Thom Howell v. Shawn Smith

CourtCourt of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit
DecidedApril 10, 2017
Docket16-1988
StatusPublished

This text of Thom Howell v. Shawn Smith (Thom Howell v. Shawn Smith) is published on Counsel Stack Legal Research, covering Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit primary law. Counsel Stack provides free access to over 12 million legal documents including statutes, case law, regulations, and constitutions.

Bluebook
Thom Howell v. Shawn Smith, (7th Cir. 2017).

Opinion

In the

United States Court of Appeals For the Seventh Circuit ____________________ No. 16‐1988 THOM D. HOWELL, Plaintiff‐Appellee,

v.

SHAWN SMITH, Defendant‐Appellant. ____________________

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Indiana, Hammond Division. No. 2:13‐cv‐00045‐JTM‐PRC — James T. Moody, Judge. ____________________

ARGUED SEPTEMBER 29, 2016 — DECIDED APRIL 10, 2017 ____________________

Before WOOD, Chief Judge, and RIPPLE and WILLIAMS, Cir‐ cuit Judges. RIPPLE, Circuit Judge. On May 15, 2011, Officer Shawn Smith of the Highland, Indiana Police Department received a call from his dispatcher, alerting him to a road rage incident involving the discharge of a firearm. He later came upon a car matching the description and conducted a “high‐risk traffic 2 No. 16‐1988

stop.”1 Officer Smith placed Mr. Howell, the occupant of the car, in handcuffs and detained him until other officers brought the alleged victim to the scene.2 The victim positively identified Mr. Howell and his vehicle as involved in the road rage incident. Nonetheless, the officers found no weapon and decided to release Mr. Howell. The whole episode lasted ap‐ proximately thirty minutes. Mr. Howell initially brought this action in state court, al‐ leging that the officers’ treatment had aggravated a preexist‐ ing shoulder condition, which became worse with time and required multiple surgeries. Following the transfer of the pro‐ ceedings from state to federal district court,3 Officer Smith moved for summary judgment on the ground of qualified im‐ munity. The district court denied the motion, and Officer Smith filed this interlocutory appeal.4 We respectfully disagree with the district court’s decision to deny Officer Smith’s immunity claim. In our view, Officer Smith’s decision to place Mr. Howell, then implicated in a se‐ rious crime involving the discharge of a weapon, in handcuffs and to keep him in handcuffs until satisfied that he was not a

1 R.22‐1 at 38.

2 We refer to the victim as an “alleged victim” because it is unclear

whether the altercation occurred at all. Appellee’s Br. 14. For ease of read‐ ing, however, we will refer only to the “victim.” 3 The district court’s jurisdiction was premised on 28 U.S.C. §§ 1331 and

1343. 4 Our jurisdiction is premised on the collateral order doctrine. A district

court’s determination that a defendant is not entitled to qualified immun‐ ity is a final order for the purposes of 28 U.S.C. § 1291. Mitchell v. Forsyth, 472 U.S. 511, 530 (1985). No. 16‐1988 3

threat did not violate the Fourth Amendment. Therefore, un‐ der the doctrine of qualified immunity, the federal count in the complaint must be dismissed. Accordingly, we reverse the judgment of the district court and remand the case for further proceedings.

I BACKGROUND A. Mr. Howell, a Navy veteran and high school teacher in his early sixties, has had multiple shoulder surgeries, including a complete replacement of his right shoulder. Prior to the en‐ counter at issue in this appeal, he was able to stretch his right arm, to write on a blackboard, and to lift up to five or six pounds with his right arm. His left shoulder was in better con‐ dition; he usually was able to place his left arm behind his back. The stop at issue here took place on May 15, 2011. While Officer Smith was on routine patrol in the Town of Highland, Indiana, his dispatcher advised him of a reported road rage incident. According to the dispatcher, the victim had reported that the driver of a tan Trailblazer ahead of him on the road had fired at him while the two vehicles were traveling north‐ bound on Kennedy Avenue in Griffith, Indiana. The dis‐ patcher described the suspect driver, alone in the vehicle, as a white male with facial hair and stated that the vehicle had an older Indiana blue license plate. Officer Smith later encoun‐ tered a vehicle and driver matching this description. He acti‐ vated his patrol car’s overhead lights and stopped the car. 4 No. 16‐1988

Officer Smith treated this stop as a “high‐risk traffic stop”: He ordered Mr. Howell to step out of his vehicle, to place his hands on his head, to walk backwards toward him, and then to kneel on the ground.5 Mr. Howell complied with all orders. While Mr. Howell was kneeling, Officer Smith handcuffed his hands behind his back. He then asked Mr. Howell whether he had been involved in a road rage incident; Mr. Howell denied any involvement. Officer Smith placed Mr. Howell in the back of the squad car. There is some disagreement as to what, if anything, Mr. Howell said as he was placed in handcuffs. According to Officer Smith, Mr. Howell “did not complain of any pain in his shoulders or arms nor did he complain of any pain, sore‐ ness or injuries to his shoulders at any time.”6 Mr. Howell, on the other hand, maintains that he told the officer that “I can’t stretch my arm behind my back that way”7 and that he “had just had surgery with [his] shoulder.”8 He additionally con‐ tends that he later told an officer, other than Officer Smith, that he was “sore”9 or in “pain,”10 although he is inconsistent on the exact language that he used and unclear as to when this

5 R.22‐1 at 38.

6 Id.

7 Id. at 16.

8 Id. at 18.

9 Id. at 27, 30.

10 R.23‐3 at 2. No. 16‐1988 5

conversation took place, other than stating that it was with a Griffith police officer.11 Officer Smith radioed Sergeant Banasiak, who was with the victim at a nearby shopping center or strip mall. He asked whether the stopped vehicle was the one from which a shot had been fired. The victim “replied that it sounded like it.”12 When Sergeant Banasiak and the victim arrived at the scene shortly thereafter, the latter confirmed the identification. Officer Smith searched Mr. Howell and did not find a weapon. Mr. Howell also provided consent to search his ve‐ hicle, but a search failed to locate a firearm. Throughout this time, the victim remained adamant about his identification and advised both Sergeant Banasiak and Officer Smith that Mr. Howell was the individual who had shot at him in Grif‐ fith. Attempting to explain the absence of a firearm, the victim suggested that Mr. Howell must have thrown his weapon out of his vehicle. Nonetheless, once the officers ascertained all of these facts, which involved removing Mr. Howell from the car several times, Sargent Dawes of the Griffith Police Department, in whose jurisdiction the offense would have taken place, de‐ cided to release Mr. Howell. The entire detention lasted approximately thirty minutes. At no point did Officer Smith feel threatened in any way. Mr. Howell maintains that, since his detention, he has suf‐ fered mental anguish and has undergone multiple shoulder‐ related surgeries.

11 R.22‐1 at 30.

12 Id. at 38. 6 No. 16‐1988

B. Mr. Howell brought this action, alleging a “violation of his State and Federal Constitutional Rights, as provided by the Indiana and Federal Constitutions, Statutes and case law.”13 Relying on state law causes of action, Mr. Howell also sought damages for battery, false arrest, false imprisonment, inten‐ tional infliction of emotional distress, and negligent infliction of emotional distress, among other claims. Because the complaint contained a count alleging a federal question, all the defendants14 removed the action to the United States District Court for the Northern District of Indi‐ ana. See 28 U.S.C. § 1441

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