Terry Crabtree, Judge.
Pursuant to Ark. R. Crim. P. 24.3, the appellant, Marvin L. Thornton, entered a conditional guilty plea to possessing marijuana with intent to deliver. The Jefferson County Circuit Court sentenced him to three years’ probation and fined him $750. On appeal, appellant maintains that the trial court erred in denying his motion to suppress. We affirm.
Appellant argues that he was seized during a traffic stop and that he did not voluntarily consent to a search of his shoes, which yielded marijuana. Specifically, appellant contends that the officer’s request that he remove his shoes was a custodial interrogation, which triggered his rights under Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966). In reviewing suppression issues, appellate courts “conduct a de novo review based on the totality of the circumstances, reviewing findings of historical fact for clear error and determining whether those facts give rise to reasonable suspicion or probable cause, giving due weight to inferences drawn by the trial court.” Davis v. State, 351 Ark. 406, 413, 94 S.W.3d 892, 896 (2003).
The trial court held a suppression hearing, and four witnesses testified, including appellant. The testimony demonstrated that appellant’s brother, Jeff Smith, drove a silver Cadillac with appellant and his cousin riding as passengers to a convenience store in Pine Bluff, Arkansas, where they stopped for gas. Two of them separately entered the store, walked around, and left without buying anything. These actions aroused the suspicions of Jefferson County Sheriffs Deputy Mike Powers, who was in the store visiting with the clerk. Powers decided to check the tags on the Cadillac. However, as he stepped outside, the car backed up across the parking lot in an apparent effort to obscure the license plate. Powers maneuvered his car to make the occupants of the Cadillac think he was leaving. When the Cadillac pulled out, he radioed in the license plate number. The license plate was registered to a blue GMC truck. Recognizing that the Cadillac displayed fictitious tags, Powers called for a backup patrol unit and followed the vehicle into traffic.
As the Cadillac reached the outskirts of town, it made a sudden left turn into the parking lot of another convenience store. Powers characterized this move as evasive, and he doubled back and waited nearby. The Cadillac began to pull out of the parking lot, then backed up suddenly as though its occupants had seen Deputy Powers’ car. Powers pulled into the parking lot, notified his dispatcher that he had no choice but to proceed without backup, and approached the occupants of the car. Immediately prior to his approach, Smith attempted to exit the Cadillac, and appellant’s cousin exited the car and walked around the back corner of the store. Powers ordered both men back into the car. Powers asked Smith for driver identification. Smith handed him a fictitious high-school identification card. While Powers was speaking with the car’s occupants, Sergeant Calvin Terry, a canine officer, arrived with his dog.
In the meantime, a customer of the store approached Powers and reported that, when Powers had driven by the store, one of the passengers in the Cadillac exited the car and hid a plastic bag in the receptacle that contained window-washing fluid. The customer stated that, when it appeared that Powers had left, the same occupant retrieved the bag and returned to the car. Based upon this information and the previous actions of the Cadillac’s occupants, Powers suspected that the occupants were engaged in narcotics activity.
After Terry arrived, Powers ordered the occupants out of the car. Powers conducted a safety frisk of them. Appellant informed Powers that he had a pocket knife. Powers discovered no other weapons. Because it was raining, the officers eventually moved the occupants to the front of the store, in front of the vehicle, underneath an overhang. Captain Greg Bolin also responded to the incident, but he did not get out of his vehicle. Terry’s car was parked behind Powers’ car, and Bolin’s car was parked briefly behind Terry’s car. An off-duty officer, Jody O’Mary, heard the dispatcher’s report and stopped at the scene. O’Mary was in his personal vehicle, and he parked it away from the other police vehicles. O’Mary stood near the occupants when the car was searched.
