upon conjecture.”
. The conclusion that we have foreshadowed is strengthened,, if it is affected at all, by an examination of the context. The provision concerning the share of the testator’s daughter Kate,, tends to show (we do not say it is conclusive) that the period, referred to in the clause for construction was the termination of the precedent estate. Nor is the conclusion weakened by the provision inserted out of abundant caution, or because of some erroneous notion of the law, shutting out the childless, widows of deceased sons.
Returning to the clause of the will above quoted, and upon the construction of which the case turns, we find no obscurity in the disposition of the testator’s estate. It contains no redundant nor repugnant words. It was evidently drawn by one who knew their meaning and their effect in the connection in which they were used. Why then should we strike out. any of them or refuse to ascribe to them the meaning and effect the testator presumably intended them to have ? The words of a will ought to be construed according to their natural and ordinary meaning unless they are qualified by the context or there [561]*561be a settled rule of law affixing a different meaning to them. We have endeavored to show that no such consideration exists in the present case for not giving the words of the testator their natural and ordinary meaning, which is that the persons who were to take upon the determination of the precedent estate, were the children of the testator “ then living.” He might have used more, or chosen other, words to express the same idea, but he could have expressed it in plainer or more unmistakable English. “ All mere technical rules of construction must give way to the plainly expressed intention of a testator, if that intention is lawful. It is a rule of common sense as well as layt not to attempt to construe that which needs no construction: j-f Reek’s Appeal, 78 Pa. 432. m
We conclude that the plaintiffs are the owners of the real,.^ tate in question, and are able to make a good title; therefqyf¿ they were entitled to judgment. ,
The judgment is reversed, and the record is remitted to court below with directions to enter judgment for the plaintiffs for the sum of $1,415 with interest and costs. T
Beaver, J., dissents.