NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS AUG 28 2024 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
THOMAS OSTLY, No. 23-16000
Plaintiff-Appellant, D.C. No. 3:21-cv-08955-EMC
v. MEMORANDUM * CITY AND COUNTY OF SAN FRANCISCO; CHESA BOUDIN,
Defendants-Appellees.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of California Edward M. Chen, District Judge, Presiding
Argued and Submitted August 14, 2024 San Francisco, California
Before: GRABER, CALLAHAN, and KOH, Circuit Judges. Partial Dissent and Partial Concurrence by Judge CALLAHAN.
Plaintiff Thomas Ostly worked in an at-will capacity as an Assistant District
Attorney for the San Francisco District Attorney’s Office from 2014 until his
termination in 2020. Plaintiff brought this action against Defendants, the City and
County of San Francisco and former District Attorney Chesa Boudin, alleging
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. claims of First Amendment retaliation; violation of due process; and age-related
discrimination, retaliation, and harassment in violation of California’s Fair
Employment and Housing Act (“FEHA”), Cal. Gov’t Code § 12940. In this timely
appeal, Plaintiff challenges the district court’s grant of summary judgment to
Defendants. Reviewing de novo, Scalia v. Emp. Sols. Staffing Grp., LLC, 951
F.3d 1097, 1101 (9th Cir. 2020), we affirm.
1. The district court did not err by granting summary judgment for
Defendants on Plaintiff’s First Amendment retaliation claims. Assuming, without
deciding, that the First Amendment protects Plaintiff’s identified instances of
speech and petitioning, the retaliation claims fail because Plaintiff offered no
credible evidence of causation. See Barone v. City of Springfield, 902 F.3d 1091,
1098 (9th Cir. 2018) (explaining that, to establish a prima facie case of First
Amendment retaliation, a plaintiff must show that “the relevant speech was a
substantial or motivating factor in the adverse employment action”).
Boudin’s declaration stated that he did not recall being aware of Plaintiff’s
complaints concerning the San Francisco Public Defender’s Office or Plaintiff’s
public records requests. Boudin cited several reasons unrelated to Plaintiff’s
allegedly protected speech for Boudin’s decision to release Plaintiff, including
courtroom interactions with Plaintiff and complaints received about Plaintiff from
third parties. Plaintiff has proffered no evidence to contradict that declaration by
2 reasonable inference. See Keyser v. Sacramento City Unified Sch. Dist., 265 F.3d
741, 750–51 (9th Cir. 2001) (affirming summary judgment because no evidence
contradicted the defendant’s declaration that he was unaware of protected speech
and, therefore, there was no evidence that the speech was a motivating factor). To
the contrary, the evidence on which Plaintiff relies lacks any nexus to the relevant
speech. For instance, Plaintiff argues that an email circulated within the Public
Defender’s Office supports his contention that Boudin knew about Plaintiff’s
reports to the press and to the California State Bar. But that email discusses a
lawsuit regarding Plaintiff’s conduct at a prior law firm that predated the earliest
instance of Plaintiff’s allegedly protected speech and makes no mention of either
the press or the State Bar. Similarly, the SF Chronicle article on which Plaintiff
relies describes only sources of information other than Plaintiff.
Plaintiff asks us to overlook the lack of nexus and hold that circumstantial
evidence undercuts Boudin’s declaration, which in turn establishes that Boudin
knew about Plaintiff’s speech. Arriving at that conclusion requires a series of
inferential leaps that are impermissibly speculative. To infer from an unrelated
email that Boudin may have been aware of Plaintiff’s reports to the SF Chronicle,
when nothing in the record supports that Boudin even read the SF Chronicle in
general or the particular article, is to engage in “sheer speculation” in the face of
Boudin’s sworn statement. See Pratt v. Rowland, 65 F.3d 802, 808 (9th Cir. 1995)
3 (holding that it was “sheer speculation” to assume that a defendant was aware of
protected speech when insufficient evidence supported that there was actual
awareness, particularly when the record contained sworn assertions to the
contrary). Moreover, Plaintiff’s inferential leaps rely on his assumptions about
communications among and between individual Assistant Public Defenders.