Sergeant Terry retrieved his dog from the patrol car and ran it around the Cadillac. The dog positively indicated on the car, and a physical search revealed pieces of marijuana and residue on the carpet and throughout the interior of the car. Powers testified that in his experience, narcotics offenders often hide drugs in their shoes. Terry testified that he asked whether any of the passengers had any drugs on them, and all of them, including appellant, said that they did not. Terry also stated that he noticed that only appellant’s shoes were untied. Terry further stated that he asked if the occupants minded removing their shoes, and all agreed to do so. According to Terry, appellant kicked off his shoes, and the officers recovered a plastic bag from inside one of the shoes that held individually wrapped bags of marijuana.
Upon discovery of the contraband, the officers arrested appellant for possession of marijuana with intent to deliver. Later that day, appellant admitted to the police that the marijuana found in his shoe did not belong to his brother or cousin. In his pretrial motion to suppress, appellant argued that his statement and the seized marijuana should be excluded as evidence. The trial court denied the motion. On appeal, appellant maintains that when Sergeant Terry asked him to remove his shoes, appellant was subjected to a custodial environment such that Miranda warnings were required. We disagree.
In his oral findings, the trial judge stated:
First of all I think that the officers had more than — they had good reason to stop this vehicle. Once they stopped this vehicle, events transpired that, that caused them to develop probable cause to go further than, than what they probably, initially thought they were going to do. I do not believe that the, the circumstances out there, the surroundings out there amounted to an in-custody interrogation[.]
The State contends that the trial court found that appellant consented to the search. We need not decide that issue because we hold that the police had probable cause to arrest appellant for possession of marijuana and that the search of his shoes was incident to his arrest.
When Deputy Powers ran the tags on the Cadillac, he learned that it was registered to a blue GMC truck. At that point, Powers had probable cause to stop the car because he had reason to believe that he had witnessed a violation of the law in his presence. See Medlock v. State, 79 Ark. App. 447, 89 S.W.3d 357 (2002) (holding that officer had probable cause to arrest driver of car for having a fictitious license plate in violation of Ark. Code Ann. § 27-14-306(a) (Repl. 1994)). Our state supreme court has explained:
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Terry Crabtree, Judge.
Pursuant to Ark. R. Crim. P. 24.3, the appellant, Marvin L. Thornton, entered a conditional guilty plea to possessing marijuana with intent to deliver. The Jefferson County Circuit Court sentenced him to three years’ probation and fined him $750. On appeal, appellant maintains that the trial court erred in denying his motion to suppress. We affirm.
Appellant argues that he was seized during a traffic stop and that he did not voluntarily consent to a search of his shoes, which yielded marijuana. Specifically, appellant contends that the officer’s request that he remove his shoes was a custodial interrogation, which triggered his rights under Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966). In reviewing suppression issues, appellate courts “conduct a de novo review based on the totality of the circumstances, reviewing findings of historical fact for clear error and determining whether those facts give rise to reasonable suspicion or probable cause, giving due weight to inferences drawn by the trial court.” Davis v. State, 351 Ark. 406, 413, 94 S.W.3d 892, 896 (2003).
The trial court held a suppression hearing, and four witnesses testified, including appellant. The testimony demonstrated that appellant’s brother, Jeff Smith, drove a silver Cadillac with appellant and his cousin riding as passengers to a convenience store in Pine Bluff, Arkansas, where they stopped for gas. Two of them separately entered the store, walked around, and left without buying anything. These actions aroused the suspicions of Jefferson County Sheriffs Deputy Mike Powers, who was in the store visiting with the clerk. Powers decided to check the tags on the Cadillac. However, as he stepped outside, the car backed up across the parking lot in an apparent effort to obscure the license plate. Powers maneuvered his car to make the occupants of the Cadillac think he was leaving. When the Cadillac pulled out, he radioed in the license plate number. The license plate was registered to a blue GMC truck. Recognizing that the Cadillac displayed fictitious tags, Powers called for a backup patrol unit and followed the vehicle into traffic.