Nothing in the record suggests that Plaintiff, an Assistant District Attorney, had any
way to know what was discussed within the Public Defender’s Office, a separate
department of City government. To create a genuine issue of material fact,
Plaintiff must show more than “some ‘metaphysical doubt’ as to the material facts
at issue,” which he has not done here. In re Oracle Corp. Sec. Litig., 627 F.3d 376,
387 (9th Cir. 2010) (citation omitted); see Schowengerdt v. United States, 944 F.2d
483, 489 (9th Cir. 1991) (ruling that allegations based on “inference and
speculation” are insufficient to defeat summary judgment).
2. The district court did not err by granting summary judgment for
Defendants on Plaintiff’s due process claim. Plaintiff was covered by a collective
bargaining agreement, which provided a grievance procedure that he could have
used to challenge the termination of his indemnification agreement. Although the
record does not reveal the details of that procedure, Plaintiff provides neither
evidence nor argument that the procedure was insufficient. His procedural due
process claim therefore fails. See Portman v. County of Santa Clara, 995 F.2d 898,
4 904 (9th Cir. 1993) (stating that a “lack of process” is required to establish a
procedural due process claim).
3. The district court did not err by granting summary judgment for
Defendants on Plaintiff’s age-related discrimination, retaliation, and harassment
FEHA claims. On appeal, Plaintiff challenges only the district court’s ruling on his
FEHA discrimination claim, but he presents no evidence of his age, the age of his
replacement, or age-related animus motivating Boudin to fire him. See Guz v.
Bechtel Nat’l Inc., 8 P.3d 1089, 1113 (Cal. 2000) (stating that “the most patently
meritless claims” of age discrimination under FEHA are eliminated when a
plaintiff fails to establish a prima facie case).
AFFIRMED.
5 FILED AUG 28 2024 Thomas Ostly v. City and County of San Francisco, et al., No. 23-16000 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS CALLAHAN, Circuit Judge, dissenting in part and concurring in part:
I agree with my colleagues that summary judgment was properly granted on
Mr. Ostly’s due process and FEHA claims. I cannot say the same for his First
Amendment retaliation claims.
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NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS AUG 28 2024 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
THOMAS OSTLY, No. 23-16000
Plaintiff-Appellant, D.C. No. 3:21-cv-08955-EMC
v. MEMORANDUM * CITY AND COUNTY OF SAN FRANCISCO; CHESA BOUDIN,
Defendants-Appellees.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of California Edward M. Chen, District Judge, Presiding
Argued and Submitted August 14, 2024 San Francisco, California
Before: GRABER, CALLAHAN, and KOH, Circuit Judges. Partial Dissent and Partial Concurrence by Judge CALLAHAN.
Plaintiff Thomas Ostly worked in an at-will capacity as an Assistant District
Attorney for the San Francisco District Attorney’s Office from 2014 until his
termination in 2020. Plaintiff brought this action against Defendants, the City and
County of San Francisco and former District Attorney Chesa Boudin, alleging
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. claims of First Amendment retaliation; violation of due process; and age-related
discrimination, retaliation, and harassment in violation of California’s Fair
Employment and Housing Act (“FEHA”), Cal. Gov’t Code § 12940. In this timely
appeal, Plaintiff challenges the district court’s grant of summary judgment to
Defendants. Reviewing de novo, Scalia v. Emp. Sols. Staffing Grp., LLC, 951
F.3d 1097, 1101 (9th Cir. 2020), we affirm.
1. The district court did not err by granting summary judgment for
Defendants on Plaintiff’s First Amendment retaliation claims. Assuming, without
deciding, that the First Amendment protects Plaintiff’s identified instances of
speech and petitioning, the retaliation claims fail because Plaintiff offered no
credible evidence of causation. See Barone v. City of Springfield, 902 F.3d 1091,
1098 (9th Cir. 2018) (explaining that, to establish a prima facie case of First
Amendment retaliation, a plaintiff must show that “the relevant speech was a
substantial or motivating factor in the adverse employment action”).