As the Cadillac reached the outskirts of town, it made a sudden left turn into the parking lot of another convenience store. Powers characterized this move as evasive, and he doubled back and waited nearby. The Cadillac began to pull out of the parking lot, then backed up suddenly as though its occupants had seen Deputy Powers’ car. Powers pulled into the parking lot, notified his dispatcher that he had no choice but to proceed without backup, and approached the occupants of the car. Immediately prior to his approach, Smith attempted to exit the Cadillac, and appellant’s cousin exited the car and walked around the back corner of the store. Powers ordered both men back into the car. Powers asked Smith for driver identification. Smith handed him a fictitious high-school identification card. While Powers was speaking with the car’s occupants, Sergeant Calvin Terry, a canine officer, arrived with his dog.
In the meantime, a customer of the store approached Powers and reported that, when Powers had driven by the store, one of the passengers in the Cadillac exited the car and hid a plastic bag in the receptacle that contained window-washing fluid. The customer stated that, when it appeared that Powers had left, the same occupant retrieved the bag and returned to the car. Based upon this information and the previous actions of the Cadillac’s occupants, Powers suspected that the occupants were engaged in narcotics activity.
After Terry arrived, Powers ordered the occupants out of the car. Powers conducted a safety frisk of them. Appellant informed Powers that he had a pocket knife. Powers discovered no other weapons. Because it was raining, the officers eventually moved the occupants to the front of the store, in front of the vehicle, underneath an overhang. Captain Greg Bolin also responded to the incident, but he did not get out of his vehicle. Terry’s car was parked behind Powers’ car, and Bolin’s car was parked briefly behind Terry’s car. An off-duty officer, Jody O’Mary, heard the dispatcher’s report and stopped at the scene. O’Mary was in his personal vehicle, and he parked it away from the other police vehicles. O’Mary stood near the occupants when the car was searched.
Sergeant Terry retrieved his dog from the patrol car and ran it around the Cadillac. The dog positively indicated on the car, and a physical search revealed pieces of marijuana and residue on the carpet and throughout the interior of the car. Powers testified that in his experience, narcotics offenders often hide drugs in their shoes. Terry testified that he asked whether any of the passengers had any drugs on them, and all of them, including appellant, said that they did not. Terry also stated that he noticed that only appellant’s shoes were untied. Terry further stated that he asked if the occupants minded removing their shoes, and all agreed to do so. According to Terry, appellant kicked off his shoes, and the officers recovered a plastic bag from inside one of the shoes that held individually wrapped bags of marijuana.
Upon discovery of the contraband, the officers arrested appellant for possession of marijuana with intent to deliver. Later that day, appellant admitted to the police that the marijuana found in his shoe did not belong to his brother or cousin. In his pretrial motion to suppress, appellant argued that his statement and the seized marijuana should be excluded as evidence. The trial court denied the motion. On appeal, appellant maintains that when Sergeant Terry asked him to remove his shoes, appellant was subjected to a custodial environment such that Miranda warnings were required. We disagree.
In his oral findings, the trial judge stated:
First of all I think that the officers had more than — they had good reason to stop this vehicle. Once they stopped this vehicle, events transpired that, that caused them to develop probable cause to go further than, than what they probably, initially thought they were going to do. I do not believe that the, the circumstances out there, the surroundings out there amounted to an in-custody interrogation[.]
The State contends that the trial court found that appellant consented to the search. We need not decide that issue because we hold that the police had probable cause to arrest appellant for possession of marijuana and that the search of his shoes was incident to his arrest.
When Deputy Powers ran the tags on the Cadillac, he learned that it was registered to a blue GMC truck. At that point, Powers had probable cause to stop the car because he had reason to believe that he had witnessed a violation of the law in his presence. See Medlock v. State, 79 Ark. App. 447, 89 S.W.3d 357 (2002) (holding that officer had probable cause to arrest driver of car for having a fictitious license plate in violation of Ark. Code Ann. § 27-14-306(a) (Repl. 1994)). Our state supreme court has explained:
Having made a valid traffic stop, the police officer may detain the offending motorist while the officer completes a number of routine but somewhat time-consuming tasks related to the traffic violation, such as computerized checks of the vehicle’s registration and the driver’s license and criminal history, and the writing up of a citation or warning. During this process the officer may ask the motorist routine questions such as his destination, the purpose of the trip, or whether the officer may search the vehicle, and he may act on whateyer information is volunteered.