Boudin’s declaration stated that he did not recall being aware of Plaintiff’s
complaints concerning the San Francisco Public Defender’s Office or Plaintiff’s
public records requests. Boudin cited several reasons unrelated to Plaintiff’s
allegedly protected speech for Boudin’s decision to release Plaintiff, including
courtroom interactions with Plaintiff and complaints received about Plaintiff from
third parties. Plaintiff has proffered no evidence to contradict that declaration by
2 reasonable inference. See Keyser v. Sacramento City Unified Sch. Dist., 265 F.3d
741, 750–51 (9th Cir. 2001) (affirming summary judgment because no evidence
contradicted the defendant’s declaration that he was unaware of protected speech
and, therefore, there was no evidence that the speech was a motivating factor). To
the contrary, the evidence on which Plaintiff relies lacks any nexus to the relevant
speech. For instance, Plaintiff argues that an email circulated within the Public
Defender’s Office supports his contention that Boudin knew about Plaintiff’s
reports to the press and to the California State Bar. But that email discusses a
lawsuit regarding Plaintiff’s conduct at a prior law firm that predated the earliest
instance of Plaintiff’s allegedly protected speech and makes no mention of either
the press or the State Bar. Similarly, the SF Chronicle article on which Plaintiff
relies describes only sources of information other than Plaintiff.
Plaintiff asks us to overlook the lack of nexus and hold that circumstantial
evidence undercuts Boudin’s declaration, which in turn establishes that Boudin
knew about Plaintiff’s speech. Arriving at that conclusion requires a series of
inferential leaps that are impermissibly speculative. To infer from an unrelated
email that Boudin may have been aware of Plaintiff’s reports to the SF Chronicle,
when nothing in the record supports that Boudin even read the SF Chronicle in
general or the particular article, is to engage in “sheer speculation” in the face of
Boudin’s sworn statement. See Pratt v. Rowland, 65 F.3d 802, 808 (9th Cir. 1995)
3 (holding that it was “sheer speculation” to assume that a defendant was aware of
protected speech when insufficient evidence supported that there was actual
awareness, particularly when the record contained sworn assertions to the
contrary). Moreover, Plaintiff’s inferential leaps rely on his assumptions about
communications among and between individual Assistant Public Defenders.
Nothing in the record suggests that Plaintiff, an Assistant District Attorney, had any
way to know what was discussed within the Public Defender’s Office, a separate
department of City government. To create a genuine issue of material fact,
Plaintiff must show more than “some ‘metaphysical doubt’ as to the material facts
at issue,” which he has not done here. In re Oracle Corp. Sec. Litig., 627 F.3d 376,
387 (9th Cir. 2010) (citation omitted); see Schowengerdt v. United States, 944 F.2d
483, 489 (9th Cir. 1991) (ruling that allegations based on “inference and
speculation” are insufficient to defeat summary judgment).
2. The district court did not err by granting summary judgment for
Defendants on Plaintiff’s due process claim. Plaintiff was covered by a collective
bargaining agreement, which provided a grievance procedure that he could have
used to challenge the termination of his indemnification agreement. Although the
record does not reveal the details of that procedure, Plaintiff provides neither
evidence nor argument that the procedure was insufficient. His procedural due
process claim therefore fails. See Portman v. County of Santa Clara, 995 F.2d 898,
4 904 (9th Cir. 1993) (stating that a “lack of process” is required to establish a
procedural due process claim).
3. The district court did not err by granting summary judgment for
Defendants on Plaintiff’s age-related discrimination, retaliation, and harassment
FEHA claims. On appeal, Plaintiff challenges only the district court’s ruling on his
FEHA discrimination claim, but he presents no evidence of his age, the age of his
replacement, or age-related animus motivating Boudin to fire him. See Guz v.
Bechtel Nat’l Inc., 8 P.3d 1089, 1113 (Cal. 2000) (stating that “the most patently
meritless claims” of age discrimination under FEHA are eliminated when a
plaintiff fails to establish a prima facie case).