Laime v. State, 347 Ark. 142, 157-58, 60 S.W.3d 464, 474-75 (2001), cert. denied 535 U.S. 1055 (2002).
Following a valid traffic stop, the officers engaged in the sort of routine tasks permitted by Laime, supra. Sergeant Terry testified that he was present at the convenience store with his drug dog and that the dog sniffed the car. The dog’s positive indication gave the officers additional cause to search the Cadillac, see Willoughby v. State, 76 Ark. App. 329, 332, 65 S.W.3d 453, 456 (2002), and, once evidence of narcotics activity was found inside the car, the officers were justified to investigate further.
An officer may arrest a person without a warrant if he has reasonable cause to believe that the person has committed a felony or any violation of law in the officer’s presence. Ark. R. Crim. P. 4.1. Reasonable cause exists where facts and circumstances, within the arresting officer’s knowledge and of which he has reasonably trustworthy information, are sufficient within themselves to warrant a man of reasonable caution to believe that an offense has been committed by the person to be arrested. Gass v. State, 17 Ark. App. 176, 706 S.W.2d 397 (1986). Most courts agree there is no substantive distinction between the terms “reasonable cause” and “probable cause.” Johnson v. State, 21 Ark. App. 211, 730 S.W.2d 517 (1987). Where an officer has the probable cause to arrest pursuant to Rule 4.1, he may validly conduct a search incident to arrest of either the person or the area within his immediate control. Earl v. State, 333 Ark. 489, 970 S.W.2d 789 (1998).
Here, Officer Powers made several observations that amounted to probable cause to arrest appellant: (1) the passengers’ suspicious actions upon entering the convenience store; (2) the Cadillac’s evasive maneuvering after coming into contact with Officer Powers; (3) the vehicle’s display of fictitious tags; (4) Smith’s production of a fictitious identification card; (5) the customer’s report that an occupant of the Cadillac hid a plastic bag in the cleaning receptacle; (6) the canine’s positive alert on the exterior of the Cadillac; (7) the officer’s discovery of pieces of marijuana and residue throughout the interior of the vehicle upon a physical search; and (8) the appellant’s untied shoes. Because Powers had probable cause to arrest appellant after the canine discovered narcotic residue inside the car, Powers could lawfully conduct a search incident to an arrest, and he did. See Earl, supra.
A search is valid as incident to a lawful arrest even if conducted before the actual arrest provided the arrest and search are substantially contemporaneous and there was probable cause to arrest prior to the search. Rawlings v. Kentucky, 448 U.S. 98 (1980); Brunson v. State, 327 Ark. 576-A, 940 S.W.2d 440 (1997). Based upon his observations, Officer Powers clearly had probable cause to place appellant under arrest prior to the search. Furthermore, appellant’s formal arrest followed quickly on the heels of the challenged search of appellant’s person, see Rawlings, 448 U.S. at 111, and as soon as the officer found the contraband in appellant’s shoe.
Judged by these standards and based on the evidence of record, we conclude that probable cause to arrest the appellant existed prior to the challenged search, that the search and subsequent arrest were “substantially contemporaneous,” and that the trial court did not err in refusing to suppress the evidence.
In reaching our holding, we reject the dissent’s mischarac-terization of this case as falling within the purview of the Fifth Amendment. The dissent cites no authority for the proposition that a person in appellant’s position must be issued Miranda warnings during a search incident to a lawful arrest. In fact, the dissent avoids addressing this issue altogether. This case fits squarely within the parameters of the Fourth Amendment’s analysis regarding unreasonable searches and seizures. Here, the search was not unreasonable because an exception to the rule applies, namely, a search incident to a lawful arrest.
Stroud, C.J., Gladwin, and Neal, JJ., agree. Baiter, J., concurs. Griffen, J., dissents.