AFFIRMED.
5 FILED AUG 28 2024 Thomas Ostly v. City and County of San Francisco, et al., No. 23-16000 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS CALLAHAN, Circuit Judge, dissenting in part and concurring in part:
I agree with my colleagues that summary judgment was properly granted on
Mr. Ostly’s due process and FEHA claims. I cannot say the same for his First
Amendment retaliation claims.
During his time as a criminal prosecutor for the City and County of San
Francisco, Mr. Ostly engaged in various forms of whistleblowing speech and
petitioning related to his concerns that Assistant Public Defenders were acting
unethically by (1) not conveying all plea deal offers to their clients and (2) filing
retaliatory unfounded California State Bar complaints against Assistant District
Attorneys, like himself, who zealously prosecuted their cases. Speech alerting
others about suspected misconduct by public employees often merits First
Amendment protection; and the majority avoids the district court’s questionable
conclusion that none of Mr. Ostly’s speech warranted constitutional protection.
The majority rejects Mr. Ostly’s First Amendment retaliation claims solely
because, in its view, he offered “no credible evidence” that his speech was “a
substantial or motivating factor” for his termination. Barone v. City of Springfield,
902 F.3d 1091, 1098 (9th Cir. 2018). “As with proof of motive in other contexts,
this element of a First Amendment retaliation suit may be met with either direct or
circumstantial evidence and involves questions of fact that normally should be left
1 for trial.” Ulrich v. City & Cnty. of San Francisco, 308 F.3d 968, 979 (9th Cir.
2002) (citation omitted); see Eng v. Cooley, 552 F.3d 1062, 1071 (9th Cir. 2009)
(“This third step is purely a question of fact.”). Because Mr. Ostly presented
sufficient circumstantial evidence that Mr. Boudin fired him because of his past
campaigns against Mr. Boudin’s former colleagues in the Public Defender’s Office,
the question of motive/causation should have been left to the jury—not decided by
the district court, or this panel of judges.
The majority relies primarily on a passage from Mr. Boudin’s declaration
that states: “I do not recall being aware of these alleged complaints regarding the
San Francisco Public Defender’s Office and/or Mr. Ostly’s public record requests
prior to releasing Mr. Ostly.” The majority takes this to mean that Mr. Boudin was
unaware of any instances of Mr. Ostly’s protected speech. But the “alleged
complaints” to which Mr. Boudin refers are only Mr. Ostly’s “supposed complaints
regarding [the Public Defender’s] Office’s filing of complaints with the California
State Bar” against prosecutors. His declaration does not expressly disclaim
knowledge of Mr. Ostly’s earlier speech—to the press and to the State Bar—
regarding public defenders not conveying settlement offers.
Moreover, there is circumstantial evidence in this record contradicting Mr.
Boudin’s self-serving disclaimer. Mr. Ostly averred that “it was publicly known
that [he] whistle blew against [his] fellow City employees,” and that due to the
2 constant overlap between prosecutors and defenders working criminal cases,
“gossip about the people working at the Hall of Justice spread quickly and it was
not uncommon to hear about cases, verdicts and personal interactions from
multiple sources.” The record reflects that Mr. Ostly was a frequent subject of
communications within the Public Defender’s Office, and even a target of that
office. “In May of 2019 [Mr. Ostly] was informed by multiple City employees that
emails had been sent within the public defender department asking people to come
forward and complain about [him],” and these “disparaging e-mails” were sent to
“all public defender employees.” The previous month, an Assistant Public
Defender sent an office-wide email stating that many in the office knew Mr. Ostly
as a “horrible human being” and sharing disparaging details of his previous
employment.
Of course, none of these pieces of evidence standing alone would be enough
to prove Mr. Boudin carried over from his public defender days a retaliatory
animus toward Mr. Ostly. But the totality of the circumstances is enough to create
a genuine dispute of material fact as to Mr. Boudin’s motive—sufficient to deny
summary judgment and leave that question of fact for the fact finder.